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Tamurt n Leqbayel

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Iẓwawen (Leqbayel)
Tamurt n leqbayel (kab)

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Carte
 36°36′N 5°00′E / 36.6°N 5°E / 36.6; 5
Awanek anayanLezzayer
TawilaytTawilayt n Tubiret
Tarakalt
Amur seg Aṭlas anewrir
Tajumma 25 000 km²
Tamurt n Yiẓwawen (Tamurt n Leqbayel)
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ (TIF)
منطقة القبائل (AR)
Kabylie (FR)
Kabylia (Kabylia)
Tanfalit
Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu
Tadbelt
Tamurt Lezzayer
Timdinin Tizi Wezzu, Bgayet, Tubiret, Bumerdas, Sṭif, Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ,Iɣil Iɣil.
Tutlayin Taqbaylit
Taglizit (deg iɣerbazen)
Tafransist (deg iɣerbazen)
Taɛrabt (deg iɣerbazen)
Taɛrabt n leqran (di leǧwameɛ)
Tarakalt
Imsidag 37°49′N 4°50′E
Tajumma taɣrudt 10 000 km2
Iẓdi n usrag CET (UTC +1)
Tadimugṛafit
Isem n umezdaɣ Azwaw, Tazwawt (Aqbayli, Taqbaylit)
Agawaw, Tagawawt
Imezdaɣ 7 575 643 imezdaɣ
Taneẓẓi 300 imezdaɣ/km2
Ayen nniḍen
Angal ISO 3166-1 KAB
Aqariḍ adrim (Ar)
Taɣult n Internet .ka
Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2012.

Tamurt n Yiẓwawen (Tamurt n Leqbayel), Tamurt Taqbaylit, Tamurt n Leqbayel neɣ Iqbayliyen (tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ) anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen" d temnaḍt n yidurar n yiri n yilel deg ugafa n Lezzayer. Tamurt n yidurar aydeg llan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, ttwaḍḍfen-as-d yigran n tlisa seg deg usamer d umalu, seg ugafa s Yilel Agrakal, deg wenẓul s Yigran Ugafa. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Imezdaɣ-is (Iqbayliyen, Igawawen, Izwawen, Imaziɣen n ugafa alemmas) ttmeslayen Taqbaylit, yiwet si ger tutlayin timaziɣin.

Amezruy-nnes yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk-d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa.

Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tesɛa snat n temnaḍin n Lezzayer: Tizi Wezzu d Bgayet. Asagen aɣelnaw n Gouraya d usagen aɣelnaw n Ǧeṛǧeṛ llan daɣen deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen.

Aẓar n yisem n Leqbayel

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Isem n teqbaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus.

Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Takvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu (Aqbu) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu.

Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden.

Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Iqbayliyen sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”[1] i d-yesmektayen ɣef n wawal “ẓwer”, neɣ “iẓewwren” ihi “tamurt iẓweren” (“L'avant-pays” s tfransist neɣ “foreland” s tenglizit); ahat akka i t-id-ssawalen imaziɣen deg tallit taqburt uqbel “Tamurt iẓweren” tuɣal-ed “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”.

S umata, Iẓwawen ssnen yerna ttgen dima deg umezruy-nsen s tɣawsa i d-yeqqaren belli tmurt-nsen d tamezwarut “Tamurt iẓweren”. D tamurt i d-yeddan ɣer zdat.

Wiyaḍ deg umaḍal zemren ad sqedcen ismawen i d-yeǧǧan tutlayt-nsen, maca ur ilaq ara ad nettu belli yessawalen i yiman-nsen d imaziɣen tmurt iẓweren: Iẓwawen.

Amezruy

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Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n Ǧerǧer yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n Muns Ferratus ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten Aurelius Victor deg wedlis-is (De Caesaribus 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d Eutropius (Breviarium 9.22: "Quinquegentiani").

Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL).

Ẓer: Numidya

Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast.

Tallit talemmast

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Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma.

Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg Tefriqt Ugafa deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.[2][3] Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.[4] Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.[5][6][7][8] Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa Taɛrabt n Tefriqt Ugafa, Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,[9][10] Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.[11][12][13]

Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken.

Listiɛmar aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal iɛraben

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Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888.

Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa[14]. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen.

Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.[15]

Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".[16] Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am Aksel neɣ Kahina, iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.

Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli.

Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk-d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen (جزية ǧizyah), ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen (dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي), war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen.

Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ.

Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab

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Deg useggas n 740, imaziɣen akk deg Tafriqt n ugafa kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq[17] ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.[18] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d Ɛennaba, si tmurt n Lmerruk alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.[19] Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen (ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)[20], yerna . ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n Ibn Khaldun: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".[21]

Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.[22] Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.[23] Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di Maṣer, ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akked Shiɛa.[24] Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.[25]

Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.

Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n Yilel Agrakal, Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n Bgayet deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.[24] Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".[26] S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akked Turuft[27], tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg Turuft, sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg Turuft.[28] Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.[18] Dɣa deg tɣiwant n Bgayet, azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen (imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni) d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt, (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni) yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.[16] Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.[29] S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.[30] Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet (deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes) d Dellys (i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan) tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen.

Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.[31]

Asekkil n temdint n Bgayet sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa (La Bibliothèque nationale de France).

Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.[19]

Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n Tunes, neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n Spenyul.

Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen

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Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.

Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a[32], neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk-d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.[16]

Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d Tunes; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen[33] d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.[33]

Tadart n Kuku.

I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abû `Abd Allâh Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj (Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis, yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn).[34] Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen[35], tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d Ǧiǧel.[36] Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.[37] Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n Kuku[38] i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.[39] Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet[40], s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.[41][42]

Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqbayel ed wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen[19] maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam[43]: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.[44] Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer (Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas.

Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.[45]

Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).

Di Tmurt n Leqbayel tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal Ǧiǧel. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.[46] Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer Qsenṭina deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.[47]

Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg Buɣni i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.[48]

Lamin n teqbilt Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist (Histoire de l'Algérie française) - Camille Leynadier.

S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akked tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.[49] Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.[19] Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.[25] Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.[50] I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.[51] Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akked twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.[52]

D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 (deg temnaḍt n Soummam).[53] Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.[54]

Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a.

Awanek Aẓwaw yeqqim d azarug ula seld 1830 asmi tesseḥres Fransa Lezzayer (Lezzayer taɛetmanit).

Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.

Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer Surya netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.

Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.

Awalen i d-tenna Lalla Faḍma n Sumer i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkim.”

Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"[55] Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa.

Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857

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I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen:

Awanek: d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines.

Anabaḍ: yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes.

Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.

Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”[55] yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt.

Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.

Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli.

Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 (aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj) armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli.

Tuddsa n uwanek Aẓwaw seg 1502 ar 1857.

Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”[56]

Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit.

Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye.

Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”[56]

Tasmestant n uwanek Aẓwaw seg 1502 ar 1857:

Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.[57]

Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen (ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal[56], yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)[56] d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines.

D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi Imaziɣen akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti.

Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya.

Tasertit

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Tarakalt

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Tamurt n Yigwawen d aḥric seg idurar n waṭlas teṭṭili ɣef ilel agrakal si tama n ugafa.

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Tamurt n Yigawawen ibḍa-tt udabu ɣef 8 n twilaytin : Tizi Wezzu d Bgayet akken ma llant, aḥric ameqran n Tubiret d Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ, aḥric seg Tamsilt, Ǧiǧel, Bumerdas d Sṭif.

Tadamsa

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Irmad n tamurt n leqbayel d ul n tadamsa n zzayer m' ur nehdir ara ɣef taɣult n lpitrul d lgaz . ladɣa di tizi wezzu d bgayet akud tiɣermin inaragen .

Imezdaɣ

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Leqbayel zemren ad illin sawḍen (sa) 7 neɣ 10 (mraw) imelyan. Gar-asen azal n 5 neɣ 6 imelyan di Tmurt, rnu-asen 2 neɣ 3 imelyan di Lezzayer tamaneɣt d temdinin nniḍen, d wazal n 2 imelyan di tmura nniḍen, gar-sen iminigen di Turuft.

Leqbayel ittwasnen

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ɣer Iqbayliyen ittwasnen

Udmawen Iqbayliyen

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ɣer Idmawen iqbayliyen

Wali daɣen

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Ismal n Internet

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Tisɣunin

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  1. ↑ Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 (ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)
  2. ↑ "North Africa - The Vandal conquest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  3. ↑ Day, Alan (July 2001). "The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9". ISSN 0950-4125.
  4. ↑ "Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.
  5. ↑ The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156
  6. ↑ Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118
  7. ↑ The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner
  8. ↑ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568
  9. ↑ The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45
  10. ↑ The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93
  11. ↑ Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894
  12. ↑ Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding
  13. ↑ The art journal London, Volume 4
  14. ↑ Meynier 2010, p. 195.
  15. ↑ Kitouni 2013, p. 46.
  16. ↑ 16,0 16,1 et 16,2 Lalmi 2004, p. 513.
  17. ↑ Y. B., « Les Rustamides (761-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).
  18. ↑ 18,0 et 18,1 Plantade 2007, p. 83.
  19. ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 et 19,3 Redjala 2011, section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».
  20. ↑ Y. B., « Les Aghlabides (800-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).
  21. ↑ Kitouni 2013, p. 48-49.
  22. ↑ Kahlouche 2002, p. 236.
  23. ↑ D. B., « Les Fatimides (909-1171) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).
  24. ↑ 24,0 et 24,1 A. A., « Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).
  25. ↑ 25,0 et 25,1 Lalmi 2004, p. 514.
  26. ↑ Djamel Alilat, « Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.
  27. ↑ Dermenghem 1954, p. 95.
  28. ↑ Julien 1966, p. 104.
  29. ↑ Mourre 1996, t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.
  30. ↑ Kaddache 1992, p. 102.
  31. ↑ Feredj 2002, p. 16-17.
  32. ↑ Lalmi 2004, p. 515
  33. ↑ 33,0 et 33,1 Kaddache 2011, p. 139.
  34. ↑ Gaïd 1976, « Depuis le XIe siècle », 3e partie.
  35. ↑ Rotalier 1841, p. 89-92.
  36. ↑ Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.
  37. ↑ Rotalier 1841, p. 89-92.
  38. ↑ Leclerc 1864, p. 61.
  39. ↑ Lacoste-Dujardin 2003, p. 70.
  40. ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 152.
  41. ↑ Souidi 2005, p. 36.
  42. ↑ Kahlouche 2002, p. 239.
  43. ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 76.
  44. ↑ Lalmi 2004, p. 516.
  45. ↑ Adli 2004, p. 105.
  46. ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 24.
  47. ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 307.
  48. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 486.
  49. ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 79.
  50. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 526.
  51. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 526, 407.
  52. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 477.
  53. ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 205.
  54. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 490.
  55. ↑ 55,0 et 55,1 Émile Carrey - Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 1857. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."
  56. ↑ 56,0 56,1 56,2 et 56,3 Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. 2017.
  57. ↑ Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.
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