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Tamurt n Leqbayel

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Idurar n Ǧerǧer
Idurar n Ǧerǧer
Tamurt n Yiẓwawen (Tamurt n Leqbayel)
ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ (TIF)
منطقة القبائل (AR)
Kabylie (FR)
Kabylia (Kabylia)
Tanfalit
Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu
Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel
Tadbelt
Tamurt Lezzayer
Timdinin Tizi Wezzu, Vgayet, Tubiret, Bumerdas, Sṭif , Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ, Mila, d Skikda
Tutlayin Taqbaylit
Taglizit (deg iɣerbazen)
Tafransist (deg iɣerbazen)
Taɛrabt (deg iɣerbazen)
Tarakalt
Imsidag 37°49′N 4°50′E
Tajumma taɣrudt 40 000 km2
Iẓdi n usrag CET (UTC +1)
Tadimugṛafit
Isem n umezdaɣ Azwaw, Tazwawt (Aqbayli, Taqbaylit)
Agawaw, Tagawawt
Imezdaɣ 10,000,000 n imezdaɣ
Taneẓẓi 300 imezdaɣ/km2
Ayen nniḍen
Angal ISO 3166-1 KAB
Aqariḍ adrim (Ar)
Taɣult n Internet .ka
Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2012.

Tamurt n Leqvayel, Tamurt n Leqbayel, Tamurt taqvaylit, neɣ Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, neɣ Tamurt n Iqbayliyen (s tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ) anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen" d temnaḍt n yidurar n yiri n yilel deg ugafa n Lezzayer. Tamurt n yidurar aydeg llan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, ttwaḍḍfen-as-d yigran n tlisa seg deg usamer d umalu, seg ugafa s Yilel Agrakal, deg wenẓul s Yigran Ugafa. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Imezdaɣ-is (Iqbayliyen, Igawawen, Izwawen, Imaziɣen n ugafa alemmas) ttmeslayen Taqbaylit, yiwet si ger tutlayin timaziɣin. Tamurt n Leqvayel, s azal n azal n 40.000 km2 (am Danmaṛk, neɣ Taswist, neɣ Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda), tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ[1] s wazal n sin n imelyan d uzgen niḍen yettwaḥesben deg tmurt n Lezzayer (azal n 1 n umelyun) d Fṛansa (azal n 1 n umelyun) yerna yezmer lḥal lan 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg umaḍal, aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer azal n 12 n yimelyunen d uzgenl; ayagi azal n imezdaɣ n tmurt n Tunes.

Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: Tizi Wezzu, Vgayet, Tubiret, Bumerdas, Sṭif[2], Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ, Mila, d Skikda[3].

Amezruy-nnes yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa.

Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel

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Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus.

Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Takvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu (Aqbu) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu.

Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden.

Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Iqbayliyen sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”[4].

Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqbayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen[5] akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqbayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, At Wasif) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, At Bu Yusef, At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)[6].

Ibn Xeldun yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen[6]. (Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)

Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqbayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan.

Aselmad Salem Chaker yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqbayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “yeqbayliyen” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")[6]. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqbayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui[7].

Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen.

Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen.

Amezruy

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Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n Ǧerǧer yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n Muns Ferratus ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten Aurelius Victor deg wedlis-is (De Caesaribus 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d Eutropius (Breviarium 9.22: "Quinquegentiani").

Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL).

Ẓer: Numidya

Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast.

Tallit talemmast

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Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma.

Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg Tefriqt Ugafa deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.[8][9] Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.[10] Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.[11][12][13][14] Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa Taɛrabt n Tefriqt Ugafa, Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,[15][16] Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.[17][18][19]

Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken.

Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben

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Dihya Tadmut - Vernet-Lecomte

Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa[20]. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen.

Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.[21]

Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".[22] Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am Aksel neɣ Dihya Tadmut, iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.

Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. (Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)

Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen (جزية ǧizyah), ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen (dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي), war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen.

Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. (Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)
Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. (Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)

Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab

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Deg useggas n 740, imaziɣen akk deg Tafriqt n ugafa kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq[23] ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.[24] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d Ɛennaba, si tmurt n Lmerruk alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.[25] Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen (ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)[26], yerna . ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n Ibn Xeldun: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".[27]

Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.[28] Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.[29] Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di Maṣer, ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.[30] Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.[31]

Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.

Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n Yilel Agrakal, Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n Bgayet deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.[30] Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".[32] S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft[33], tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg Turuft, sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg Turuft.[34] Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.[24] Dɣa deg tɣiwant n Bgayet, azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen (imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni) d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt, (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni) yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.[22] Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.[35] S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.[36] Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet (deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes) d Dellys (i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan) tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen.

Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.[37]

Asekkil n temdint n Bgayet sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa (La Bibliothèque nationale de France).

Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.[25]

Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n Tunes, neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n Spenyul.

Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen

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Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.

Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a[38], neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.[22]

Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d Tunes; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen[39] d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.[39]

Tadart n Kuku.

I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abû `Abd Allâh Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj (Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis, yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn).[40] Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen[41], tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d Ǧiǧel.[42] Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.[43] Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n Kuku[44] i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.[45] Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet[46], s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.[47][48]

Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen[25] maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam[49]: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.[50] Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer (Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas.

Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.[51]

Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).

Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal Ǧiǧel. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.[52] Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer Qsenṭina deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.[53]

Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg Buɣni i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.[54]

Ameqran n Tamawya (teqbilt) Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist (Histoire de l'Algérie française) - Camille Leynadier.

S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.[55] Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.[25] Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.[31] Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.[56] I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.[57] Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.[58]

D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 (deg temnaḍt n Soummam).[59] Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.[60]

Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a.

Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857

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Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel

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I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen:

Awanek: d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines.

Anabaḍ: yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes.

Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.

Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”[61] yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt.

Awalen i d-tenna Lalla Faḍma n Sumer i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.”

Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.
Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.

Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli.

Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 (aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj) armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli.

Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”[62]

Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit.

Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye.

Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”[62]

Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.[63]

Tameṭṭut taqvaylit

Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen (ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal[62], yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)[62] d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines.

D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi Imaziɣen akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti.

Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya.

Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa [64]

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Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa

Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: axxam, taxerrubt, adrum, taddart, Ṣfuf d lɛerc [65][66]. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is[67]. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut[68], deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart[69]. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya (taqbilt)[65].

Taddart

Amezruy

Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882
Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882

Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu[70]. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer[71]. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya[72].

Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent[73].

Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868[74]. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen[75]. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen[76].

Talɣa

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Axxam & Adrum

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Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift[77] neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem[66]. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) [78].

Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.
Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.

Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult.

Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella[79]. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen[76].

Adrum

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Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen[80], mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud[73]. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel.

Ṣfuf

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Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen[81]. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ[82]. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal.

Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama[83][84]. .

Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen[83][85].

Asqamu n taddart

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Tiẓri taɣelnawt

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Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* (tajmaɛt) n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt[86], yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ[87]. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra.

Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa[86]. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen[88]. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult[89]. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen[89].

* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan.

Talɣa

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Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n Kuku. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.

Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ[90]. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a[66]. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen[91]. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu[92]. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk[93]. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag[94].

Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart
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Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”[95].

Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ[96]. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes[97]. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba[98].

Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla[99], am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara[100], ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)[101]. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ[102].

Ukil n lǧameɛ
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Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert[103]. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart[104].

Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni[105].

Ṭamen
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Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.
Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.

Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'[106]. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken[107]. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen [108]. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is[109]. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran[110]. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran[110].

Ɛuqqal
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Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'[111]. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden[92].

Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt[87]. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen[112]. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw.

Lɛerc

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Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula[113].

Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten[113].

Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ[114].

Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun[114]. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen.

Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is[115].

S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen[116]. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf[117]:

  • Ṣeff ufella: At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas.
  • Ṣeff n wadda: At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis.
Agraw (Tajmaɛt) n Lɛerc
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Tiẓri taɣelnawt
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Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt [118]. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin.

Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749[119].

Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar (s umata sin neɣ tlata) ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt[120].

Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid[121].

Ameqran (Amin) n lumna
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Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin[122]. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen[123].

Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist[105].

Tamawya (Takufidṛalit/taqbilt)

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Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin[124]. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen[72]. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren.

Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)[124].

Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal[125]. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)[126], d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin.

"Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser[127]". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) (Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqvaylit).

Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ[125]. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen.

"Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...[128]" ― Jules Liorel, Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura (1892).

Agraw n Tamawya

Tiẓri taɣelnawt

Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun[129], anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti[130]. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten[131].

Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ.

Ameqran (lamin) n Tamawya

Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen[122].

Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa

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Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d:

“Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)[132]

Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer Surya netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.

Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.

Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.[133]

Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.
Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.

Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayelyebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.[133]

Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"[61] Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa.

Tasertit

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Tarakalt

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Tamurt n Yigwawen d aḥric seg idurar n waṭlas teṭṭili ɣef ilel agrakal si tama n ugafa.

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Tamurt n Yigawawen ibḍa-tt udabu ɣef 8 n twilaytin : Tizi Wezzu d Bgayet akken ma llant, aḥric ameqran n Tubiret d Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ, aḥric seg Tamsilt, Ǧiǧel, Bumerdas d Sṭif.

Tadamsa

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Irmad n tamurt n Leqvayel d ul n tadamsa n zzayer m' ur nehdir ara ɣef taɣult n lpitrul d lgaz . ladɣa di tizi wezzu d bgayet akud tiɣermin inaragen .

Imezdaɣ

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Leqvayel zemren ad illin sawḍen (sa) 7 neɣ 10 (mraw) imelyan. Gar-asen azal n 5 neɣ 6 imelyan di Tmurt, rnu-asen 2 neɣ 3 imelyan di Lezzayer tamaneɣt d temdinin nniḍen, d wazal n 2 imelyan di tmura nniḍen, gar-sen iminigen di Turuft.

Iẓwawen ittwasnen

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ɣer Iqbayliyen ittwasnen

Udmawen Iqbayliyen

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ɣer Idmawen iqbayliyen

Wali daɣen

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Ismal n Internet

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Iɣbula

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  1. ↑ UNPO Kabylia Briefing Note. 2025 (s teglizit).
  2. ↑ Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).
  3. ↑ Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).
  4. ↑ Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 (ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)
  5. ↑ Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (quinque gente). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)
  6. ↑ 6,0 6,1 et 6,2 Jacques Lanfry, «  », Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978
  7. ↑ Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861), Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.
  8. ↑ "North Africa - The Vandal conquest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
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  12. ↑ Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118
  13. ↑ The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner
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  16. ↑ The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93
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  18. ↑ Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding
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  23. ↑ Y. B., « Les Rustamides (761-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).
  24. ↑ 24,0 et 24,1 Plantade 2007, p. 83.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 et 25,3 Redjala 2011, section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».
  26. ↑ Y. B., « Les Aghlabides (800-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).
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  31. ↑ 31,0 et 31,1 Lalmi 2004, p. 514.
  32. ↑ Djamel Alilat, « Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.
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  34. ↑ Julien 1966, p. 104.
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  38. ↑ Lalmi 2004, p. 515
  39. ↑ 39,0 et 39,1 Kaddache 2011, p. 139.
  40. ↑ Gaïd 1976, « Depuis le XIe siècle », 3e partie.
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  43. ↑ Rotalier 1841, p. 89-92.
  44. ↑ Leclerc 1864, p. 61.
  45. ↑ Lacoste-Dujardin 2003, p. 70.
  46. ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 152.
  47. ↑ Souidi 2005, p. 36.
  48. ↑ Kahlouche 2002, p. 239.
  49. ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 76.
  50. ↑ Lalmi 2004, p. 516.
  51. ↑ Adli 2004, p. 105.
  52. ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 24.
  53. ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 307.
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  55. ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 79.
  56. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 526.
  57. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 526, 407.
  58. ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 477.
  59. ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 205.
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  61. ↑ 61,0 et 61,1 Émile Carrey - Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 1857. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."
  62. ↑ 62,0 62,1 62,2 et 62,3 Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. 2017.
  63. ↑ Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.
  64. ↑ Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. ɣeṛ-it deg internet (s teglizit).
  65. ↑ 65,0 et 65,1 Devaux, Charles. Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. (ɣeṛ-it deg internet)
  66. ↑ 66,0 66,1 et 66,2 Bourdieu, Pierre. The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).
  67. ↑ Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. (vol. 1, vol. 2, vol. 3 (s tefransist)
  68. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)
  69. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 9.
  70. ↑ Roberts, Hugh. Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria (Anavad amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa). I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit)
  71. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel. asebter. 54.
  72. ↑ 72,0 et 72,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.
  73. ↑ 73,0 et 73,1 Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.
  74. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. I, asebter. 241.
  75. ↑ Roberts,deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 236.
  76. ↑ 76,0 et 76,1 Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 244.
  77. ↑ Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, Droit et cultures, 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359
  78. ↑ Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, Droit et cultures [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;+DOI:&[permanent dead link]#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359
  79. ↑ Robert, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 110.
  80. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 25.
  81. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 13-14.
  82. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 13.
  83. ↑ 83,0 et 83,1 Devaux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 38. (ɣeṛ-it deg internet)
  84. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 12.
  85. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel., vol. II, asebter. 11.
  86. ↑ 86,0 et 86,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.
  87. ↑ 87,0 et 87,1 Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.
  88. ↑ Hanoteau and Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 27.
  89. ↑ 89,0 et 89,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 29.
  90. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 35.
  91. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 9.
  92. ↑ 92,0 et 92,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 24.
  93. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel. asebter. 93.
  94. ↑ Robert, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 110.
  95. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux,deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 9.
  96. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 26.
  97. ↑ Devaux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,asebter. 4-5.
  98. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33
  99. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux,deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 44.
  100. ↑ Liorel, Jules. Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) (ɣeṛ-it deg internet)
  101. ↑ Liorel, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 316.
  102. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 27.
  103. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 35.
  104. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux,deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 36.
  105. ↑ 105,0 et 105,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 134.
  106. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 101.
  107. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 9.
  108. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,. asebter. 100.
  109. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 101.
  110. ↑ 110,0 et 110,1 Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,. asebter. 100-101.
  111. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 92.
  112. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel. asebter. 95.
  113. ↑ 113,0 et 113,1 Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel. asebter. 47.
  114. ↑ 114,0 et 114,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 67.
  115. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.
  116. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 17-19.
  117. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 19.
  118. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 224.
  119. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 226.
  120. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 65.
  121. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter 64-65.
  122. ↑ 122,0 et 122,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 68-69.
  123. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 73.
  124. ↑ 124,0 et 124,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 67-68.
  125. ↑ 125,0 et 125,1 Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. I, asebter. 238-300.
  126. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 251.
  127. ↑ Hanoteau, Adolphe. Essai de grammaire Kabyle. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) (ɣeṛ-it deg internet)
  128. ↑ Liorel, Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025, asebter. 354-356.
  129. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 223.
  130. ↑ Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 8.
  131. ↑ Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 124.
  132. ↑ Bernand Lugan – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »
  133. ↑ 133,0 et 133,1 Jean-Pierre Frapolli - La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie
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