Tamurt n Leqbayel
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Tamurt n leqbayel (kab) | ||||
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Ansa | ||||
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Awanek anayan | Lezzayer | |||
Tawilayt | Tawilayt n Tubiret | |||
Tarakalt | ||||
Amur seg | Aṭlas anewrir | |||
Tajumma | 25 000 km² |
Tamurt n Yiẓwawen (Tamurt n Leqbayel) | |
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ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ (TIF) منطقة القبائل (AR) Kabylie (FR) Kabylia (Kabylia) | |
Tanfalit Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | |
Tadbelt | |
Tamurt | Lezzayer |
Timdinin | Tizi Wezzu, Bgayet, Tubiret, Bumerdas, Sṭif, Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ,Iɣil Iɣil. |
Tutlayin |
Taqbaylit Taglizit (deg iɣerbazen) Tafransist (deg iɣerbazen) Taɛrabt (deg iɣerbazen) Taɛrabt n leqran (di leǧwameɛ) |
Tarakalt | |
Imsidag | 37°49′N 4°50′E |
Tajumma taɣrudt | 10 000 km2 |
Iẓdi n usrag | CET (UTC +1) |
Tadimugṛafit | |
Isem n umezdaɣ |
Azwaw, Tazwawt (Aqbayli, Taqbaylit) Agawaw, Tagawawt |
Imezdaɣ | 7 575 643 imezdaɣ |
Taneẓẓi | 300 imezdaɣ/km2 |
Ayen nniḍen | |
Angal ISO 3166-1 |
KAB |
Aqariḍ |
adrim (Ar ) |
Taɣult n Internet |
.ka |
Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2012. |
Tamurt n Yiẓwawen (Tamurt n Leqbayel), Tamurt Taqbaylit, Tamurt n Leqbayel neɣ Iqbayliyen (tifinaɣ: ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴱⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⴻⵏ) anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen" d temnaḍt n yidurar n yiri n yilel deg ugafa n Lezzayer. Tamurt n yidurar aydeg llan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, ttwaḍḍfen-as-d yigran n tlisa seg deg usamer d umalu, seg ugafa s Yilel Agrakal, deg wenẓul s Yigran Ugafa. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Imezdaɣ-is (Iqbayliyen, Igawawen, Izwawen, Imaziɣen n ugafa alemmas) ttmeslayen Taqbaylit, yiwet si ger tutlayin timaziɣin.
Amezruy-nnes yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk-d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa.
Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tesɛa snat n temnaḍin n Lezzayer: Tizi Wezzu d Bgayet. Asagen aɣelnaw n Gouraya d usagen aɣelnaw n Ǧeṛǧeṛ llan daɣen deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen.
Aẓar n yisem n Leqbayel
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Isem n teqbaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus.
Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Takvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu (Aqbu) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu.
Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden.
Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Iqbayliyen sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”[1] i d-yesmektayen ɣef n wawal “ẓwer”, neɣ “iẓewwren” ihi “tamurt iẓweren” (“L'avant-pays” s tfransist neɣ “foreland” s tenglizit); ahat akka i t-id-ssawalen imaziɣen deg tallit taqburt uqbel “Tamurt iẓweren” tuɣal-ed “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”.
S umata, Iẓwawen ssnen yerna ttgen dima deg umezruy-nsen s tɣawsa i d-yeqqaren belli tmurt-nsen d tamezwarut “Tamurt iẓweren”. D tamurt i d-yeddan ɣer zdat.
Wiyaḍ deg umaḍal zemren ad sqedcen ismawen i d-yeǧǧan tutlayt-nsen, maca ur ilaq ara ad nettu belli yessawalen i yiman-nsen d imaziɣen tmurt iẓweren: Iẓwawen.
Amezruy
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n Ǧerǧer yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n Muns Ferratus ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten Aurelius Victor deg wedlis-is (De Caesaribus 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d Eutropius (Breviarium 9.22: "Quinquegentiani").
Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL).
Ẓer: Numidya
Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast.
Tallit talemmast
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma.
Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg Tefriqt Ugafa deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.[2][3] Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.[4] Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.[5][6][7][8] Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa Taɛrabt n Tefriqt Ugafa, Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,[9][10] Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.[11][12][13]
Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken.
Listiɛmar aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal iɛraben
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Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa[14]. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen.
Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.[15]
Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".[16] Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am Aksel neɣ Kahina, iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.
Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk-d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen (جزية ǧizyah), ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen (dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي), war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen.

Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg useggas n 740, imaziɣen akk deg Tafriqt n ugafa kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq[17] ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.[18] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d Ɛennaba, si tmurt n Lmerruk alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.[19] Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen (ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)[20], yerna . ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n Ibn Khaldun: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".[21]
Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.[22] Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.[23] Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di Maṣer, ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akked Shiɛa.[24] Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.[25]

Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n Yilel Agrakal, Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n Bgayet deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.[24] Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".[26] S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akked Turuft[27], tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg Turuft, sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg Turuft.[28] Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.[18] Dɣa deg tɣiwant n Bgayet, azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen (imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni) d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt, (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni) yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.[16] Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.[29] S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.[30] Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet (deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes) d Dellys (i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan) tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen.
Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.[31]

Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.[19]
Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n Tunes, neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n Spenyul.
Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen
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Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a[32], neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk-d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.[16]
Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d Tunes; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen[33] d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.[33]
I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abû `Abd Allâh Muhammad IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj (Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis, yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn).[34] Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen[35], tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d Ǧiǧel.[36] Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.[37] Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n Kuku[38] i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.[39] Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet[40], s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.[41][42]
Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqbayel ed wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen[19] maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam[43]: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.[44] Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer (Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas.
Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.[45]
Di Tmurt n Leqbayel tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal Ǧiǧel. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.[46] Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer Qsenṭina deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.[47]
Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg Buɣni i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.[48]

S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akked tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.[49] Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.[19] Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.[25] Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.[50] I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.[51] Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akked twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.[52]
D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 (deg temnaḍt n Soummam).[53] Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.[54]
Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a.
Awanek Aẓwaw yeqqim d azarug ula seld 1830 asmi tesseḥres Fransa Lezzayer (Lezzayer taɛetmanit).

Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer Surya netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.

Awalen i d-tenna Lalla Faḍma n Sumer i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkim.”
Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"[55] Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa.
Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen:
Awanek: d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines.
Anabaḍ: yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes.

Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”[55] yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt.

Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli.
Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 (aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj) armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli.

Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”[56]
Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit.

Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”[56]
Tasmestant n uwanek Aẓwaw seg 1502 ar 1857:
Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.[57]
Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen (ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal[56], yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)[56] d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines.
D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi Imaziɣen akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti.
Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya.
Tasertit
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]- Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n leqbayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqbayel kan : Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS) n Ḥusin At Ḥmed, d Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut (RCD) n duktur Saɛid Saɛdi.
- leɛrac bannen-d di Tafsut Taberkant (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt.
- Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen (MAK) yesbed Ferḥat Mhenni iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n leqbayel.
Tarakalt
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Tamurt n Yigwawen d aḥric seg idurar n waṭlas teṭṭili ɣef ilel agrakal si tama n ugafa.
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Tamurt n Yigawawen ibḍa-tt udabu ɣef 8 n twilaytin : Tizi Wezzu d Bgayet akken ma llant, aḥric ameqran n Tubiret d Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ, aḥric seg Tamsilt, Ǧiǧel, Bumerdas d Sṭif.
Tadamsa
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Irmad n tamurt n leqbayel d ul n tadamsa n zzayer m' ur nehdir ara ɣef taɣult n lpitrul d lgaz . ladɣa di tizi wezzu d bgayet akud tiɣermin inaragen .
Imezdaɣ
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Leqbayel zemren ad illin sawḍen (sa) 7 neɣ 10 (mraw) imelyan. Gar-asen azal n 5 neɣ 6 imelyan di Tmurt, rnu-asen 2 neɣ 3 imelyan di Lezzayer tamaneɣt d temdinin nniḍen, d wazal n 2 imelyan di tmura nniḍen, gar-sen iminigen di Turuft.
Leqbayel ittwasnen
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Udmawen Iqbayliyen
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Wali daɣen
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Ismal n Internet
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]- www.imyura.net Archived 2013-08-12 at the Wayback Machine : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk.
- www.kabyle.com : asmel n leqbayel, s tefransist
- http://www.acaoh.ca : asmel n Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull di Kanada.
- www.kabyles.com : asmel n leqbayel, s tefransist
- www.tamazgha.org : asmel n leqbayel n Marikan ugafa.
- www.racines-izuran.com : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist.
- www.tamazgha.fr : asmel n leqbayel n Franṣa.
- www.tameddit.com aɣmis s tmaziɣt
- www.tussna.blogspot.com tussna i yibujaden, s teqbaylit
Tisɣunin
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]- ↑ Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1, 1978, p. 103–104 (ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)
- ↑ "North Africa - The Vandal conquest". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
- ↑ Day, Alan (July 2001). "The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9". ISSN 0950-4125.
- ↑ "Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.
- ↑ The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156
- ↑ Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118
- ↑ The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner
- ↑ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568
- ↑ The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45
- ↑ The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93
- ↑ Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894
- ↑ Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding
- ↑ The art journal London, Volume 4
- ↑ Meynier 2010, p. 195.
- ↑ Kitouni 2013, p. 46.
- ↑ 16,0 16,1 et 16,2 Lalmi 2004, p. 513.
- ↑ Y. B., « Les Rustamides (761-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).
- ↑ 18,0 et 18,1 Plantade 2007, p. 83.
- ↑ 19,0 19,1 19,2 et 19,3 Redjala 2011, section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».
- ↑ Y. B., « Les Aghlabides (800-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).
- ↑ Kitouni 2013, p. 48-49.
- ↑ Kahlouche 2002, p. 236.
- ↑ D. B., « Les Fatimides (909-1171) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).
- ↑ 24,0 et 24,1 A. A., « Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).
- ↑ 25,0 et 25,1 Lalmi 2004, p. 514.
- ↑ Djamel Alilat, « Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.
- ↑ Dermenghem 1954, p. 95.
- ↑ Julien 1966, p. 104.
- ↑ Mourre 1996, t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.
- ↑ Kaddache 1992, p. 102.
- ↑ Feredj 2002, p. 16-17.
- ↑ Lalmi 2004, p. 515
- ↑ 33,0 et 33,1 Kaddache 2011, p. 139.
- ↑ Gaïd 1976, « Depuis le XIe siècle », 3e partie.
- ↑ Rotalier 1841, p. 89-92.
- ↑ Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.
- ↑ Rotalier 1841, p. 89-92.
- ↑ Leclerc 1864, p. 61.
- ↑ Lacoste-Dujardin 2003, p. 70.
- ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 152.
- ↑ Souidi 2005, p. 36.
- ↑ Kahlouche 2002, p. 239.
- ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 76.
- ↑ Lalmi 2004, p. 516.
- ↑ Adli 2004, p. 105.
- ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 24.
- ↑ Benoudjit 1997, p. 307.
- ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 486.
- ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 79.
- ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 526.
- ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 526, 407.
- ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 477.
- ↑ Allioui 2006, p. 205.
- ↑ Kaddache 2011, p. 490.
- ↑ 55,0 et 55,1 Émile Carrey - Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 1857. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."
- ↑ 56,0 56,1 56,2 et 56,3 Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria. 2017.
- ↑ Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.