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Tamuɣli n Vgayet seg Yilel Agrakal - Adrar n Yema Guraya deg deffir.
Tamuɣli n Vgayet seg Yilel Agrakal - Adrar n Yema Guraya deg deffir.
Vgayet
Vgayet/Bgayet



Temnaḍt n Vgayet deg Tamurt n Leqvayel
Tadbelt
Tamurt Tamurt n Leqvayel
Tutlayin Taqvaylit, Tafransist, Taɛrabt
Tamanaɣt Taɣiwant n Vgayet
Tarakalt
Tajumma taɣrudt 120,22 km²
Tadimugṛafit
Imezdaɣ 177,988 (2008)
Taneẓẓi 1,480.5 imezdaɣen/km²


Vgayet neɣ Bgayet (ⴱⴳⴰⵢⵝ s Tifnaɣ) d tamdint akk d asagan meqqren deg Yilel Agrakal akk d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt n Vgayet deg tmurt n leqbayel. Tamdint n Vgayet tesɛa azal n 177, 988[1] n imezdaɣ. Tamnaḍt n Vgayet tesɛa azal n amelyun n yimezdaɣ (2008)[2].

Aẓar n yisem n Vgayet

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Vgayet d isem amaziɣ—i yellan deg tazwara d Tabgayet, maca asekkil n “t” amezwaru n yisem-is d-yettakken azref n tmeṭṭut yeɣli-d deg useqdec acḥal aya —yekka-d seg wawalen iqburen tabegga neɣ tabeɣayt, s unamek n atrar n "imudaɣ d tizwal n tẓegwa"[3]. Isem n Vgayet yesεa ihi yiwen n uẓar amaziɣ deg tazwara am yismawen niḍen n temdinin n Tamezɣa am Thugga d Baja deg Tunes neɣ Begay (Baghaï, s tarbt "بغاي") deg Wawras.[3]

Deg tutlayin i d-yekkan srid seg tlatinit taɣerfant n tallit talemmast—xemsa-nni n tutlayin i yettmeslayen s waṭas, d taspenyult, tapurtugit, tafṛansist, taṭelyanit, tarumaniyt— Bugaya (seg taɛrabt بجاية; s tespenyulit Bujía d s taṭelyanit Bugía[4] ) d isem i d-yettunefken i temdint-a imi deg tallit-nni tessawaḍ-d ɣer Tuṛuft aṭas n ccmeɛ n tizizwa i usnulfu n teftilin[5]. Dɣa, isem-nni yuɣal Bougie s tefransist. S tikelt ɣer tayed, deg tallit n tlemmas, isem-nni yewweḍ ad d-yerzu ɣer i usnulfu n teftilin di Turuf; seg imir-n, s umata, teftilin ttwasemman s tefransist s wawal "bougie"[4]. Aya daɣen i d yerran wawal n “bougeoir”, d win ay d-yesskanayen ticemmaɛin s ufus ɣezzifen i sseqdacen ineɣmasen akatuliken d iserdasen imeqranen.[6]

Tarakalt

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Temding n Vgayet tella deg ugafa n tamnaḍt n Vgayet, ɣef tafsirt agrakal dɣa tettwazger sɣur Asif asemmam, taɣiwant n Vgayet tella deg iri n ilel Agrakal deg ugafa d ugmuḍ dɣa tennuled tiɣiwanin n Tuǧa deg ugmuḍ, n Asif n Ɣir deg wenẓul dɣa Buxlifa d Tala Ḥemza deg wenẓul-agmuḍ.

Cap Carbon
Cap Carbon

Amkan

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Tilin n Vgayet teqqen ɣer i wasagan-is i tt-yerran d tamerkantit seg tazwara-s. Tettiki deg yiwen n ukalil (aḥric amecṭuḥ n waman i d-yeffɣen seg uḥric ameqqran) i yesɛan ṣṣenf n tmeẓdit, yerna yettwaḥrez seg tmeẓdit n waḍu n yilel (i d-yettmuqulen ɣer ugafa-utrim) s uḥric n Cape Carbon (ɣer utaram n temdint). Vgayet tettwaḍmen s udrar n Yemma Guraya i d-yezgan deg umalu n ugafa-utrim. Tamuɣli seg usagan-is, d yiwet seg timuɣliwin icebḥen akk n rrifan n ilellen n Tmezɣa akk d n Yilel Agrakal, imi tesɛa idurar n ibabuṛen icebḥen deffir-s. Lfayda niḍen i tesɛa temdint-a imi tella d amkan anda i d-teffeɣ teẓgi n Wasif Asemmam; d agnir yesɛan azal n wagama akk d azal adamsan i d-yettmuqulen ɣer wenẓul-asamer. Maca, seg wasmi i d-teqqel tamdint d tamanaɣt, yella-d umgired gar temdint d timnaḍin niḍen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef ssebba n wugur n usenqed n temnaḍin i yellan deffir n temdint.

Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya
Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya

Deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa-ines d temnaḍin-nniḍen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen, Vgayet tettak-d aɛrur-is i timnaḍin: amkan-is deg taggara n Wasif Asemmam yerra-tt d assaɣ gar Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tameqrant d Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt. Maca sin-a ttwaqqnent ɣef yiman-nsent yerna ttnadint ɣef tmaneɣin n daxel n tmurt (Tizi Wezzu, Aqbu, Xerraṭa, atg.) s tuɣalin-nsen ɣer lebεid n rrif n yilel. Vgayet tesɛa, seg yiwet n tama, iẓuran idiganen ixuṣṣen; llan kan rebεa neɣ xemsa n tɣiwanin i d-iqerben ɣer-s. Deg uswir aɣelnaw, Vgayet d tuffɣa n Lezzayer talemmast, seg Lezzayer ar Skikda, d abrid n tuffɣa n temnaḍin n yidurar, d usagen n lqut d lqeḍyan n azal n sin imelyan n yimdanen. Maca tuqqna-a d tin i yuεren: ɣer wenẓul-asamer, tanezzut d Sṭif teţţili kan s yiɣeẓran n Xerraṭa. Abrid-nniḍen yettawi-d abrid n Wasif Asemmam, syin ɣer usammar n tiwwura n wuzzal d usali ɣer tama n Burǧ Buɛririǧ; abrid-a i d-yettawi ubrid aɣelnaw d ubrid n tmacint. Uguren-a sskanayen belli, ɣas akken tesɛa leqdic ijehden, tamdint n Vgayet tettwali amur seg tnezzut yettwasseqdac akken ilaq deg temnaḍin-nnes n usamer d utaram aydeg tesɛa tazmert.[7]

Ixef n yiddawen (neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes)
Ixef n yiddawen (neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes)

Taɣiwant-a tettmuqul-itt-id adrar n Yemma Gouraya. Imḍiqen niḍen n icebḥen i d-iqerben ɣer-s, d taftist n Zigwat d Ixef n yiddawen (neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes); amḍiq-a aneggaru d umṭiq n tmeddurt n Ibkan n Tamezɣa i yellan deg ubrid n nnger, i yesɛan zik, qbel amezruy, tamnaḍt meqqren aṭas ugar n tin n wass-a.[8] Kraḍ-a n yimukan i n d-nebder llan deg Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.

Tamnaḍt n temdint tesɛa azal n 12,022 n yihektar. Vgayet tezga-d 220 km ɣer usammar n temdint n Lezzayer tamanaɣt, 93 km ɣer usammar n Tizi Wezzu, 81.5 km ɣer ugafa-ataram n Burǧ Buɛririǧ, 70 km ɣer ugafa-ataram n Sṭif d 61 km ɣer ataram n Jijel.[9]

Iɣersiwen d yimɣan

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Amḍiq yettwaḥerzen n Zigwat, deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.
Amḍiq yettwaḥerzen n Zigwat, deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.

Taɣrem n Vgayet d aḥric seg rrif n yilel n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen, i d-yettkemmilen arma d Jijel, d amkan agmaw i d-yessewhamen. Deg ugafa n temdint, Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya d tamnaḍt n tlisa yettwaḥerzen[10] , akk d Ugemmaḍ Aɣelnaw n Taza[11] i d-yezgan 60 km ɣer umalu n Vgayet, i d-yettwasbedden sɣur UNESCO gar "imukan n tmusni i usnerni aɣelnaw deg umaḍal"; timnaḍin i yesɛan iswi n tmusni i usnerni aɣelnaw.[12]

Urti n Guraya yemgarad ɣef wurtiyen niḍen n yilel agrakal imi deg-s llan yiɣersiwen am win n uyefki n taγyult, d ṣṣenf i yellan deg ubrid n nnger deg yilel agrakal, d tiɣbula n yiɣersiwen anda ttɣimin tasaft akk d uẓebbuj, tayda (Pinus halepensis), taqqa (Juniperus), d taseṭṭa n meryem (Artemisia absinthium) [13]. Deg urti n Taza, tucet (Quercus canariensis), afernan (Quercus suber), d techt (Quercus afares) d nutni i d leṣnaf imeqranen i d-yezgan alamma d Jijel.[14]

Ma d ufernan, deg yiwet n tmurt i d-yettawin ugar n uzgen n wakal i d-yeṭṭef ṣṣenf-a deg teftist n wenẓul n Yilel Agrakal; Tamurt n Yiẓwawen akk d ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Lezzayer d timnaḍin aydeg llant tẓegwa timeqranin akk n ufernan: ttnernint ɣef tlisa n yilel seg Lezzayer tamenaɣt arma d ntlisa n Tunes. Daɣen, seg teftist n yilel alamma d 1.200 m n wewrir.[15]

Iddew amaziɣ deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.
Iddew amaziɣ deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.

Iɣersiwen n tmurt-a ttaken-d taseddarit i imsuṭṭaḍ am uccen (Canis aureus), cebbirdu, ilef (Sus scrofa), d leṣnaf i yellan deg ubrid n nnger am abeṛṛay n tẓegwa (Felis silvestris “amcic n lexla”), aruy, iblinṣer, iddew amaziɣ (Macaca sylvanus) yiwen n ṣṣenf i yelan anagar deg Tefriqt Ugafa. Arida (Hyaena hyaena), tadɣaɣat, abareɣ azeggaɣ (Vulpes vulpes), imerwel (Lepus capensis), akk d inisi n Lezzayer (Atelerix algirus) llan deg Urti n Taza d win n Guraya. Idurar i d-yezzin fell-asen llan deg-sen aṭas n ṣṣenf n yigḍaḍ gar-asen igider (Aquila fasciata), Ijider amejjuṭ (Gyps fulvus), tmila, iḥiqel, bururu (Bubo bubo), labaz iqesḥen? (Buteo rufinus), d taninna tamezdayt (Falco tinnunculus)[16][17]. Iwriren n yidurar n Tmurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt d axxam daɣen n taserẓut uzumba (Sitta ledanti), d yiwen n ṣṣenf n wagḍiḍ i yelan anagar deg temnaḍt-a i d-yettwasen anagar deg 1975 deg udrar n Babuṛ ameqran.[18] [14]

Abrid i d-yezgan ɣef tlisa n Ugelmim n Vgayet zdat n Urti n Aɣelnaw n Taza.
Abrid i d-yezgan ɣef tlisa n Ugelmim n Vgayet zdat n Urti n Aɣelnaw n Taza.

Iɣersiwen d yimɣan n tamnaḍt-a d ayen yessewhamen imi aḥric n yilel n Guraya d amkan i deg zedɣen 4 n ccetlat yettwaḥerzen n imsuṭṭaḍ n yilel: aferrun (Phocoena phocoena), azyam (Delphinus delphis), addenfil (Tursiops truncatus), agelmum ameqran (Physeter macrocephalus) . Lqaεa n yilel n urtan deg-sen sḍis n yimeẓriyen yesɛan azal agraɣlan.[17]

Anezwu d yiɣallen n waman

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Tamdint n Vgayet d aḥric seg tamnaḍt n Wasif Asemmam anda i d-ttemlili akk waman n tmurt i d-yettasen seg idurar. Vgayet d Wasif Asemmam n wadda sɛan anezwu n Yilel Agrakal. S umata yetnewway lḥal s kra n ubeddel amecṭuḥ n teẓɣelt n lawan[19]. Taẓɣelt, s umata ayen yellan d axfifan, s wazal amatu i yettbeddilen gar 11.1 °C deg tagrest arma d 24.5 °C deg unebdu.

Nnig n Wasif Asemmam, i d-yettakken ayen ilaqen i takerza deg temnaḍin i d-yezzin i temdint, Vgayet tezga-d deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen n yilel, yerna tesɛa aṭas n lehwa deg tmurt-is. TAzal n ugeffur deg tmennaḍt yezmer ad yili gar n 800 ar 1200 mm, maca kra n yiɣbula idiganen ttwasseqdacen s tɣawla ɣef ljal n uḥwaǧ ameqran[20]. Tamdint n Vgayet tettawi daɣen aman-is seg udrar yellan deffir-is akk d seg waṭas n yiɣbula niḍen, am win n Tuǧa (Toudja) i d-yeqqnen deg tallit taqburt s yiwen n uqedus ɣer temdint taqburt Saldae.[21]

Issawaḍen iɣerfanen – tikeṛṛusin d timacinin

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Vgayet - Iberdan-is, tikeṛṛusin d timacinin
Vgayet - Iberdan-is, tikeṛṛusin d timacinin

Tamdint n Vgayet tteqqen ɣer Lezzayer tamanaɣt, Tizi Wezzu, Tubiret, Sṭif, Jijel d waṭas n tmiwa Iẓwawen s yiwen n uẓeḍḍa n yiberdan. Tesɛa daɣen yiwet n teɣsert tagejdant n lkaṛat i d-yettawin ɣer temdinin n wenẓul azzayri, gar-asent Ḥasi Mseɛud, Waregla, Ɣerdaya, Lɣawat, Dǧelfa d Busɛada.

Taɣiwant n Vgayet tettwaɛedda s waṭas n yiberdan iɣelnawen. Kra seg-sen tteddun deg yiɣeẓran d tizza i d-yellan d imukan n uɛeddi igamanen[22]: abrid aɣelnaw 9 (Abrid n Sṭif), i d-yettεeddin ɣef yiri n teftist, syin ɣef yiɣil n Xerraṭa ar Sṭif, akk d ubrid aɣelnaw 24 (Abrid n Vgayet), i d-yettεeddin ɣef yiɣil n Wasif Asemmam, Tubiret, syin tamdint n Lezzayer ɣer umalu, neɣ Burǧ Buɛririǧ ɣer usammar. Llan daɣen iberdan nniḍen i d-ttɛeddayen ɣef isegraraben: abrid aɣelnaw wis 12 (abrid n Tizi Wezzu), yettɛedday ɣef teẓgi n Iɛekkuren d yidurar-is syin ɣer Ɛzazga, Tizi Wezzu ar Bumerdas, akk d webrid aɣelnaw 75 (abrid n Tabatent), yettɛedday ɣef Iberbacen yidurar n Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt akken ad yaweḍ ɣer Sṭif u ad yeqqen ɣer durar ɛlayen ɣer Tabatent. Abrid aɣelnaw n trmurt n Lezzayer Asamer-Ataram[23] (s taɛrabt: الطريق السيار شرق-غرب), umi qqaren daɣen Abrid aɣelnaw A1, i yekfa deg Ɣuct n 2023 deffir 17 n yiseggasen n lebni , ɣas akken yexḍa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, yeqqen ɣer temdint n Vgayet s yiberdan niḍen.

Vgayet ɣur-s yiwet n teɣsert n tmacint, d taggara n temsirt Bnimenṣur-Vgayet, i d-yettwabnan deg useggas n 1889, yerna fell-as tetteddu yiwet n tmacint n i d-yesdukklen tiɣsar n temnaḍt-a: Bnimenṣur, Tazmalt, Allaɣen, Aqbu, Laɛzib Ben Crif, Iɣzer Ameqran, Takrits, Sidi Ɛic, Ilmaten d Leqṣer[24]. Tuqqna-a gar-asent, deg Bnimenṣur, akk d yizirig n Lezzayer-Skikda, tettaǧǧa ad awḍen ɣer wakk aẓeḍḍa n yiberdan n tmacint n Lezzayer s tuqqniwin tusridin ɣer tmaneɣt tazzayrit, deg ataram, d Sṭif, deg anzul-asamar. Tella daɣen yiwet n tmacint tamnaḍant i d-yeqqnen s umata

Tamuɣli n tewwurt n unafag Ɛebban Ṛemḍan n Vgayet.
Tamuɣli n tewwurt n unafag Ɛebban Ṛemḍan n Vgayet.

Vgayet ɣer temnaḍin-is; tettwaseggem akken ad teldi usammar n tmennaḍt-a.

Tamuɣli seg yigenni n unafag Ɛebban Ṛemḍan n Vgayet
Tamuɣli seg yigenni n unafag Ɛebban Ṛemḍan n Vgayet

Vgayet tesɛa yiwen n unafag agraɣlan yezga-d 5 km ɣer wenẓul n temdint. Isem-is tikkelt tamezwarut "Vgayet - Anafag n Asemmam" gar n 1982 d 1999, semman-as s yisem n wasif n Summam i d-yettasen ɣer yilel agrakal deg tama n Vgayet. Yebda leqdic-is deg useggas n 1982 i leqdic aɣelnaw, deg 1993 i leqdic igraɣlanen. Deg 1999 yettwasemma "Anafag n Begayet - Asemmam - Ɛebban Ṛemḍan" deg 1999, d asmekti i uselmad n ṭṭraḍ azzayri i yesɛan amkan ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṭṭraḍ n Tlelli n Lezzayer.

Iḥricen n Vgayet

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  • Acercur
  • Karaman
  • Bab Lluz
  • Ddar Nnaṣer
  • P.K. 17
  • Buxyama
  • Iḥeddaden
  • Targa Uzemmur
  • Iɣil Uɛeẓẓug
  • Bir Slam
  • Iriyahen
  • Amafag (Aérodrome)
  • Bulimaṭ
  • Asif n Saket
  • Adrar Ufarnu
  • Amṭiq n Tafat

Tiɣiwanin n Vgayet

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Llant 52 (sumset sin) n tɣiwanin n Vgayet

Amezruy

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Uqbel n umezruy

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Aɣrab n n Iberomaurus i d-yusan seg Qsenṭina (Lezzayer)
Aɣrab n n Iberomaurus i d-yusan seg Qsenṭina (Lezzayer)

Tilin n umdan tettwassekles deg yimukan yemgaraden n temdint. Taɣsert n yifri n AƐli Bacha tettwaḥseb d amkan aqbur akk n tnezduɣt azal n 40.000 arma d 20.000 n yiseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Deg umḍiq n Zigwat, cci d tɣawsiwin i d-ufan ttmeslayen-d ɣef tallit n wazal n 10.000 n yiseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, dɣa d tallit n tamaynut n uẓru (Neolithik; seg tegrigit νέος néos "aynum" d λίθος líthos "aẓru")[25]. Tamnaḍt-a teččur daɣen aṭas n tɣawsiwin tisekniyin am yifri n Afalou anda i d-ufan kra seg yiḍrisen iqburen akk n yergazen imaynuten, yettwasnen s yimdanen n Afalu-Bu Rmel[26], i d-yesseknen ɣef yidles i d-yesbedden ɣef leḥnana s tmeḍlant n yimdanen deg yifran iqedsen d useqdec n ufexxar n uzwaɣ i d-yellan seg 18,000 ar 11,000 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.[27] Tiɣawsiwin-a d wid yettwassnen deg wayen umi qqaren idles n Iberomaurus[27]

Seg tallit taqburt alamma d tallit tabizantit

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Ẓer daɣen: Saldae

Vgayet tesɛa ayen i d-yeqqimen seg tallit n nnḥas[25]; ayen i d-yettwassen akk i d aẓekka aqbur amaziɣ, acku acḥal n wakud i yettwaḥseb d aẓekka afiniqi, maca deg tidet, maca deg tilawt meqqer aṭas ɣef tilin n ifiniqiyen deg Tefriqt Ugafa, yerna ur yettwassen ara melmi i d-twabna[28].

Tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax
Tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax

Amḍiq-a d win yelhan imi yettwaḥudd ɣef waḍu n Cape Carbon, yerna iban belli aṭas n medden i d-zedɣen deg-s zik. Aḍris amezwaru n umezruy yeɣ amkan-a iban-d deg awines (lqern) wis 5 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, tamnaḍt-a tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya, deg tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax (d adlis agrigi aqbur i d-yettmeslayen ɣef webrid n ln yilel i d-yezzin i Yilel Agrakal d Yilel Aberkan. Yezmer lḥal yettwaru deg tlemmast n awines wis 4 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ deg iseggasen n 330, yerna ahat yettwaru deg Athina neɣ yiri-s.). Nnig waya, ad naf daɣen tazmert tazrirt n Ifniqen: Imeggura-a llan ttinigen ɣef tlisa n Tefriqt n Ugafa akken ad snuzun yerna ad d-sbedden imukan n tnezzut iwumi qqaren "emporioe"[29][7].

Ifniqen

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Ifniqen llan uqbel kullec d agdud amzenzu. Ɣur-sen Vgayet tella d yiwen n umkan anda zemren ad zzenzen lqecc-nsen, ad myibdalen tiɣawsiwin d imezdaɣ n tmurt, akk d ubrid yelzzm-asen ad ɛeddin am wakken ad kemmlen ɣer leswaq n tmura-nniḍen, mazal yella armi d tura yiwen n lmersa afniqi deg "Azraruḥ" (yeqreb ɣer Wedrar Ufarnu).

Numidya

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Deg wakud n Numidya, Vgayet ur tesɛi ara azzal meqqṛen imi tella tebɛed aṭas ɣef tamanaɣt n Numidya Sirta

Ṛṛuman

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Aẓru n tallit tarumanit, yettwabeggen i lɣaci deg tɣiwant n Vgayet
Aẓru n tallit tarumanit, yettwabeggen i lɣaci deg tɣiwant n Vgayet

Lexsara n Yugerten deg tagrawla-s mgal Iṛumaniyen tbeddel Numidya ɣer yiwet n tgelda i d-yeqqnen ɣer Ṛuma ɣef wakk leqrar imeqranen; Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus) yebḍa tamnaḍt-nni ɣer temnaḍin i d-yefkan Mauretania Caesariensis (Muriṭanya n Qayṣ̣er; tamdint n Ilel neɣ Cherchell n wass-a). Ɣef wakken i d-yenna Plinus Aqbur (Gaius Plinius Secundus), Saldae (isem aqdim n temdint-a) tella d tahrest ni Iṛumaniyen i d-yettwabnan deg tallit n tmenɣiwin timezwura deg 33 qbel uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Tmanya n yiseggasen sakkin, Augustus yerra tamnaḍt n temdint-a i ugellid n Numidya Yuba II, d leɣrama n timnaḍin i d-yewṛet, maca ur s-d-yețțunefk ara zik.

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus

Augustus daɣen yesbed-d tadmint n Tubusuptus, i d-yezgan tura d yixerban n Tiklat deg kra n ikilumitren deg yiri n wasif n Nasava (Asif Asemmam) (tura deg tɣiwant n Leqṣer azal n 20 km ɣer umalu n Vgayet)

Tamdint n Saldae tesεa idles alatini, sakkin, tuɣal d tamasiḥit asmi i tuɣal Tgelda n Iṛumaniyen d tamasiḥit ula d nettat[29]. Iṛumaniyen sbedden-d aẓeḍḍa n waṭas n iqudas waman i d-yeqqlen ad ttwasqedcen acḥal n leqrun sakkin ula deg tallit n Ḥammadiyen. Aqadus n waman n Tuǧa yella-d deg tallit n tgelda n Antoninus Pius (Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius). Maca tamdint-a ur tessin ara azal n usnerni am Hippo Regius (Ɛennaba), i d-yesεan rrbeḥ ugar ddaw tallit n Ṛuma[29].

Takeṛḍa n tgelda n Rruman azal n 116 sdeffir talalit n Lmasiḥ.
Takeṛḍa n tgelda n iṛumaniyen azal n 116 sdeffir talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Seg awines amezwaru, tagrawla n Takfar-ines teggar akk imezdaɣ n Numidya n temnaḍt-nni; Takfar-ines yewwi iɣzer n Asemmam, yewwi Tiklat, yerna yewweḍ ar Saldae. Deg taggara, yettwaɣleb sɣur Aqunsul (aqunsul d amḍebber ameqran akk i yettwafernen deg Tegduda Taṛumanit seg azal n 509 arma d 27 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ) Publius Cornelius Dolabella[29]. Deg awines wis 4, deg idurar iqerben ɣer Saldae, Firmus (d ageldun amaziɣ d amasiḥi) yesnejmaɛ Tamawya n Imaziɣen n Wis Xemsa (tamaway n xemsa n leɛṛa Imaziɣen n Ǧeṛǧer n tura) mgal Iṛumaniyen. Yusa-d ageldun Theodosius s yiɣallen seg Tuṛuft akken ad yesres tagrawla; yerbeḥ deg ṭṭraḍ, maca yesɛa uguren akken ad yeɣleb iɣallen n Firmus[29].

Ivandalen

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Amedya n tmeṭṭut d wargaz ivandalen deg wenẓul n Pulunya deg lqern wis sin, Aẓawan n tmucuha n Kraków.
Amedya n tmeṭṭut d wargaz ivandalen deg wenẓul n Pulunya deg awines (lqern) wis sin, Aẓawan n tmucuha n Kraków.

Ivandalen, s nnuba-nsen, kecmen ɣer Tefriqt n Ugafa seg Spenyul deg useggas 429. S ufus n Gaisarīx, wwin-d ijenwiyen-nsen n wuzzal akk d times-nsen ɣer temdinin akk n rrif n ilel. Rran Saldae d tamaneɣt n uwanak-nsen amaynut armi i ṭṭfen Qerṭaj deg 439.

Ibiẓanṭiyen

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Tafriqt n Ibizantiyen azal n 600
Tafriqt n Ibizantiyen azal n 600

Imenɣiyen i d-yellan gar wid ay d-yesdukklen ddaw aselmed n Arius d wid d-yesdukklen ddaw n uselmed n teklizt tkatulikit, yeǧǧa-d akk tamnaḍt-nni tefcel; dɣa Ibiẓanṭiyen ufan-d dihin ssebba d tagnit akken ad d-rren afus. Tamdint n Saldae teɣli-d s ddaw n yiɣallen Ibiẓanṭiyen deg ṭṭrad-nsen mgal Ivandaliyen deg 533-534. Taḥeqranit-nni tameqqrant n Ibizantiniyen teǧǧa-d ula d nettat lebɣi n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt akken ad d-sbedden tagrawla deg tallit-a armi d tazwara n Listiɛmar Aɛrab n Tefriqt n Ugafa[29] seg 647 armi 709 ; tallit tebda yiwen n yixef ɣezzifen n yimennuɣen.

Listiɛmar Aɛrab

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Ẓer daɣen Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, Aksel, d Dihya Tadmut

Iserdasen Aɛraben i d-yusan seg Takerwant muqlen tamdint, syin ɣer idurar i d-yezzin i Vgayet, syin tikkelt nniḍen ɣer temdint-nni iǧehden zdat-sen, dɣa semman i durar-is “el ɛadua”, taɛdawt, ɣef sseba n umennuɣ i d-yesken wegdud akken ad yeṭṭef tilelli-ines[30][31]. Isalan ɣef tallit-a xuṣṣen neɣ mxallafen; iban-d d akken tamdint ur ttwaḍḍfent-tt ara Aɛraben s tɣawla, yewwi-asen aṭas n wakud akken ad ṭṭfen, azal n useggas n 708.

Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur aɛraben. Aẓru n awines (lqern) wis 19 i d-yesskanayen yiwet n tarbaɛt n waɛraben i d-yettgen aklan seg Tefriqt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt ad ɛeddin ɣef Tniri Tutrimt. Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur waɛṛaben tnerna deg awines wis 7 d wis 8 imi d-ḍḍfen waɛṛaben aḥric ameqran seg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tanezzut n Yiklan tnerna s waṭas seg awines wis 10 arma d wis 15 yerna tewweḍ ɣer tqacuct-nnes deg tlemmast n awines wis 19.
Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur aɛraben. Aẓru n awines (lqern) wis 19 i d-yesskanayen yiwet n tarbaɛt n waɛraben i d-yettgen aklan seg Tefriqt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt ad ɛeddin ɣef Tniri Tutrimt. Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur waɛṛaben tnerna deg awines wis 7 d wis 8 imi d-ḍḍfen waɛṛaben aḥric ameqran seg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tanezzut n Yiklan tnerna s waṭas seg awines wis 10 arma d wis 15 yerna tewweḍ ɣer tqacuct-nnes deg tlemmast n awines wis 19.

Deg useggas n 740, imaziɣen akk deg Tafriqt n ugafa kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq[32] ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt[33]. Yezmer lḥal d akken imezdaɣen n Vgayet kkan deg tegrawla-nni, maca ur nesɛi ara tira i d-yeqqaren ɣef aya.

Kraḍ n awines i d-yeḍran deffir ma yebda Listiɛmar Aɛrab n Vgayet ur ṣfan acku ulac tira ɣef tegnit-is deg tallit-a. Timdint-a tella d aḥric seg wakal n Yiɣlabiyen, sakkin d win n Yifaṭimiyen, yerna ddaw n udabu-nsen tesɛa kra n tazmert.

Yettban-d belli asmi i d-yesbedd Naser Ayetḥmed* (s taɛrabt “Al-Naser ibn ALnas ibn Ḥammad” الناصر بن الناس), agellid wis xemsa n At Ḥmed, tamaneɣt-is An-Nāṣīrīya dinna, deg 1067, lebni n Saldae taqburt yella d axrib. Llan aṭas n tiktiwin i d-yettwabnan ɣef yidles unṣib i wakken ad d-sfehmen liḥala-ines: kra seg-sen qqaren-d belli tamdint Saldae tesεu 7 n tizenzlin neɣ amḍan am wa n lḥemlat n ccwal[34].

Yettban-d daɣen belli deg awines wis 10, tamdint tella deg ifassen n Tamawya Tamaziɣt n Iẓnagen, seg-sen i d-kkren tgelda n Iziriyen d At Ḥmed i ḥekmen ɣef Tafriqt n Ugafa Talemmast. Di tallit-nni, tella d taɣiwant i d-yezgan s tuget deg-s imezdaɣ n Andalus, akken i t-id-yessegza umagraw n Andalus Al Bakri, uqbel ma tefka tsertit n At Ḥmed azal ameqran i temdint-a[35][36].

Tigeldiwin Timaziɣin: Tamanegt n tmaneɣt n tallit talemmast

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Deg awines wis 10, tamdint-a tella kan d asagen amecṭuḥ i d-yezgan i useyyeḍ n yiselman. Deg 1067, agellid amaziɣ n tgelda n At Ḥmed, Naser Ayetḥmed (1062-1088), i yellan yeḥkem ɣef Tafriqt n Ugafa Talemmast, yesnulfa tamdint-nni yerra-tt d tamaneɣt-is imi tamaneɣt-is tamezwarut — Lbeṛj n Ayetḥmed (s Taɛrabt قلعة بني حماد), ugafa-asamer n Tamsilet n wass-a deg temnaḍt n Wawras — tella ddaw uzaglu n leɛṛac yiminigen Aɛraben wid iwumi qqaren Ihilaliyen (s Taɛrabt بنو هلال Banū Hilāl). Ineggura-agi usan-d seg Wasamar alemmas deg uḥric wis sin n tegrawla n Waɛraben mgal imaziɣen n Tefriqt n Ugafa[37].

Ayetḥmed isemma-yas i temdint-nni Al Nassiriya; isem-a yuεer-as ad yeṭṭef acku isem n Vgayet yella yettwaseqdac s waṭas. Ibnu Xaldun yeɣil belli ayagi d ssebba n yisem Vgayet i yeqqnen ɣer yisem n yiwen wegraw amazi i zedɣen amkan-a[38]:

"Deg useggas n 460 (1067-1068), netta [Naser] yeṭṭef adrar n Biǧāya, d tamnaḍt aydeg i yezdeɣ yiwen n lɛeṛc amaziɣ yesɛan isem am win n temdint. Gar-asen, Biǧāya qqaren-as Bekaïa yerna ttwasemman-as Begaya. Nacer imi yewwi-d adrar-nni, yebna-d tamdint, isemma-yas Al Nassiriya. Maca yal yiwen yeqqar-as Biǧāya, seg yisem n lɛeṛc amaziɣ."

Da, ilaq ad d-nini belli ulac ayen i d-yesbeggnen belli yella yiwen n lɛeṛc am wa. Yerna, isem-a “Biǧāya” ur d-yettbin ara d yisem aqvayli yerna ur d-yettili ara deg tikta n yismawen n leɛruc n tamurt n Leqvayel. Yezmer lḥal meqqren d akken Ibnu Xaldun yella kan yettgen-d tifratin akken llan ttgen-tent yimaruyen n tallit talemmast.

Uqbel ma tesɛa izwel n tmaneɣt, tamdint-a tesɛu annerni i d-yesskanayen s wazal-nnes, ladɣa deg weswir adelsan; tella di tidett d asagen deg tlemmast n webrid n Lbeṛj n Ayetḥmed d Landalus. Ttɛeddayen-d deg-s yimusnawen d yemsenza imi deg-s akken yella d ukcem d tuffɣa n ubrid n ugellid; abrid agellid seg Yigran Imeqranen ɣer Yilel Agrakal yerna ula d abrid n tnezzut n tlisa n Tniri Tutrimt[39]. Imiren aɛṛaben n Sicilya Banu Kalb (s Taɛrabt بنو كلب) ţţuweḥḥan s tiɣermin (leqṣur) n Vgayet imi sbedden tiɣermin-nsen deg Palermo am wid n Vgayet. Vgayet, ugar n amkan yettwasnen neɣ yettwaḥemmlen, tella d tamḍiqt yettwaḥettmen deg webrid seg Landalus ɣer Usamer alemmas (ladɣa i wid yetteddun ɣer Lmekka), yerna daɣen seg Tuṛuft ɣer Tefriqt. D amkan n timlilit d umsawal n tmusni gar yimezdaɣen n Tuṛuft akk d Usamer[40].

S ufus n imḍebbren n At Ḥmed, tamdint tuɣal d yiwen seg yiɣermanen n yidles d tussna imeqranen n umalu n Yilel Agrakal, yerna d amkan ameqran n tnezzut yesɛan azal i Turuft.

Lqedd n iɣezzuba n tnezzut n temdint-a ur tettwassen ara swaswa, maca yettban-iɣezzuba n tnezzut llan sɛan azal ameqran deg Yilel Agrakal, maca llin ara d aṭas deg umḍan am wid n Tuṛuft.

Lbeṛǧ n Pisa yettwabnan deg lqern wis 12
Lbeṛǧ n Pisa yettwabnan deg awines wis 12

Vgayet llan ttgen-tt s waṭas yemsenza Ilatiniyen, Indalusiyen, d Yikataluniyen, d yemsenza seg Pisa d Genova[41]. Imsenza-agi seg wenẓul n Tuṛuft fkan-as ismawen yemgaraden deg tutlayin tiṛumansiyin: Bugia, Buzia, Bugea, Buzana.

Dɣa deg tallit-a —ɣef ssebba n ccmeɛ n temdint-a i yellan ttwassifiḍen ɣer Tuṛuft i usnulfu n teftilin — i d-yefkan wawal n "bougie" i tutlayt tafṛensist akk d wawal n "basane" i tabḍant (tahidurt) n wullis; wigi llan deg laṣel-nsen d tisekkirin n yismawen n temdint s tutlayin-a (deg uwenneɛ i d-yettunefken uqbel: Bougie d Buzana)[42][43].

Taɣremt n Yiḥemmadiyen tejbed-d imusnawen seg wakk timnaḍin yerna tella tesseqdac tasertit yeldin, ladɣa ɣer tama n Tuṛuft. Udayen d imasiḥiyen sfaydin seg lḥalat-is yelhan; Ageldun Nasir yella yettmeslay-d, yeṭṭef-d tikta, d Papa Gregory VII[44] yerna yessuter-as ad d-yessers aselway n tamasiḥit i temdint-is[45]. Tiwḍin n yimussnawen terra Vgayet d tamdint tamezwarut deg unnar n tussna; tazmert-is tezger nnig n Yilel Agrakal yerna tewweḍ arma d Tuṛuft. Deg umgarad n Lqelɛa i yellan deg tamnaḍtin n deffir n tmur, Vgayet tella tettwaḥseb d tamdint tadelsant d "tatrart"; "Tamdint tamaziɣt i yeddren s ṣṣifa n wegmuḍ",[46] aṭas n yimusnawen imeqranen ay d-yekkan seg-s neɣ d-yessuklen ad zedɣen din deg tallit talemmast: am Leonardo Fibonacci, d amussnaw n tusnakt aṭelyani, (awines wis 12), Ramon Llull akk d Ibn Xaldun (awines wis 13).

Leonardo Fibonacci
Leonardo Fibonacci

Deg useggas n 1202, Leonardo Fibonacci yewwi-d seg Vgayet ɣer Tuṛuft "uṭṭunen n taɛrabt" d usekkil n ljebra (D anagraw i tira n yimeslayen d tmiḍrant n tusnakt s useqdec n yisekkilen, Izumal, d tmeẓriwin n tusnakt). Ɣef leḥsab n kra n yiɣbula, asnulfu n tegzemt n tusnakt n Fibonacci tusa-d seg ssebba n tmuɣli-s n yimɣuṛiyen n tizizwa d usnerni n tizizwa deg temnaḍt-nni neɣ neɣ ssebba n yiwen n wugur tusnakit adigan i yeqqnen ɣer tlalit n yiɣersiwen kra i d-yessegza deg wedlis-is Liber abaci[43][47].

Di tallit-nni tamdint n Vgayet tuɣal d tameqrant armi, ɣef wakken i d-yenna Leo Africanus, zedɣen-tt aṭas n tmerwin n yimyilen n yemdanen seg yal tama n Tefriqt Ugafa, Asamar alemmas, Tuṛuft d Asya. Imezdaɣ n temdint llan s tuget d Imaziɣen i d-yusan si tmurt n Yiqbayliyen d waṭas n yizruzaɣ n Landalus. Al Idrissi yeqqar-d belli azal n 100 000 imezdaɣ i yellan di tallit-nni. Muḥend Mis n Tumart (Yekka-d seg tadukli n imesmuden deg Lmerruk) yemlal d Ɛebd Lmumen (Yekka-d seg Iznaten yettwaɛraben deg Tlemsan) i d-yesbedden sin-nsen sakkin Tagelda n Tdukli (neɣ Tagelda n Imwaḥḥden; s taɛrabt ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ ), deg tazwar s ufus n Muḥend mis n Tumart, sakkin, yessemɣer-itt Ɛebd Lmumen, ɣer tama n Vgayet azal n 1118.[48]

Tugna taspenyulit i d-yesskanayen Mis n Tumart
Tugna taspenyulit i d-yesskanayen Mis n Tumart

Muḥend Mis n Tumart yesselmad-d tuɣalin ɣer yiɣallen n tineslemt seg Mellala (tamdint i d-yezgan ɣef 10 km ɣef Vgayet). Iseggasen uqbel, qqaren-d d akken imezdaɣ n Vgayet ssuffeɣen-d Mis n Tumart imi i d-yettcetki s waṭas ɣef tikli-nsen[49]. Amussu asertan i d-yesbedd d lsas n Tagelda n Tdukli (Imwaḥḥden), i yeṭṭfen Vgayet deg useggas n 1152 yerna yekkes At Ḥmed seg udabu. Tamdint teṭṭef azal-is amatu di tallit n Tdukli; tuɣal d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt[50]. Axlif Ɛebd Lmumen yesbedd-d yiwen seg twacult-is d agellid n temdint[51], d ayen i d-yesbeggnen azal-is asertan. Asagen n temdin yella deg-s lbabuṛat n Ɛebd Lmumen d wid n At Ḥmed, i d-yeṭṭef[52]. Deg useggas n 1183, deg yiwet n tallit tawezlant, At Ɣaniya (بنو غانية s taɛrabt) —i d-yeqqimen seg tgelda n Imrabḍen — ṭṭfen Vgayet, maca iɣallen n Tagelda n Tdukli rran-tt-id s tikkelt niḍen[53].

Adrim n Vgayet (1249-1276) deg talit n Iḥafsiyen.
Adrim n Vgayet (1249-1276) deg talit n Iḥafsiyen.

Mi teɣli tagelda n Tdukli, Vgayet tuɣal-d ɣer Tagleda tamziɣt n Iḥafsiyen n Tunes i d-yeqqlen d ilelliyen deg yunyu 1228[54]. Maca di tilawt, imi d-yeḍra ccwal ɣef tmeḍrit n udabu, agelid neɣ aselway Aḥafsi n Vgayet yuɣal d azarug ɣef win n Tunes; yuɣal-d d aqerruy n yiwet n tgeldunt n tidett i yeddren aṭas n tallitin. Tallit taneggarut seg-sent, uqbel ma wwḍen-d Yispenyuliyen, teḍḍef akk awines wis 15 yerna tella tettwassen s yisem n "tgeldunt n Vgayet". Tazmert n tnezzut n Vgayet d tmura timasiḥiyin deg tallit-a d teqqim s wazal-is yerna tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg tmiwa timeqranin aydeg ttwaqeblen yizruzaɣ n Landalus i irewlen seg Reconquista[55][56].

Iwinsen n tanhawt n Vgayet

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Am akken i d-yeḍra s lmeḥna i ḍḍfen deg tgara n awines wis 15 aṭas n temdinin Tefriqt Ugafa d Tiniri n tallit talemmast i d-yellan qqnen s waṭas ɣer tnezzut n tiɣelmin d Ilel Agrakal, Vgayet tebda-d ihi tanhawt-s.

Iberdan imaynuten n tanezzut sbedden-d tikkelt niḍen n tanezzut i lfayda n yiberdan imaynuten n tnezzut n yilel — i d-yeṭṭfen deg tazwara Ipurtugaliyen, syin d Ihulandiyen, i d-yebnan srid d tlisa n Tefriqt Tataramt — yesneqs-d s waṭas azal n iberdan n tnezzut n tiɣelmin d n tnezzut n yilel i ɣef tettkel temdint n Vgayet d temdinin-nniḍen n Tefriqt Ugafa[57].

Vgayet iswi n ṭṭmeɛ n leǧnas

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Ispenyuliyen, deg tazwara n Reconquista, rran-d tiɣriwin ɣef yisafagen n Tefriqt n Ugafa. Aspenyuli Pedro Navarro yeṭṭef tamdint n Vgayet seg yifassen n Sselṭan Ɛebdalaziz deg useggas n 1510. Ispanyuliyen rran taggara i "tagelda n Vgayet" di Tameaɣa talemmast. Rran tamdint-nni d yiwet seg tneqqiḍin-nsen n tnezzut i d-yettwaḥerzen s lmendad n n wassaɣen i sɛa d Piza akk d Genova. Maca d takriḍt-nsen tessaweḍ ɣer trewla n yimezdaɣ n tmurt, dɣa d sseba n yimenɣiyen d Imaziɣen deg temnaḍin-nni iqerben. Tamdint-a ur tezmir ara ad teqqim d assaɣ i tnezzut d timura i yella deffi-s, dɣa Abu Bakr, gma-s n Ɛebd Lɛaziz, yeεreḍ ad d-yerr Vgayet deg useggas n 1512 seg tmanaɣt-is tamaynut Qsenṭina (s useqdec n unagraw n usekles n Iznyaten n awines wis 14) maca yexser[58].

Lbeṛj n Ispenyuliyen deg Vgayet
Lbeṛj n Ispenyuliyen deg Vgayet (yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Lbeṛj Musa) - Yettwabna azal n tlemmast n awines wis 16 gar (1510-1555) deg talit n tuḍḍfa n Yispenyuliyen n temdint-a.

Ispenyuliyen qnen s tmehla-nsen ɣef yiwen yiwet n tamnaḍt i d-yellan d ṣṣenf n ukerdis gar Bordj Ɛebdlqader, Taqsibt d Bordj Mussa. Aḥric n temdint i yellan beṛṛa n tilisa-yagi dɣa yeɣli-d fell-as axrib imi iɣallen ispenyuliyen mebla tazmert ur zmiren ara ad ḥerezen.

Ṛṛuḥ n Tasestant n Axxam n Ccreɛ n Ddin (lnquisition) yeṭṭef-d amkan deg tsertit taspenyult tadigant imi yettwaḥettem ɣef Udayen ad ffɣen seg temdint, yerna imeqranen n temdint rewlen (tarbaɛt tamecṭuḥt n yimdanen ijehden neɣ imerkantiyen) gar-asen imusnawen. Ansay ussnan n temdint yeqqel sakkin s waṭas ɣer yizawiyen n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yellan deffir-is, ula d tira n ufus ttwakksen yerna ttwaferqent. Amḍan n imezdaɣ n temdint yeɣli s waṭas, yerna ula d iɣallen n ispenyuliyen deg-s sneqsen daɣen s waṭas; llan kan 500 n yergazen deg 1555[59].

Aẓeṭṭa n temdint sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥerzen deg Tamkarḍit taɣelnawt n Fransa
Aẓeṭṭa n temdint sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥerzen deg Tamkarḍit taɣelnawt n Fransa (Bibliothèque nationale de France)

Timnaḍin-nni n zik n Vgayet llan ttwabḍan, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan ugur i yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a ad rnun ad ṭṭfen tamdint-a. Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, Ɛebbas, mmi-s n ugellid n Vgayet, yesbedd-d tagelda-ines ɣef yiwen n Lbeṛj yettwassen s yisem n Lbeṛj Ayt Ɛebbas deg ugemmaḍ ataram n Asemmam. Ɛebbas yerra-d seg-s kra seg imḍebbren n temdint n Vgayet. Deg umkan-a yella deg temsizzelt d Belkadi i d-yekkan seg n umasnazref n Vgayet n At Ɣebri i d-yesbedden Tagelda N Kuku. Deg Qsenṭina, d Abu Bakr, gma-s n ugellid-nni n zik n Vgayet, i d-yesbedden iman-is d agellid ɣef wakk nu usamer n tmurt n Lezzayer n tura[60]. Imḍebbren-a, i yemxalafen gar-asen, yal yiwen deg-sen yessaram ad yerr tamdint n Vgayet u ad d-yesdukkel akk timnaḍin-is n zik[61][62].

Takarḍa taɛetmanit n yilel seg lqern wis 16 i d-yesseknen agmuḍ: Lezzayer (deg ugafa), Delles (deg tlemmast) d Vgayet (deg wenẓul).
Takarḍa taɛetmanit n yilel seg awines wis 16 i d-yesseknen agmuḍ: Lezzayer (deg ugafa), Delles (deg tlemmast) d Vgayet (deg wenẓul).

Deg tallit-a, asmi i d-uɣalen ɣer deffir yiwanaken iqburen, i d-banen watmaten Ɛaruj yerna zedɣen deg temdint n Jijel. Atmaten Ɛaruj rran-d afus iwakken ad d-rren tamdint-a seg Yispenyuliyen s tmussni-nsen n yilel. Deg tgara, sbedden-d awanak-nsen deg tama n Ldzayer Tamaneɣt, ɣef leqdic n iflissen, dɣa s tɣawla ssersen-d tazmert-nsen ɣef ugafa n Ldzayer, rran-d iman-nsen ɣer tama n Tgeldit n Yiɛetmaniyen, dɣa sseknen-d iman-nsen deg wallen n yimezdaɣ am akken d ixṣimen n Spanyul. Vgayet tuɣal s lemɣawla d iswi n ṭṭmeɛ; Ɛaruj s ttawil-is i yekkes Iḥafsiyen seg Qsenṭina d Ɛennaba. Carlos I agellid n Spenyul (Yettwassen daɣen s Charles V deg Tuṛuft) yesseqdec tamdint-a d amkan n tuqqna deffir tawaɣit n tuffɣa n 1541 mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer[63][64].

Tamdint i d-yettwaɛzelen

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lmuqedmin imasiḥiyen ttxellisen akken ad ssufɣen imasiḥiyen i yellan d aklan sɣur Iṭurkiyen - lqern wis 17 - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen
lmuqedmin imasiḥiyen ttxellisen akken ad ssufɣen imasiḥiyen i yellan d aklan sɣur Iṭurkiyen - lqern wis 17 - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen
Tugna n 1815 n aklan imasiḥiyen di Lezzayer - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen
Tugna n 1815 n aklan imasiḥiyen di Lezzayer - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen

Atmaten Ɛaruj werǧin ssawḍen ɣer yeswi-nsen n tuṭṭfa n Vgayet deg tudert-nsen. Deg taggara, Salah Raïs, yiwen seg wid i d-yeṭṭfen amkan-nsen, i d-yekcem ɣer temdint deffir umennuɣ n Vgayet (1555) mgal Spenyul s tallelt n Yiẓwawen n Kuku[64]. Di teswiεt-a Vgayet tekcem ɣer temnaḍt n Yiɛetmaniyen n Lezzayer, tezga-d ddaw lḥekma n Beylik n Qsenṭina alamma d 1830. Tabḍit temnaḍt n Yiɛetmaniyen n Tefriqt n Ugafa ɣef kraḍ n yibeyliyen (Timnaḍin s tutlayt taturkit) tessers tamdint-a deg yiwen n umdiq ur nesɛi azal ameqran. Targit tasertant n watmaten Ɛaruj akken n usbedu n tamaneɣt-nsen deg Vgayet tettwaɛzel; tamaneɣt n tagelda n Yiɛetmaniyen deg Tefriqt Ugafa tella tettwasbedd yakan deg tamnaḍt Lezzayer Tamaneɣt n tura i yellan d asagan yettwaḥerzen yerna deg-s llan ttwaxedmen aṭas n yisenfaren[65]. Tuddsa tameqqrant kan i d-yeqqimen deg Vgayet deg tallit-a d tin n “dar senɛa”; d amkan i lebni n iɣerruba (lbabuṛat) n Dey n Lezzayer Tamaneɣt[66].

Vgayet, ddaw lḥekma n lqayed aṭerki, tettwaḥsab sɣur Lezzayer d tamdint i izemren ad tqabel Lezzayer ɣas akken zzin-as-tt idurar n yiɛdawenn[67]. Lezzayer tettabaɛ-d s leḥdert tikli n yiɣallen iɛetmaniyen deg Vgayet imi tugad ad d-yili umennuɣ gar-as d Lezzayer, dɣa tceggeε-d lbabuṛat-is ɣer Vgayet ladɣa deg tegrest imi tiẓgiwin n idurar-is d tiɣremt i d-yefkan. Dɣa tamdint-a teẓra aɣelluy-nnes yettnerni s tɣawla mi ṛuḥen Ispanyulen.

Imezdaɣ n Vgayet llan sεan amḍan amecṭuḥ n yiɣerruba n tnezzut, azal n ɛecrin n tiflukin, i d-yettruḥun ɣer Lezzayer, Wehṛan, Ɛennaba d Tunes akken ad ssufuɣen lɣella n temnaḍt-a deg lḥal yelhan. Deg tegrest, iɣerruba n tnezzut-a tella tettɣimi deg teftist n “Dar Senɛa” seddaw la casbah (s taɛrabt “al-qaṣabah” القصبة "lbeṛj") ar tefsut[68].

Sselɛa i d-yettwassuffuɣen tella deg-s zzit, lxeḍra, tazart, d igelman; ttwassen-d ccac d imendiyen ttwawwin-d seg berra n temdint. Ahat iɣezzuba-a (lbabuṛat) wwin-d tiẓgi i lebni n iɣezzuba di Lezzayer[69]. Deg tallit-a, ikemmel-d ccɣel n iflissen iɛetmaniyen, ladɣa wid yellan deg Jijel. Deg useggas n 1671, sserɣen-tt lbumbat n yiɣezzuba Yigliziyen ddaw n akellef n Edward Spragge akken ad ḥebsen aẓdam n iflissen iɛetmaniyen deg yilel agrakal ɣef iɣezzuba-nsen. Deg tallit-a merra, tamdint ur tettwaḥrez ara, yerna imeslayen n waṭas n yimsebriden i d-yusan ɣer-s, ttmeslayen-d ɣef yir liḥala d lexṣaṣ n uṣeggem n lebni deg tamdint.

Seg tallit-a alamma d tagrawla tafransist, iɣallen n Tmurt n Leqvayel ɛerḍen ad ṭṭfen tamdint mebla ma yessaweḍ yiwen ɣer rbeḥ.

Deg useggas n 1823, Leɛruc n Iwanuɣen d Wasif asemmam ṭṭfen amḍebber n temdint. Deg useggas n 1825, Aɣa Yahia, amḍebber n yiɣallen n Lezzayer, yerza tamdint yerna yebda tikta n usekcam mgal Leɛruc n Wasif asemmam[70].

Ẓer daɣen Tamurt n Leqvayel

Aɣelluy n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer d tallit n ussehres afransis

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Vgayet n zik

Deg useggas n 1830, Ifransisen bdan-d tikli n tuṭṭfa n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer. Deg tazwara, tikli-nni tella tettwasnebgi mgal Lezzayer. Maca ur ɛeḍḍlen ara aṭas imi iɣallen-nsen bdan ttnadin ad ṭṭfen Tamurt n Leqvayel, mgal-as i d-bdan aṭas n yimenɣiyen.

Deg tallit-a, mi teɣli-d tezmert n ussehres aṭerki, ɣef ljal n axrab i d-yellan deffir waya, Leqvayel rran-d tazmert-nsen d kra n leḥkem ɣef temdint d timnaḍin n tmurt-nsen i yellan zik seddaw tamehla n Ṭṭerk yerna werɛad ur llint ddaw n tmehla n Fṛansa.

Timdint d temnaḍt-is rran-d tagrawla meqqren mgal ussehres afṛensis. Seg tazwara, am Yispenyuliyen n awines wis 16, Ifransisen qnen s yiwet n tilin tamecṭuḥt arma d 1846, dɣa bnan-d aṭas n lebni n uḥraz deg tlemmast n temdint akk d deg imukan ɛlayen n temdint[71][72].


Ayagi ur d-yeḥbis ara tamdint-a ad teṭṭef amkan deg waṭas n tegrawliwin d tmenɣiwin am wid n Crif Bubeɣla, yerna ladɣa nnfaq ameqran n Lḥaǧ Muḥend At Meqqran d Ccix Aḥedad deg 1871.

Taftilt n Cape Carbon
Taftilt n Cape Carbon

Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa tafransist, tamdint tella d tamdint tamecṭuḥt s azal n 2000 n yimezdaɣ[73]. Tamdint tettwaɣ-d d taɣiwant s usaḍuf (lqanun) n 17 yunyu 1854[74]. Ifransisen ččuren-d ukalil n temdint s wakal akken ad sɛun ugar n wakal yelhan i lebni, mi d-snulfan asagan n temdint yerna bnan-as-d aḥric n beṛṛa ɣer tama n yilel akken ad yesɛu ugar n wemkan i yiɣerruba. Ahil n usnerni aɣerman n temdint (asnulfu n tama n yilel d iberdan imeqranen) yeǧǧa-d azamul d ameqran deg wamek i d-tnerna temdint seg tallit-nni ar ass-a. Timdint tewwi-d cwiṭ cwiṭ amkan-is d amḍiq alemmas n tmurt n Leqvayel d asagen n ussufuɣ (usifeḍ) n ifuras n tfellaḥt n tmurt-a. Imezdaɣen iqvayliyen mazal ttkemmilen deg leqdic-nsen n usifeḍ ɣef tlisa n yilel. Deg useggas n 1906, imḍebbren n Fṛansa bnan taftilt n Cape Carbon; d tin yugaren akk deg umaḍal ɣef ssebba n umkan-is ɣef yixef n wedrar (220 n lmitrat deg teɣzi) yerna tafat-is tettaweḍ 53 n yikilumitren ɣer yilel[75].

Ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan II

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Karanja d Cathay ttwasserɣen ɣer tama n n yilel n Vgayet deffir tmenɣiwin n yigenni n Luftwaffe.
Karanja d Cathay ttwasserɣen ɣer tama n yilel n Vgayet deffir tmenɣiwin n yigenni n Luftwaffe - 1942.

Deg ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan wis sin, Operation Torch tessers-d iɣallen imarikaniyen d ibriṭaniyen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, gar-asen yiwen n ugraw n Royal West Kent Regiment n tgelda tageldanit deg Vgayet deg 11 wember 1942. Deg wass-nni, ɣef 4:40 n tmeddit, yiwet n terbaεt n yisafagen n iɣallen n Luftwaffe n Lalman ssersen lbumbat ɣef Vgayet s tlatin n yisafagen Ju 88 d ṣṣenf-nniḍen n yisafagen. Iɣerruba n usifeḍ (aḥemmel) Awatea d Cathay ɣḍeṣen, ma d aɣerrabu n ṭṭraḍ HMS Roberts yettwaɣ. Azekka-nni, aɣerrabu n ṭṭraḍ SS Tynwald d aɣerrabu n usifeḍ Karanja ttwaɣen yerna ɣḍeṣen[76].

Ṭṭraḍ n timunent n Lezzayer

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Ɛebban Ṛemḍan
Ɛebban Ṛemḍan

Deg ṭṭrad n timunent n Lezzayer (1 Wamber 1954 – 5 Yulyu 1962 i yettwasnen daɣen s Tagrawla), tamurt n leqvayel tella ddaw yisem n temnaḍt III s ddaw n uselway n Belqasem Krim i d-iḥettmen ad teqqim tmurt n Leqbayel ddaw leɛnaya n Leqvayel; Vgayet tella d aḥric seg temnaḍt III[31]. Agraw n Ṣummam i d-yesseggan Ɛebban Ṛemḍan yesbedd-d tawsit tasertant-taserdasit n umussu aɣelnaw azzayri deg ṭṭraḍ, yeḍra-d deg Uzellagen, deg idurar i llan deffir n Vgayet[77]. Uqbel agraw-a, Ɣef leḥsab n waṭas n tdiwennitin d inagan n Ḥusin At Ḥmed, amennuɣ ur yesɛi ara lsas iǧehden.

Tamdint tatrart

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Vgayet - Place Guidon - Lebni n Fransa.

Deg yiḍ n ṭṭraḍ n timunent n Lezzayer deg 1954, Vgayet tesɛa azal n 30.000 n yimezdaɣen, gar-asen 6.200 n yifṛensisen. Yiwet n tseddarin ineggura n udabu afṛansis d lebni n yiwen n aqadu (pipeline) ara yessiwḍen lpeṭrul (zzit n wakal) seg Ḥasi Mesɛud deg uneẓruf ɣer Iɣerruba n usagan n temdint. Deg useggas n 1959, Vgayet tella d taḥanut n wuzzal tameqrant akk deg tmurt n Lezzayer, i d-yettakent idrimen. Deg 1959, Vgayet tella d asagan ameqran n lpeṭrul ay yesɛan azal akk deg Lezzayer, yerna d aɣbalu n tedrimt[78]. Deg 1962, tettwaqqel ɣer temnaḍt n Sétif, uqbel ad tuɣal d tamaneɣt n temnaḍt-s deg useggas n 1974. Tamdint teẓra tigmi n yimezdaɣ, gar-asen amḍiq n Lexmis, sdeffir ma usan-d aṭas n medden seg tudrin d temnaḍin n tmurt n Leqvayel akken ad ddren deg-s[79].

Vgayet, am temdinin-nniḍen deg Tmurt n Leqvayel, tella d yiwet seg wammasen n tmenɣiwt n tdukli tamaziɣt deg Tafsut n Yimaziɣen n 1980; yerna deg useggas n 2001 akk d deg Tefsut Taberkant. Vgayet daɣen gar tmaneɣin tidamsanin n Tmurt n Leqvayel d yiwet seg yimukan idelsanen yesɛan iswiyen idelsanen am Tizi Wezzu. Alday n unnar asertan yeǧǧa-d ad d-kkren waṭas n tdukliwin n yidles n yal ṣṣenf. Tasdawit n Vgayet, s tilin-is, tettɛawan umussu-a; llan yiɣawasen i wakken ad tili tasudut n uselmed n tutlayt tamaziɣt deg Vgayet[80].

Tigmi s tɣawla n yimezdaɣ n temdint tettak-d uguren i usnulfu n tmezduɣin d uḥraz n yimukan n yidles. Tella daɣen temsalt n twennaṭ i d-yeqqnen ɣer ussuḍes i d-yettasen seg lecɣal n yixxamen d tnezzut. Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1990, tigmi n yimezdaɣ, lexṣaṣ n n tsertit yelhan, sneqsen ṣṣenf n twennaṭ n temdint, ɣas akken llan kra n iɣbula i yimal-is[81][82].

Uṭṭunen n yimezdaɣImezdaɣ

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Tamdint tesɛa 177,988 imezdaɣ ɣef leḥsab n 2008.

Tigmi n yimezdaɣ s wakud[83]
Aseggas Imezdaɣ Aseggas Imezdaɣ Aseggas Imezdaɣ Aseggas Imezdaɣ
1901 14,600 1926 15,900 1954 43,900 1977 74,000
1906 17,500 1931 25,300 1960 63,000 1987 114,500
1911 10,000 1936 30,700 1966 49,900 1987 144,400
1921 19,400 1948 28,500 1974 104,000 2008 177,988

Tugnatin n Vgayet

Iɣbula

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  1. ↑ « Wilaya de Béjaïa : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion » [PDF]. Données du recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2008 sur le site de l'ONS.
  2. ↑ « Population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs selon la wilaya de résidence et le sexe et le taux d’accroissement annuel moyen (1998-2008) ».
  3. ↑ 3,0 et 3,1 Haddadou, Mohand Akli (2012). Dictionnaire toponymique et historique de l'Algérie: comportant les principales localités, ainsi qu'un glossaire des mots arabes et berbères entrant dans la composition des noms de lieux pp. 193–194 (s tefransist). Tizi Wezzu: Achab. ISBN 978-9947-972-25-0.
  4. ↑ 4,0 et 4,1 "Bougie: Définition de Bougie". cnrtl.fr (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 12 fuṛar 2017.
  5. ↑ "BOUGIE, subst. fém". Trésor de la langue française informatisé (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 26 yulyu 2017.
  6. ↑ "Dictionary : BUGIA". www.catholicculture.org. Yettwaṭṭef deg 3 yennayer 2025.
  7. ↑ 7,0 et 7,1 Cote, M. (1 yebrir 1991). Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist). Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. ISBN 2-85744-509-1. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.
  8. ↑ Taub, David Milton (3 yunyu 1978). "The Barbary Macaque in North Africa" (PDF) (s teglizit. "Iddew amaziɣ deg Tefriqt n Ugafa" s taqbaylit). Oryx. 14 (3): 245–253. doi:10.1017/S0030605300015581. Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 yulyu 2024.
  9. ↑ "L'Historique de la Commune Archived 2017-06-09 at the Wayback Machine". apcbejaia.org (s tefransist: Amezruy n tɣiwant). Yettwaṭṭef deg 27 Yunyu 2017., s tmuɣli n yisefka seg yiwen n uḍris seg « Répertoire Partiel des Biens Culturels Immobiliers de la Wilaya de Béjaïa » (Uḍris aḥric n tɣawsiwin n yidles n l wilaya n Bgayet) ay d-tessuffeɣ Tanemhla n yidles d tzuri n l wilaya n Bgayet .
  10. ↑ (s teglizit) UNESCO, « Gouraya », deg unesco.org, maɣres 2010. (Yettwaẓer deg 21 ɣuct 2012).
  11. ↑ Ali Loukkas (conception) et al., , Théniet El Had, Parc national de Théniet El Had, 2006, 92 p. (asebter n uskan [archive]
  12. ↑ « Le programme MAB » UNESCO (yettwaẓer deg 21 ɣuct 2012).
  13. ↑ ASAL 2006, asebter n asuffeɣ 1(s tefransist), asebter wis 16.
  14. ↑ 14,0 et 14,1 ASAL 2006, asebter n asuffeɣ 2 (s tefransist), asebter wis 21.
  15. ↑ Rachid Safou, « La dégradation des forêts de chêne-liège en Algérie », deg Archive.is, 6 meɣres 2011 (Yettwaẓer ass n 21 yulyu 2017.).
  16. ↑ ASAL 2006, asebter n asuffeɣ [1] [archive] asebter wis 14 d 16 d [2] [archive] p. 21.
  17. ↑ 17,0 et 17,1 Ali Loukkas (conception) et al., Atlas des parcs nationaux algériens, Théniet El Had, Parc national de Théniet El Had, 2006, 92 p. (asebter n asuffeɣ [archive])
  18. ↑ Laurence D., « La Sittelle kabyle (Sitta Ledanti) : l'oiseau rare Archived 2008-08-27 at the Wayback Machine [archive] », sur Monde berbère, Association culturelle n'Imazighen, Bruxelles, 2005 (Yettwaẓer ass n 21 Ɣuct 2012).
  19. ↑ Zouggaghe; Mouni; Taffer (March 2014). "Qualité biologique du réseau hydrographique du bassin versant de la Soummam. (Nord de l'Algérie) Archived 2014-10-06 at the Wayback Machine" (PDF). Larhyss Journal (17): 21–33. ISSN 1112-3680.
  20. ↑ Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 January 1993). Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie (s tefransist). Office des publications universitaires.
  21. ↑ Annales algériennes de géographie (s tefransist). Institut de géographie de l'Université d'Alger. 1966.
  22. ↑ Cote, M. (1 April 1991). Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist). Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. ISBN 2-85744-509-1. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.
  23. ↑ "Pénétrante De Béjaia 1 Archived 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine". ana.org.dz (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.
  24. ↑ "Béjaia: un nouvel autorail en attendant les trains marchandises – Radio Gouraya[permanent dead link]". radiogouraya.com (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 4 yulyu 2017.
  25. ↑ 25,0 et 25,1 "Béjaïa Ville d'Histoire et de savoir" (PDF). Adlis n tdukli Gehimab - Circonscription archéologique de Béjaïa (s tefransist). Gehimab - Laboratoire de Recherche Lamos Université de Béjaia. Yunyu 2002.
  26. ↑ Chamla, M.-C.; Dastugue, J.; Hachi, S. (1 Wamber 1985). "Afalou-Bou-Rhummel". Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist) (2): 182–192. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.880. ISSN 1015-7344. Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024..
  27. ↑ 27,0 et 27,1 Roubet, C.; Hachi, S. (30 dujamber 2010). "Mechta el-Arbi (Préhistoire)". Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist) (31): 4811–4814. doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.542. ISSN 1015-7344. Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.
  28. ↑ Laporte, Jean-Pierre (2005). "Histoire et patrimoine antiques de Saldae (Vgayet, Bejaia, Bougie)" (PDF). Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, Actes du colloque: "Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh: Le processus d'inventaire" (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 29,2 29,3 29,4 et 29,5 Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 yennayer 2017.
  30. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 January 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. Asebter 44. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  31. ↑ 31,0 et 31,1 Lalmi, Nedjma Abdelfettah (2004). "Du mythe de l’isolat kabyle". Cahiers d'Études Africaines (s tefransist). 44 (175): 507–531. asebter 510. doi:10.4000/etudesafricaines.4710.
  32. ↑ Y. B., « Les Rustamides (761-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).
  33. ↑ Yidir Plantade, «Laïcité et athéisme en Kabylie : Mythes et ambigüités », Journal d’étude des relations internationales au Moyen-Orient, vol. 2, no 1,‎ Yennayer 2007, isebtar 81-94 (s tefransist). ɣeṛ-d s Internet Archived 2009-08-24 at the Wayback Machine.
  34. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie Asebter 48. (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  35. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie Asebter 49 (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  36. ↑ Cote, M. (1 yebrir 1991). Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist) Asebter 6. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. ISBN 2-85744-509-1. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.
  37. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 47. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  38. ↑ Laporte, Jean-Pierre (2005). "Histoire et patrimoine antiques de Saldae (Vgayet, Bejaia, Bougie)" (pdf). Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, Actes du colloque: "Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh: Le processus d'inventaire" (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.
  39. ↑ Charles-André Julien, Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord : des origines à 1830, Paris, Payot, 1966 (1re éd. 1951) (s tefransist) Asebter 104.
  40. ↑ Gilles Ferréol (dir.) et Abdel-Halim Berretima (dir.), La ville méditerranéenne : défis et mutations : Actes de colloque international (28-29/11/13, Béjaïa), EME éditions, 16 novembre 2015 (s tefransist) Asebter 258. (ISBN 978-2-8066-3534-1, [archive])
  41. ↑ Valérian, Dominique (2006). Bougie, port maghrébin, 1067-1510 (s tefransist) Isebtar 247–290, 607–610. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7.
  42. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 46. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  43. ↑ 43,0 et 43,1 Valérian, Dominique; Aissani, Djamil (2003). "Mathématiques, commerce et société à Béjaïa (Bugia) au moment de séjour de Leonardo Fibonacci (XII-XIII)". (s tefransist) Isebtar 10–15. Bollettino di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche . XXIII (2): 9–31.
  44. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 51. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  45. ↑ Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) Asebter 232. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1.
  46. ↑ Cote, M. (1 April 1991). Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist) Asebter 9. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. ISBN 2-85744-509-1. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.
  47. ↑ Scott, T.C.; Marketos, P. (23 March 2014). "On the Origin of the Fibonacci Sequence" (PDF) (s teglizit) Isebtar 9–15. MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews.
  48. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 59. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  49. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 60. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  50. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 61. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  51. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 63. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  52. ↑ Valérian, Dominique (2006). Bougie, port maghrébin, 1067-1510 (s tefransist) Isebtar 35–101. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7.
  53. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 63. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  54. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 64. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  55. ↑ Valérian, Dominique (2006). Bougie, port maghrébin, 1067-1510 (s tefransist) Isebtar 247–290, 607–610. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7.
  56. ↑ Valérian, Dominique (2006). Bougie, port maghrébin, 1067-1510 (s tefransist) Asebter 674. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7.
  57. ↑ Mauny, Raymond (1 June 1972). ". « Routes de commerce et échanges en Afrique occidentale en relation avec la Méditerranée. Un essai sur le commerce africain médiéval du XIe au XVIe siècle » par Jean Dévisse (s tefransist) Isebtar 271–272 -- [numérisation de livre/revue spécialisée/article : article du Journal de la Société des Africanistes (1972), via www.persee.fr]". Journal des Africanistes. Yettwaṭṭef deg 26 Yunyu 2019.
  58. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Isebtar 99–101. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  59. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 102. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  60. ↑ Lezzayer, ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugaf, tesnulfa-tt-id Fṛansa deg useggas n 1830 imi teṭṭef tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart. Fransa teqqen-ed, 27 n yiseggasen deffir, Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857. Daɣen deg talliyin-nni, aneẓruf werǧin yella d aḥric seg tagelda taɛetmanit neɣ n tmurt Leqvayel.
  61. ↑ Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) Asebter 240. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1.
  62. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 98. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  63. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Isebtar 102–108. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  64. ↑ Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) Isebtar 310–312. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1.
  65. ↑ Cote, M. (1 April 1991). Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist) Asebter 3. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. ISBN 2-85744-509-1. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.
  66. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 117. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  67. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 115. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  68. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 117. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  69. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Asebter 118. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  70. ↑ Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) Asebter 490. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1.
  71. ↑ Habsbourg, Louis Salvator de (2000) [1899]. Bougie: La perle de l'Afrique du Nord (s tefransist). Paris/Montréal: L’Harmattan. ISBN 2-7384-8455-7.
  72. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Isebtar 140–145. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  73. ↑ Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). Histoire de Bougie (s tefransist) Isebtar 140–145. Éditions Bouchène. ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.
  74. ↑ "Recherche géographique: Bougie (Algérie)". anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr (s tefransist). 2015. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yulyu 2017.
  75. ↑ Ministère de l'information 1970, p. 106. Anabaḍ n Lezzayer (s tefransist)
  76. ↑ Atkinson, Rick (2013). An Army At Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942-1943 (s teglizit). Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4055-2727-9.
  77. ↑ Zirem, Youcef (2013). Histoire de Kabylie: Le point de vue kabyle (s tefransist) Asebter 84. Fouesnant: Yoran Embanner. ISBN 978-2-914855-98-3.
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  79. ↑ Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 yennayer 1993). Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie (s tefransist) Isebtar 109–110. Office des publications universitaires.
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Yettwakkes-d seg "https://kab.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bgayet&oldid=114209"