Asekkil n Tamaziɣt taqburt
Asekkil n Tamaziɣt taqburt d anagraw n tira ay sseqdacen deg tallit n alef n yiseggasen imezwura uqbel n tallit-nneɣ (UT) iɣerfan imaziɣen yemgerraden n Tefriqt n Ugafa d Tegzirin Igwanciyen, akken ad arun imgirden n tira n Tmaziɣt taqburt am tutlayt tanumidit deg Tefriqt n Ugafa taqburt.[1][2][3][4][5]
Aḍris n Tamaziɣt taqburt yella deg waṭas n tektabin n weẓru deg Lmeṛṛuk, ugafa n Lezzayer, deg Tunes, ugafa n Libya, d Tegzirin Igwanciyen, yerna llan deg-s yiḍrisen n tewsit taneggarut n tiniri deg temnaḍin n yedɣaɣen n Mali d Nijer.[6]
Rnu ɣer luluf n tsekla timecṭuḥin, kra seg tsekla n Tamaziɣt taqburt yettwasnen yerna yesεan azal, ttilin deg uẓekka n Mass-nsen (yettwafen deg useggas n 1904) akked d uẓekka n ugeldun Atɛebban deg Thugga, deg ugafa n Tunes. Iḍrisen-nniḍen n Tmaziɣt taqburt d wid n Azib N'Ikkis[7] d Ukayemdan[8] (Deg Lmeṛṛuk), i llan deg yidurar n Atlas Aɛlayan n Lmeṛṛuk.
Aseqdec n usekkil n Tmaziɣt taqburt yemmut deg temnaḍin n ugafa deg tallit n tgelda n Ṛuman d Byzantin neɣ deffir-s, maca yeffeɣ-d ɣer wenẓul ɣer tiniri, dɣa din i d-yeffeɣ usekkil n Tifinaɣ n Tuareg i sseqdacen imaziɣen Itwaregiyen ar ass-a.
Asegzi
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Uqbel, deg tallit, d deffir tallit n tgeldiwin n imaziɣen n Numidya (Tamnaḍt n Lezzayer, 202 UT - 40 UT) d Muretanya (Tamnaḍt n Lmeṛṛuk, awines wis 3 UT - 44 n tallit-nne ) aṭas n yiḍrisen ay d-yettwaqeddcen s ussmad n tira n Tmaziɣt taqburt. Amur ameqran seg tira n tallit-nni i nesεa assa, d tira n temḍelt. Nesεa daɣen taẓuri n weẓru, taẓuri n tẓurin, graffiti, ula d kra n yisekkilen n unabaḍ d wayen i d-yettbanen d isekkilen n ddin.[9]
Asaru n n Tmaziɣt taqburt ur yesɛi ara tiɣria yemgaraden. Maca, yella wayen i d-yettakken azal i "w" d "y", yerna "h" yezmer ad yili yettwaseqdac daɣen d "a". Tira s umata tettwaru-d seg ddaw ɣer s ufella, ɣas akken ttwafen-d ula seg uyeffus ɣer uzelmaḍ, yerna ula d tikta-nniḍen[10]. Isekkilen-nni llant s tmuɣliyin yemgaraden mi ttwarun s ufus aratak wala mi ttwarun s ufus aglawan.[11]
Imgaraden
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Llan waṭas n yimgirden n tira n Tmaziɣt taqburt; kra n tezrawin bḍant-ten deg wid n usammar d wid n umalu, ma d wiyaḍ fkan-d ugar n 25 n "tantaliwin" i d-yettwaqqnen deg 5 n twaculin yemgaraden.[12][13]
Amgired n wegmuḍ (ccerq) yella tettwasseqdac deg temnaḍin i yellan ass-a d Qsenṭina d Wewras deg Lezzayer d deg Tunes, yerna ɣer kra n tlisa deg tmurt n Leqbayel. D amgired i d-yettwasekren akk ugar, ssebba n usnulfu n waṭas n yisekkilen n Numidya s snat n tutlayin, s Tmaziɣt taqburt d tutlayt n Qerṭaj (am win iwumi qqaren KAI 100 d 101 deg Thugga deg Tunes).[12]
Asenfar n Tmaziɣt taqburt (mgarad d isekkilen n Tifinaɣ i d-yesɛan amkan s ṣṣut):[14][6]
← Tagrawt n tira (Tmaziɣt taqburt)
| Asuqel | Tamaziɣt taqburt (Thugga) | Tifinaɣ (Ahaggar) | Tifinaɣ tamaynut |
|---|---|---|---|
| b |  |
ⵀ | ⴱ |
| g |  |
ⴳ | ⴳ |
| d |  |
ⴷ,ⴸ | ⴷ |
| h |  |
ⵂ | ⵀ |
| w |  |
ⵓ | ⵡ |
| z1 |  |
ⵋ | ⵊ |
| ṭ |  |
ⵟ | ⵟ |
| y |  |
ⵉ | ⵢ |
| k |  |
ⴾ | ⴽ |
| l |  |
ⵍ | ⵍ |
| m |  |
ⵎ | ⵎ |
| n |  |
ⵏ | ⵏ |
| s1 |  |
ⵚ | |
| f |  |
ⴼ | ⴼ |
| s2 |  |
ⵙ | ⵙ |
| q/ɣ? |  |
ⵗ/ⵈ | ⵖ/ⵇ |
| r |  |
ⵔ | ⵔ |
| s3 |  |
ⵛ | ⵛ |
| t |  |
ⵜ | ⵜ |
| z2 |  |
ⵣ | ⵣ |
| s4 |  |
||
| z3 |  |
ⵌ | ⵥ |
Amgired n n Utaram yella yettwasseqdac deg tlisa n Yilel Agrakal seg Tmurt n Leqbayel arma d Tegzirin Igwanciyen yerna yesseqdec 13 n yisekkilen imgerraden.[15][16] Seg 2002, amur ameqran n wamgired n utaram mazal ur yettwasfeḍ ara.[12] Iban-d daɣen belli isekkilen n umgired n Utaram ttwasseqdacen deg tdukli ed yisura ay izemren ad d-ilin n yiɣersiwen. [16]
Aneṣli
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Aneṣli n tira Tmaziɣt taqburt mazal yettwaddam sɣur imusnawen n tesdawit.[17][18]
Tiẓriyin timeqranin ay d-yeqqnen ɣer laṣel-nnes ttwalint-t d akken d yiwen n usnulfu n yigemmaḍ n Yifiniqiyen ay yettwabeddlen s waṭas, neɣ d asnulfu adigan ay yettwaḍḍfen s tɣawsa-a taneggarut,[19] yerna tamuɣli ay yettwaɛawnen aṭas d tin ay d-yekkan seg yiwen n usnulfu adigan i d-yesnulfa s tmuɣli n Yifiniqiyen neɣ d amzun n tutlayin tisamiyin iqburen.[20][21] Tifsirin nniḍen ur d-nban ara, llant deg-sent d tiɣawsiwin tigrikit, tin punit neɣ tin taɛrabt n wenẓul. 21]
Yiwen seg yisekkilen imgerraden iqburen akk yettwassnen n tira-a yettwaf deg yiḍrisen n Thugga seg tallit n Numidya.[21][12]
-
Asnulfu amezwaru i d-yeffɣen n umeslay n snat tutlayin (Aẓelmaḍ: Punic. Aẓeṭṭa: Tamaziɣt taqburt) Aẓekka n ugeldun Atɛebban deg Thugga, Tunes (Jean Emile Humbert)) -
Agemmay n Tmaziɣt taqburt ibedden ( Tunes) -
Adɣaɣ n tmeḍlant n Numidya deg Umezgun Aɣelnaw n Bardu (Tunes) -
Tira deg udrar n Wadi Draɛ deg Fum ash-Shanna, Tinzuline, (Lmeṛṛuk)
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Ẓer: daɣen Tifinaɣ d Tutlayt n Numidya/Tanumidt
Tisɣunin
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]- ↑ "Libyco-Berber - 2nd (9th?) century BC-7th century AD". Yettwasekles seg umezwaru degn 2022-06-05. I d-yettwaṭṭfen deg 2022-06-05.
- ↑ "Libyco-Berber relations with ancient Egypt: the Tehenu in Egyptian records". Yettwasekles seg umezwaru deg 2022-06-05. Yettwasekles deg 05-06-2022.
- ↑ J.-B. CHABOT. — RECUEIL DES INSCRIPTIONS LIBYQUES.
- ↑ L'alphabet libyque de Dougga, Lionel Galand, 1973
- ↑ Inscriptions libyques, Lionel Galand, 1966[permanent dead link]
- ↑ 6,0 et 6,1 Pichler, Werner (2007). Origin and Development of the Libyco-Berber Script. Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-394-5.
- ↑ "LBI - Libyco-Berber Inscriptions Database: Inscription details". www.institutum-canarium.org. Retrieved 2024-02-12.
- ↑ "LBI - Libyco-Berber Inscriptions Database: Inscription details". www.institutum-canarium.org. Yettwasekles seg 2024-02-12.
- ↑ Nehmé, Laïla; Al-Jallad, Ahmad (2017-11-20). To the Madbar and Back Again: Studies in the languages, archaeology, and cultures of Arabia dedicated to Michael C.A. Macdonald. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-35761-7.
- ↑ "Berber". Iḍrisen n Tamaziɣt taqburt. Yettwasekles seg umezwaru deg 2017-08-26. Yettwakkes-d deg 2017-10-09.
- ↑ Mukhtār, Muḥammad Jamāl al-Dīn (1990-06-27). UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. II, Abridged Edition: Ancient Africa. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-06697-7.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 12,2 et 12,3 Mitchell, Peter; Lane, Paul (2013-07-04). The Oxford Handbook of African Archaeology. OUP Oxford. p. 766. ISBN 978-0-19-956988-5.
- ↑ "Written In Stone". africanrockart.britishmuseum.org. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- ↑ Galand, Lionel (2002). Études de Linguistique Berbère. Leuven, Paris: Peeters. pp. 13, 15, 31. ISBN 90-429-1180-8.
- ↑ Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2014-06-09). The Cambridge World Prehistory. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-64775-6.
- ↑ Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc (2012). "Arts rupestres, écritures et protoécritures en Afrique : l’exemple du libyque". Written culture in a colonial context : Africa and the Americas 1500-1900. Adrien Delmas, Nigel Penn. Leiden: BRILL. p. 24. ISBN 978-90-04-22524-4. OCLC 775301938.
- ↑ Casajus, Dominique. "Sur l'origine de l'écriture libyque. Quelques propositions" [Ɣef uɣawas n usekkil n Tmaziɣt taqburt: Kra n tseddarin]. Afriques. doi:10.4000/afriques.1203.
- ↑ "A Propos De L'Origine Et De L'Age De L'Ecriture Libyco-berbere" [Ɣef laṣel d tallit n tira n Tamaziɣt taqburt], Salem Chaker, Slimane Hachi. Etudes berbères et chamito-sémitiques, Mélanges offerts à Karl-G. Prasse, (S. Chaker, éd.), Paris/Louvain, Editions Peeters, 2000, p. 95-111.
- ↑ Landscapes, Sources and Intellectual Projects of the West African Past: Essays in Honour of Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias [Imeẓla, iɣbula d yisenfaren n tmussni n yizri n Tefriqt n Ugafa: Tirawin s usmekti n Paulo Fernando de Moraes Farias]. BRILL. 2018-08-13. ISBN 978-90-04-38018-9.
- ↑ Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio (2012-12-06). Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics[ Iberya n zik: amezruy d tasnilest]. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4615-4231-5.
- ↑ Campbell, George L. (2012). The Routledge handbook of scripts and alphabets[Adlis n Routledge n tira d yisekkilen]. Christopher Moseley (2nd ed.). Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. pp. 58–59. ISBN 978-0-203-86548-4. OCLC 810078009.