Qerṭaj

Qerṭaj d tamdint taqburt deg Tefriqt Ugafa, deg tama n usammar n Ugelmim n Tunes deg wamḍiq anda tella tura temdint d Tunes tamaneɣt (s taɛrabt قرطاج). Qerṭaj tella deg tallit-a yiwet seg imukan yesɛan azal ameqran n tnezzut n Yilel Agrakal yerna d yiwet seg temdinin timerkantiyin akk n umaḍal aqdim. Tuɣal d tamaneɣt n tɣerma n Qerṭaj taqburt, sakkin Qerṭaj n Ṛuman.

Qerṭaj tnerna seg yiwet n tmehla n Yifiniqiyyen tamecṭuḥt ɣer tmaneɣt n yiwet n tgelda i yeḥkem ɣef yiḥricen imeqranen n Wenẓul-Ataram n Yilel Agrakal deg lqern amezwaru uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ^[1]. Tagellidt Elissa, Alyssa neɣ Dido, i d-yekkan seg Sur (tamdint deg Lubnan, yerna d yiwet seg temdinin tiqburin akk aydeg ttwazedɣen medden s tkemmilt deg umaḍal^[2]), tettwaḥsab d nettat i d-yesbedden tamdint-a^[3], ɣas akken tudert-is d umezruy-is n tidet ttwaqqen ɣer ccekk. Deg tmucuha n usbeddi n temdint n Qerṭaj, Elissa tessuter akal seg yiwet n teqbilt tamaziɣt n tmurt-a, maca imezdaɣ-is nnan-as belli tezmer ad d-tawi akk akal akken i tezmer ad t-teḍḍef tfekka n wezger. Elissa tegzem-d tfekka-nni n wezger ɣer iḥricen imecṭuḥen s wacu tesbedd-d tilist n temdint tamaynut.^[4] Akken i d-tefruri Qerṭaj deg tmurt tamaynut, ttuceggeɛ-d imhuras ɣer tmura tiberraniyin, akken daɣen d imḍebbren i wakken ad ḥekmen fell-asen.^[5]

Qerṭaj taqburt ttwanger deg wazal n kraḍ n yiseggasen n aẓdam n Ṛuman fell-as deg Ṭṭraḍ wis kraḍ n Qerṭaj deg 146 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Qerṭaj tettwabna-d s tikkelt nniḍen lqern sakkin s yisem n Qerṭaj n Ṛuman, i yuɣalen d tamdint tameqqrant n Tgelda n Ṛuman deg temnaḍt-nsen n Tefriqt.

Tamsalt n ussuɣel d tmettant n Qerṭaj teqqim d tamsalt n umeslay n tsekla, tasertit, taẓuri, d tfelseft ama deg umezruy aqdim ama deg umezruy atrar.^[5] ^[6]

(Amezruy n Qerṭaj yeqqen daɣen ɣer win n Numidya. Ẓer daɣen Numidya)

Iɣbula

↑ Hitchner, R.; R. Talbert; S. Gillies; J. Åhlfeldt; R. Warner; J. Becker; T. Elliott. "Places: 314921 (Carthago)". Pleiades (s teglizit). Yettwaṭṭef deg 7 yebrir 2013..
↑ "The world's 20 oldest cities" (s teglizit: 20 n temdinin tiqburin deg umaḍal). The Telegraph. 30 Mayu 2017. Yettwasekles seg umezwaru deg 11 yennayer 2022. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 meɣres 2020.
↑ Josephus, Contra Apionem (s tlatinit: mgal Apionem) (Adlis I, §18)
↑ HAEGEMANS, Karen (2000-01-01). "Elissa, the First Queen of Carthage" (s teglizit: Elissa, tagellidt tamezwarut n Qerṭaj). Ancient Society. 30: 277–291.
1 2 Li, Hansong (2022). "Locating Mobile Sovereignty: Carthage in Natural Jurisprudence". History of Political Thought (s teglizit). 43 (2): 246–272. Yettwaṭṭef deg 13 ɣuct 2022.
↑ Winterer, Caroline (2010). "Model Empire, Lost City: Ancient Carthage and the Science of Politics in Revolutionary America" (Tawaɣit n umedya, tamdint i iṛuḥen: Qerṭaj Taqburt d tussna n tsertit deg Marikan n tegrawla) . The William and Mary Quarterly. 67 (1): 3–30. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.67.1.3. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.67.1.3.

[1] Hitchner, R.; R. Talbert; S. Gillies; J. Åhlfeldt; R. Warner; J. Becker; T. Elliott. "Places: 314921 (Carthago)". Pleiades (s teglizit). Yettwaṭṭef deg 7 yebrir 2013..

[2] "The world's 20 oldest cities" (s teglizit: 20 n temdinin tiqburin deg umaḍal). The Telegraph. 30 Mayu 2017. Yettwasekles seg umezwaru deg 11 yennayer 2022. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 meɣres 2020.

[3] Josephus, Contra Apionem (s tlatinit: mgal Apionem) (Adlis I, §18)

[4] HAEGEMANS, Karen (2000-01-01). "Elissa, the First Queen of Carthage" (s teglizit: Elissa, tagellidt tamezwarut n Qerṭaj). Ancient Society. 30: 277–291.

[:0-5] 1 2 Li, Hansong (2022). "Locating Mobile Sovereignty: Carthage in Natural Jurisprudence". History of Political Thought (s teglizit). 43 (2): 246–272. Yettwaṭṭef deg 13 ɣuct 2022.

[6] Winterer, Caroline (2010). "Model Empire, Lost City: Ancient Carthage and the Science of Politics in Revolutionary America" (Tawaɣit n umedya, tamdint i iṛuḥen: Qerṭaj Taqburt d tussna n tsertit deg Marikan n tegrawla) . The William and Mary Quarterly. 67 (1): 3–30. doi:10.5309/willmaryquar.67.1.3. JSTOR 10.5309/willmaryquar.67.1.3.

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