Tizi Wezzu

Tizi Wezzu
	;
Ansa
	36°43′01″N 4°02′59″E / 36.7169°N 4.0497°ECoordinates: 36°43′01″N 4°02′59″E / 36.7169°N 4.0497°E
Awanek anayan	Lezzayer
Tawilayt	Tawilayt n Tizi Wezzu
Tadayra	Tadayra n Tizi Wezzu
Tamanaɣt n	Tawilayt n Tizi Wezzu
Imezdaɣ
Teɣṛed	135 088 (2008)
• Tiineẓẓi n imezdaɣ	1 319,73 imezdaɣen/km²
Tarakalt
Tajumma	102,36 km²
Teflel	600 m
Tilisa yakked	Irǧen ; Draɛ Ben Xedda ; Sidi Neɛman ; Redjaouna (fr) ; Tirmitin ; Lemɛatqa ; At Zmenzer ; At Ɛisi ; At Ɛisa Mimun ; Tizi Raced ; At Wagnun ; Suq Letnin ; Friḥa
Amekzay uglim
Code postal (fr)	15000
Izṭi akudan	AMS+01:00

Tizi Wezzu (s tifinaɣ: ⵜⵉⵣⵉ ⵓⵣⵣⵓ), tikwal isem-is yeqqen ɣer Tizi, d tamdint d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt n Tizi Wezzu. Tizi tezga-d deg usammer ugmuḍ n Tamurt n leqbayel. S 135.088 n yimezdaɣen [ɣef leḥsab n uḥezzeb aneggaru n 2008], Tizi d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin deg Tamurt n leqvayel deffir Vgayet. Nnig waya, d yiwet seg ulawen idelsanen akk d yidamsanen imeqqranen n tmurt n Leqbayel i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy atrar n tmurt.

Amezruy

Tizi Wezzu tella dima zedɣen-tt imaziɣen am wakken i d-yessken yisem-is. Deg tutlayt n leqvayel Tizi Wezzu d asdukkel n kraḍ n yiḥricen (yiwen deg-sen d azamul); deg yiwen ufus tizi (amkan n wadda deg yiɣil n wedrar gar snat n tqacucin), deg wayeḍ azzu (isem n yiwen n yimɣi; Genisteae s tlatinit); iḥricen-a, mi dduklen, ttaken azamul n ujeǧǧig n wureɣ. D aya i d-yeskanen afeǧǧeǧ n ṣṣifa n Tizi Wezzu.

Tizi Wezzu tesɛa amezruy yessewhamen ɣef teɣzi n leqrun imi tesɛa azal d ameqran deg umezruy n tmurt n leqbayel.

Tallit n Numidya

Deg tallit taqburt, uqbel ad tili temdint n tidet, tamnaḍt (ladɣa amḍiq n temdint), Tizi Wezzu tella (am tmurt n Leqbayel akk) d tamnaḍt i yellan d aḥric seg tgelda taqburt n Numidya.

S ssebba n wuguren n wakal, tudert deg temnaḍt-nni tella tewɛer, d acu kan, imdanen i yeddren fell-as sseknen-d kra n tezmert n usseqdec yerna, nnig waya, sseknen-d tikli n uxeddim ijehden akken ad ddren deg-s. Iban-d yella-d leqdic sɣur weɣref amaziɣ, maca ur d-yeqqim kra n wayen yesɛan azal s wudem n lebni n tallit-a.

(ẓer daɣen Numidya)

Tallit n Ṛuman

Deg tallit n Ṛuman, iban-d belli yella ugar n ccɣel deg temnaḍin n rrif n yilel n temnaḍt Tizi Wezzu, maca drus n leqdic deg wemkan anda tella tura temdint ass-a. Dɣa ɣef tlisa n yilel n temnaḍt Tizi Wezzu i d-ttwafen yiɣermanen n teftist d tɣiwanin, am wid n temdinin, gar-asent tid n Iomnium (Tigzirt), n Ruzuccurus (Delles), n Ruzazus (Aẓeffun), n Bida (Lǧemɛa-n-sariǧ).^[1] Ṛuman ur sneqsen ara azal n wemkan anda tella tura temdint n Tizi Wezzu yerna ur t-ttun ara, maca ur qqimen ara deg-s aṭas n lweqt, neɣ ahat ur zmiren ara ad qqimen deg-s aṭas, acku amkan-a yella qrib ɣer yiberdan i yettawin ɣer Mons Ferratus (isem ay fkan i yidurar n Ǧerǧer) yerna ddaw n ufus n xemsa n tdukliwin timaziɣin tiqburin. Tizi n Tizi n At Ɛica d tin n Tizi Wezzu, imi ttwaqqnent aṭas (50 n yikilumitren), llan qqnen s yiwen n webrid iḍefren abrid n win yellan ass-a; ayagi, ahat, yefka-d afus i Iṛumaniyen akken ad ḥerzen allen-nsen ɣef yidurar n Ǧerǧer.

Deg taggara, s wakud d umennuɣ i d-yellan, iban-d belli Imaziɣen ssawḍen ad ḥekmen ɣef tmiwa n umkan anda tella temdint n Tizi Wezzu tura.

Talilit n Ivandalen d tin n Ibizanṭiyen

Deg tallit-a ur d-llant ara tmenɣiwin timeqranin seg sin-nni n yigensasen ibeṛṛaniyen imi iban dakken ssawḍen Imaziɣen ad ṭṭfen tama-nni.

Ẓer daɣen Tamurt n Leqvayel

Listɛmar Aɛrab

Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa^[2]. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen.

Deg useggas n 740, imaziɣen akk deg Tafriqt n ugafa kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq^[3] ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni.

Awines (leqern) wis X yeẓra-d snat n tdukliwin deg tmurt n Leqbayel; tin n Igawawen, tama n utaram, d tin n Ikutamen deg tama n usamer. Sin-a n tdukliwin llan ssnen leqdic n tfellaḥt d lebni n temdinin ɣef yixef n yiberdan i yettwaḥerzen s yiɣil n wedrar. Tizi wezzu ur telli ara d aḥric seg tdukli-a. Daɣen, agmuḍ n uwwaḍ n iɛraben Bni Hilal neɣ Yihilaliyen (s taɛrabt: بنو هلال; anamek-is s teqbaylit “ arraw n waggur yessawen”) deg lqern-nni d ssebba n tuffɣa n yimezdaɣ ɣer idurar imeqranen i wakken ad d-afen imukan n laman.

Syin akkin, akken ttwaḥerzent temsal ddaw n lḥekkam imaziɣen, d timdinin n Delles d Vgayet ẓran-d arkad, tigmi d kra n rrbeḥ seddaw udabu n Imrabḍen d Imweḥḥden (1147-1269), maca, tamnaḍt n temdint n Tizi Wezzu ur teǧǧi ara tiɣawsiwin timeqqranin i d-yeqqimen seg tallit-nni.

Deffir uɣelluy n Imweḥḥden d umennuɣ n udabu i d-yeḍran, tama n wegmuḍ n Leqbayel tella ddaw udabu n Yiḥefsidiyen (1228-1574).

Listɛmar aṭerki

Tazwara n awines wis XVI teẓra talliyin n Ayt-el-Kadi deg Kuku (deg ufella n wasif n Sabaw) d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas (deg wegmuḍ n wasif n Sahel) seg yiwen n yidis ɣer wayeḍ idurar n Ǧerǧer; ɣas akken snat-nni n tgeldiwin ur llint ara dima d timeddukal gar-asent, maca i sin sqedcent aṭas iwaken ad fken afus n usnebgi i izruzaɣ i d-irewlen seg temdinin am Vgayet ɣef ljal n tezmert n tgeldiwin n Ṭṭurki d tin n Tmurt n Spenyul. Deg tallit-a, tiɣilt n Sabaw tella sseqdacen-tt s tfellaḥt yimezdaɣen n yidurar n tama-nni ay yellan ddaw leɛnaya n Ayt Lqadi, dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren ccwal gar-is d tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas yerna yeldi tawwurt i Yiṭerkiyen akken ad rren iman-nsen ɣer Tizi Wezzu. Iṭurkiyen bnan kra n lbṛuǧ am iz-n-At Ɛica, Lburǧ n Yimnayen, Iɣil azeggaɣ deg awines wis 17.

Ttwassersen daɣen yimukan iserdasiyen imeẓyanen am wid n Tadmayt d Tizi-Ouzou azal n 1640, dɣa, imi tella tettnerni tilin n Yiṭerkiyen, ttwabnan-d lbṛuǧ n Tiz Wezzu, i d-bnan deg 1720-1721, d win n Buɣni i d-bnan kra n yiseggasen sakkin. Ur yeṭṭif ara aṭas n wakud uqbel n tazwara yimenɣiyen gar yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a d Yiṭerkiyen anwa i d-yessawḍen Iṭerkiyen ad snernin lbṛuǧ-nsen ddaw n Bey Muḥemmed Adebaḥ (anamek n yisem-a s taɛrabt ɣer teqbaylit: Win izellun imdanen) 8. Iεemrawiyen, i yeddren ɣer tama n Tizi Wezzu, rran iman-nsen ɣer tama n yiṭurkiyen s warraz n wakal, ẓran yiwen n ccwal gar sin n yiferrawen-nsen; Iεemrawiyen-u-fella (i yellan seddaw n uḥuddu n yiṭurkiyen) d Iεemrawiyen-n-wada (i yellan seddaw n tmeqbert n twacult n Ayt Qaci i yellan deg Tamda^[4]).

Aya yefka-d i Yiturkiyen tagnit niḍen akken ad uraren yiwet n terbaɛt mgal tayeḍ yerna ttmuqulen imzdaɣ n tmurt s Lberǧ Tizi Wezzu imi ineggura-a sseqdacen ssuq ameqqran n Sebt n Xxoǧǧa^[5]. Aya yessawḍ-d Tizi Wezzu ad turar tamlilt yesɛan azal deg tallit n tuṭṭfa taturkit imi deg-s i tella taɣiwant taṭerkit tamenzut ɣas akken tesɛa drus n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwahezzen kan akken ad rnun i uḥraz n yedrimen n tedrimt i d-yettḍafaren i Tgelda Taṭerkit.

Ẓer daɣen Tamurt n Leqvayel

Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tmurt n Leqvayel

Imenɣiyen imeqranen i d-yeḍran i wakk-n ad teqqim Tamurt n Leqvayel d tilelli, maca iɣallen-ines ur zmeren ara ad d-mqabalen d yigensasen n Fṛansa i d-yusan s usnerni deg tmusni d waṭas n tussna n yimenɣi atrar; mi ǧǧan Yiturkiyen imukan-nsen akken ad ad sselken tudert-nsen, Iqbayliyen ṭṭfen imukan-nsen d lbṛuǧ-nsen, d acu kan, timdinin n Leqvayel ɣlint yiwet deffir tayeḍ; Vgayet (1833), Delles (1844), d Tizi-Wezzu (1855-1856). Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830, yerna 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857^[6].

Deffir ma teṭṭef Fṛansa Tamurt n Leqvayel deg wass n 24 yunyu 1857, ɣef ddemma n umennuɣ n Icheriden, bdan ttbanen-d yimezdaɣen ifransisen deg wakk timnaḍin n tmurt n Leqbayel imi aɣelluy afṛensis (ma nessemgerrad-it d win n Yiṭerkiyen i d-yellan s lsas n leqdic n taflist, tanezzut n yiklan, d tabzert) d win n tuḍḍfa n wakal d usseqdec n tfellaḥt.

Taɣremt n Tizi tettwasnulfa-d s wudem unṣib ɣef asaḍuf agellid afṛensis n 23 Tubeṛ 1858; d tiririt ɣef tlalit n yiwet n tnezduɣt aydeg ddren azal n 600 n yimdanen deg webrid seg Lezzayer tamanaɣt ɣer Vgayet.

Iɣallen n Fṛansa llan d imseḍfaren deg usenfaren-nsen; ṭṭfen lberǧ aqbur aṭerki n Tizi Wezzu, yerna bnan-d amkan n ussefrek d yiwen n usbiṭar aserdasi.

Asekles n wakal n tmurt yebda-d s ugar n 15000 n yiqeṭṭaren deg tazwara d allal i lebni n tmiwa timezwura. Armi d 1859, llan 13 n yiminigen ifransisen deg tama n lberǧ-nni akked ugar n 500 n yeqbayliyen i izedɣen deg temnaḍt-nni.

Tizi tebda-d seg yiwet kan n tɣiwant n ussehres aydeg llan kra kan n yimezdaɣen ifṛensisen qrib n lberǧ, maca s lemɣawla tuɣal d taddart yesɛan kra n imeela izuyaz, taglisya, lbuṣta, d aɣerbaz aɛṛab/afṛensis, lqahwa-tneččit.

Ass uqbel tanekra tameqqrant n 1871 taddart-a tella tesɛa azal n 245 imezdaɣ; deg Meɣres-Yebrir n 1871, tekker tnekra deg wakk timnaḍin n tmurt n Leqbayel, taddart n Tizi Wezzu ur telli ara d tasureft imi ula d nettat wwten-tt yimeɣnasen iqbayliyen yerna snegren-tt.

Imeɣnasen iqbayliyen ẓedmen ɣef tɣiwant; ḍran-d yimenɣiyen iqesḥen imi imezdaɣen Ifransisen ffren daxel n yiɣerruba n lberǧ armi i ḍḍfen yiɣallen ifṛensisen, s lemɛawna niḍen seg beṛṛa, tagnit-nni. Deg taggara n umennuɣ imezdaɣ iqbayliyen ttwaḥettmen ad uɣalen ɣer yidurar ɛlayen.

Aɣref n Fransa deg Tizi ikemmel yettnerni imi deg useggas n 1873 llan 289 n yimezdaɣen, deg useggas n 1873 llan 400, ma deg 1875 llan 1200 n yimdanen, d ayen ay d-iqerben ɣer umḍan n yimezdaɣen iqbayliyen i yellan deg 1876 azal n 1500 n yimdanen.

Deg useggas n 1888, tebna-d Fransa abrid n tmacint si Lezzayer tamanaɣt ɣer Tizi Wezzu; aya yessawḍ-d ɣer tilin n yimezdaɣen ifṛensisen meqqren d tneflit n temdint-a, dɣa d aya i d-ijebden ugar n yimezdaɣen ifṛensisen d yimezdaɣen n Turuft akken ad d-asen ad zedɣen deg temnaḍt-a armi d 1910.

1910 ar 1920 tella-d tneflit tadamsant tameqrant imi Ifransisen bnan lluzinat timaynutin, ssersen-d tafat n yiberdan ɣef lsas n teftilin n ukarbid, yerna sdeffir waya ssersen-d tafat n trisiti azal n 1917-1918.

Deg 1925, bdant ttetwalant tkeṛṛusin timezwura deg temdint-a yerna rnan-d asfalt deg yiberdan n temdint, maca imukan imezwura n usebded n lbenzin (Shell d Standard Oil) ttbanen-d uqbel imi amkan amezwaru n tenzut n lbenzin i d-yettban-d deg 1922.^[7].

Amenɣi n Tmunent n Lezzayer

Deg useggas n 1956, mi d-teqqel tamdint-a d tamaneɣt tamnaḍant (s tefransist: chef-lieu de departement), temɣer ugar; Ifransisen bnan-d sbiṭar, lbaṭima tadeblant d lbaṭima n temsulta.

Akken yebda umenɣi n tmunent n Lezzayer deg useggas n 1954 yerna yettkemmil wemgaru-nni, aṭas n medden i yettwaḥettem ad ffɣen seg tudrin-nsen ad ruḥen ɣer temdint. Deg useggas n 1958, ddeg uḍris n uɣawas n tdamsa n De Gaul, Fransa tebna-d timnaḍin timaynutin n tnezduɣt s ssuma tameẓyant am tid n Cité Million, Cité Eucalyptus, Les Genêts.

Assa

Deffir n tmunent n Lezzayer. Tamdint-a tella d amkan n umennuɣ mgal udabu aserdasi n Ben Bella d lɛesker-nnes n tlisa ddaw afus n Hewwari Bumedyen; Belqasem Krim, Muḥamed Budiaf, Muḥend Ulḥaǧ d wiyaḍ mlalen-d dagi akken ad heggin iman-nsen i umennuɣ n 1962-1963.

Deg 1963, Ḥusin At Ḥmed d yiɣallen-is n Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen (FFS) ufan-d taseddarit di Tizi Wezzu imi ula d netta yebɣa ad ibedd mgal adabu.

Sin-a n tiktiwin ur ssawḍen ara ad awḍen ɣer rrbeḥ. Tiḍrisin-a n lmeḥna jerḥent agdud n Leqvayel akk, d imezdaɣ n Tiz Wezzu ladɣa, seg yal lǧil.

Asideg (timella)

Tiɣiwanin tinaragin n **Tizi Uzzu**
Sidi Neɛman	Ireǧǧawen	At Ɛisa Mimun
Draɛ Ben Xedda, Tirmitin		At Wagnun, Tizi Raced
Imaɛtuqen	Suq Letnin, At Zmenzer, At Ɛisi	Irǧen

Tarakalt

Tizi Wezzu tezga azal n 70 km ɣef rrif n yilel agrakal (lebher) akk-d wazal n 60 km seg Bgayet; ɣef tlisa-s ad nef seg usammer Tubiret (80 km), ɣef wegmuɣ Bgayet, Bumerdas ɣef utaram.

S Tajumma n azal n 2.958 km2 tawilayet n Tizi Wezzu tella yiwet seg timnaḍin i meqren deg tmurt n leqbayel. Aḥric ameqran n waman ttassen seg idurar n Ǧerǧer uqbel n ucercer-nsen ɣef wasif n Sbaɛu; llan deg-s watas n tifrawin am uggug n Teqṣebt (160 imelyaren n m3).

Tizi Wezzu tesɛa azal n 1.222.334 n imezdaɣ (leḥṣab n 2005) s tajumma n 2958 km²; ɣef wagi tella yiwet n temnatt yesɛan azal meqqren deg Tefriqt ugafa.

Tamdint n Tezi Wezzu d tamaneɣt n temnatt i tella; 120 000 n imezdaɣ i ɣur-es (tesɛa).

Timdinin timeqranin n twilayt n Tizi Wezzu:

Tiɣiwanin n Tizi Wezzu

Llant 67 (seddist sa) n tiɣiwanin deg tamnaḍt n Tizi Wezzu

Igemmamen n Tizi Wezzu (Lḥumet)

Ad naf aṭas n yegmamen di Tizi Wezzu, maca llan kra deg-sen i yettwasnen s aṭas.

Annar Amellal
Bastos
Buxalfa, deg utaram
Buɛziz
Ldecra (Tizi Ufella : Adewwar Balwa).
Lkadi neɣ Likadi
Lemedduḥa
Les Bâtiments Bleus
Les Genêts
Ǧerǧer ( Le Djurdjura s trumit)
Les Tours-Villa
Medduḥa
Tamdint neɣ La Ville neɣ Lbilaǧ am i wumi qqaren zik Tizi Talemmast
Tarzan
Tala Ɛellam

Tuddar n tɣiwant n Tizi Wezzu

Buhinun
Tala Menṣur
Buxalfa
Asif At Ɛisi (Lwad Ɛisi)
Ssix Umeddur
Aklan n Cemlal
Irahalen
Tazmalt
Tazmalt n Lkaf
Timizar Leɣbar
Ireǧǧawen n Lbur
Ireǧǧawen n Tect
Tala Ɛetman, tixelǧatin-is : Tazmalt N Wadda , Taddart Ufella, Iɣil Ufella d La Cité
Ibetrunen : Tasadurt, Iqemmuden, Iɣil Uberwaq et Taddart Ufella.
Iḥesnawen, : Leɛzib n Ḥmed, At Leḥsen, At Menṣur, Taddart Tameqqrant d Taɛezibt.

Tadamsa

Tadamsa n Tizi Wezzu tettwaḥkem s tlata n igzumen ixelqen idrimen merra n tamnaṭṭ:

Tamerrit (tourisme)

Idurar n Ǧerǧer akked leǧwahi-nsen llan d aɣbalu n tmerrit ameqran deg tamnaṭṭ n Tizi Wezzu imi yal aseggas ilulufen n lɣaci temsafren ɣur-es iwakken ad sɛeddin lweqt n ustaɛfu-nsen; Taddart n Tala n Yilef d imukan i iɛejben aṭas n lɣaci deg lweqt n Skii.

Imukan n taɣedweft: Ixerban n Rruman: Tigzirt (Iomnium), Taqṣebt (Rusupisir), Aẓeffun (Rosazu). Rrif n lebḥer (taftist) d ayen i ijebbden daɣen aṭas n medden di tamurt merra.

Tamguri

Tella yiwet temguri tamectuḥt deg Tizi Wezzu lameɛna ur tesɛi ara tazmart meqqren ad teqneɛ aḥwaǧ n lɣaci ines.

Wigi d timetti meqqren deg Tizi Wezzu:

Tafellaḥt (Ager)

Tafellaḥt (ager) mazal tella d agzum ameqran deg tudert n imezdaɣ n Tizi Wezzu am afares n zzit n uzemmur, tabexsist, tizurin atg.

Asegmi

Tizi Wezzu d amkan anda tella yiwet tesdawit i meqqren deg tmurt, tasdawit n Lmulud at Maɛemer; 28,305 n inelmaden.

Aḥric ameqran n imezdaɣ n Tizi Wezzu ttmeslayen s Tamaziɣt (tutlayt n wegdud) akk-d tafransist (tutlayt tis snat).

Addal

Ddabex uḍar d addal amezwaru deg tmurt n imaziɣen akken daɣen i yella deg Tizi Wezzu imi Aneɣlam n ddabex n Tizi Wezzu, Jeunesse Sportive de Kabylie neɣ JSK, d yiwen n wesrir yettwasnen deg Tefriqt merra.

Iɣbula

↑ S tefransist: Notes sur l’histoire des Kabylies, FDB. 1964.
↑ Meynier 2010 (s tefransist), L'Algérie des origines : De la Préhistoire à l'avènement de l'islam, asebtar 195.
↑ Y. B., « Les Rustamides (761-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).
↑ taddart deg tɣiwant n At Wagnun, i d-yezgan ɣef 10 km ɣer usammer n tɣiwant n Tizi Wezzu.
↑ deg tturkit Hoca, yettwasemras daɣen s teqbaylit d Xxoǧǧa, d awal aṭerki ay d-yekkan seg wawal afarsi خواجه Xxawāja, Xxâjeh, yettwaseqdac d izwel anamek-is d “aselmad”. Awal-a yettwasseqdac daɣen s umata am izwel n ccan i yiselmaden, imḍebbren, d imussnawen.
↑ Jean-Pierre Frapolli (s tefransist) - La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie
↑ Saïd DOUMANE. (s tefransist) Tizi-Ouzou : historique d’un col et son urbanisation, Insaniyat n° 54, octobre - décembre 2011, isebtar. 13-29

Iseddagen & Izdayen Iberraniyen

http://www.makabylie.info/?rubrique48
http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizi-Ouzou
http://lexicorient.com/e.o/tiziouzou.htm Archived 2007-11-07 at the Wayback Machine
http://www.ummto.dz/
http://www.tizi-ouzou.eu/ Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine

[1] S tefransist: Notes sur l’histoire des Kabylies, FDB. 1964.

[2] Meynier 2010 (s tefransist), L'Algérie des origines : De la Préhistoire à l'avènement de l'islam, asebtar 195.

[3] Y. B., « Les Rustamides (761-909) [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).

[4] taddart deg tɣiwant n At Wagnun, i d-yezgan ɣef 10 km ɣer usammer n tɣiwant n Tizi Wezzu.

[5] tturkit Hoca, yettwasemras daɣen s teqbaylit d Xxoǧǧa, d awal aṭerki ay d-yekkan seg wawal afarsi خواجه Xxawāja, Xxâjeh, yettwaseqdac d izwel anamek-is d “aselmad”. Awal-a yettwasseqdac daɣen s umata am izwel n ccan i yiselmaden, imḍebbren, d imussnawen.

[6] Jean-Pierre Frapolli (s tefransist) - La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie

[7] Saïd DOUMANE. (s tefransist) Tizi-Ouzou : historique d’un col et son urbanisation, Insaniyat n° 54, octobre - décembre 2011, isebtar. 13-29

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