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Aksel (agellid)

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Aksel (agellid)
Tameddurt
Talalit Aurès (fr) Suqel, 640
Tagrawn n uzdar Imaziɣen
Tutlayt tayemmat Tutlayin timaziɣin
Lmut Timgad, 688
Amahil

Aksel (s tlatint: Caecilius), d agellid amaziɣ d amɣar ameqqran n twsit. Ilul deg teɣremt n Tixencelt deg tmurt n Lezzayer, yenbeḍ tagldit tamaziɣt yellan si Tunes ɣer utaram n Dzayer. Yezga-d wakal ines si Wehran d Tlemsan deg utaram ar tiɣremt n Takerwant deg ugmuḍ. Ittuyssan aṭṭas deg n unekcum n Waɛraben ɣer Tefriqt n Ugafa. Yffeɣ seg tmasiḥit d yekcem ɣer Tneslemt, maca yuɣal ɣer tmasiḥit send lmut-is.

Aksel yennuɣ mgal Ɛuqba Ibn Nafiɛ d Zuhayr Ibn Qays Lbalwi nnig unekcum nsen ɣer Tmazɣa.

Amezruy

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Aksel yella d ageldun amaziɣ amasiḥi n tgelda n Altava deg lqern wis 7 yerna d imḍebber n teqbilt n Iwraben, d taqbilt tamaziɣt n Wawras i yellan d tamasiḥit yerna yezmer lḥal d agellid amasiḥi n Sanhaja[1]. Deg tallit n udabu-ines, tagduda-ines teṭṭef seg Volubilis deg umalu armi d Wawras deg usammar, sakkin ɣer Takerwant d daxel n Tunes.[2][3][4][5]. Aksel yettwassen s waṭas imi i d-yesselḥay yiwet n tagrawla taserdasit tamaziɣt mgal Aɛraben i d-yeṭṭfen Tafriqt n Ugafa deg yiseggasen n 680. Yemmut deg yiwet seg tmenɣiwin-nni deg useggas n 688.

Aẓar n yisem-is

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Aksel

Yezmer lḥal aẓar n yisem-is yekka-d seg yisem Caesilius, d yisem arumi i yettwaseqdacen s waṭas gar Yimaziɣen imasiḥiyen, maca yezmer lḥal daɣen ad yilli seg yiwen n wanzar amaziɣ (Aksil) i mazal yettwasseqdac deg tentalyin n Wawras, tamnaḍt i deg yekka-d Kusila.[6]

Azal-is deg umezruy

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Di tazwara, Iwunak Imaziɣen ssawḍen ad rebḥen mgal yimeɣnasen Imayyanen deg yimenɣi n n Vescera (Tibeskert n wass-a deg Lezzayer), i d-yellan deg useggas n 682 ger Imaziɣen, ddaw ugellid Aksel, d yimdukkal-nsen ibizantiyen seg Exarchate n Tefriqt mgal lɛesker n Imawiyen s ddaw Ɛuqba ibn Nafiɛ, amesbeddi n Takerwant. [7]

Ɛuqba ibn Nafiɛ yesselḥay-d irgazen-is deg yiwet n tegrawla deg wakk n timnaḍin Tefriqt n Ugafa, armi yewweḍ ɣer Ugaraw Aṭlasi, yerna yedda ɣer wenẓul armi d Asif en Dra (deg Lmerruk) d wasif n Sus (deg Tunes). Mi d-yuɣal, temlal-it-id tdukli tamaziɣt-tabizantit deg Tabuda (taddart yeqqnen ɣer taddart n Sidi Ɛuqba, Lezzayer), iɣallen-is ttwangaren, yerna netta s timmad-is yettwanɣa. S ugmuḍ n tmenɣiwt-a, Aksel yeṭṭef-d s tɣawla Byzacena (i yellan tura s wazal n Tunes) d yiwen weḥric n temnaḍin i as-d-yezzin, Aɛṛaben xesrenakk akal i ḍḍfen deg Tefriqt ɣer tamnaḍt n usamer n Libya tatrart, yerna ttwakksen-d seg temnaḍt n Tunes tatrart d usamer n Ldzayer ugar n mraw n yiseggasen.[8] [9][10]

Tameddurt

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Imnadiyen n umezruy n lqern wis 14 Ibn Xaldun (بن خلدون s taɛrabt) d Ibn Ɛadari (ابن عذاري s taɛrabt) ḥesben amkan n laṣel-is d Tlemcen (deg Lezzayer). Maca, tiqsiḍin-agi llan-d azal n 700 n yiseggasen deffir lmut-is. Amezruy Al-Maliki (aseggwas wis 9) i d-iqerben ɣer tallit n tuṭṭfa taɛrabt n Tafriqt n Ugafa, yeqqen-it kan ɣer temnaḍt n Wawras (deg Lezzayer), ma d amezruy Noé Villaverde Vega yesskanay-d d akken ahat d agellid n tgelda n Altava [11]. Gabriel Camps yella yettwali d akken Aksel yeḥkem ɣef kra n wakal meqqren, armi i ur yettwehhim ara mi ara t-iwali yella deg wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer tatrart, seg Tlemcen almi d Wawras, sakkin, yeḥkem deg Takerwant (deg Tunes tatrart) [12]. Yenna-d dakken Aksel yejbed-d amur ameqran seg yiɣallen-nnes seg temnaḍin n wegmuḍ n Tafriqt n Ugafa, yerna ahat d yiwen seg yigelliden ineggura n Muriṭanya taqburt (tagelda tamaziɣt taqburt i d-yesbedden deg ugafa n Lmerruk n wass-a), yerna tiddukliwin-is, ma ur llant ara d lḥekma, llant ttkemmilent arma d Tafilalet d Wawras, ma d Iwraben iban-d d akken ṭṭfen tilisa n Lezzayer d Lmeṛṛuk.[13]

Wlili (Volubilis) deg tamurt n Lmerruk.

Aksel yettwaḥsab d amasiḥi ɣef lǧal n yisem-is i d-yettbanen seg tarumit. Ɣef leḥsab n umezruy Gabriel Camps, isem-is yella-d d asuqel i yezmer ad d-yili ɣer tmaziɣt n yisem alaṭini "Caecilius", dɣa d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli yella seg yiwet n twacult tamaziɣt.[14] Aɣbalu n yisem n Aksel yessewham ula d Imusnawen n Usammar; imi mačči am igelliden-nniḍen imaziɣen, am wid ay t-id-yezwaren Masuna, Masties, Mastigas d Garmul, ahat imeɣnasen Aɛrabenssawḍen-aɣ-d isem n tutlayt niḍen: Caecilius alaṭini, d isem yettwassnen ay d-yettwafernen deg yiẓekwan n wlili (Volubilis; tamdint tamaziɣt-taṛumit deg Lmerruk).

Ɛuqba ibn Nafiɛ deg Tibeskert, Lezzayer.

Llan kra yisallen ɣef tira d tmucuha Aɛraben i d-yeqqaren belli Aksel yuɣal ɣer yuɣal ɣer Lislam deg 678, ayagi d ayen ur nesεi nesɛi lsas yerna yettbin-d d ayen ur d-yefki ara lmeεna; ulac imḍebbren n kra n tmurt i yeqqlen ddin-nsen ɣer ddin n yeεdawen-nsen yerna sdukklen-d yiɣallen-nsen ɣer-sen (agi ayen ara yettwaḥesben seg yal tama d tuzzna, d lexdeɛ n wegdud-nesen d tmurt-nsen) deffir yiwet n temlilit yelhan yid-sen. Ladɣa, imi d netta i d-yeṭṭfen tazmert n tdukli i d-yebnan seg yiɣallen Yibizantiyen Imasiḥiyen d Imaziɣen Imasiḥiyen akk-d Imaziɣen niḍen i mazal ḍefren ddin n lejdud-nsen deg tallit-nni. Nesɛa amedya am wa deg leqrun sakkin asmi ay d-kecmen Yifṛensisen ɣef Lezzayer; am win i d-yeqqaren belli Limir Ɛebdelqader mačči kan yefka iman-is i Louis Juchault de Lamoricière deg 23 dujember 1847 dɣa yuɣal d amasiḥi, neɣ belli Faḍma n Sumer i yuɣalen d tamasiḥit deffir yiwet n temlilit yelhan d ajiniṛal Jacques Louis Randon deg 11 yulyu 1857. Timucuha-a ilaq ad ttwaḥesben d taɣwalt n yimyura aɛṛaben i d-yuran ayagi acḥal d acḥal n yiseggasen defir lestiεmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen.

Aksel yettwaṭṭef sɣur Ɛuqba deg useggas n 683 maca yessaweḍ ad yerwel deg useggas-nn, yerna essuli-d mgal wid i t-iɛettben Iɣallen imeqranen n yiserdasen imaziɣen d ibyzantiniyen. Ineggura-agi s wazal n 5000 n yergazen, ssawḍen ad negren 300 n yergazen n yiɣallen aɛṛaben, dɣa nɣan amεellem-is, Ɛuqba ibn Nafiɛ (yettwanɣa-t Koceila), d umarag-is Abu al-Muhaǧǧer (أبو المهاجر دينار s taɛrabt), deg Tabuda, deg Sidi Ɛuqba n wass-a, deg Lezzayer [15]. Aksel, s yiwet n tezmert ur yettwaqbalen deg temnaḍt n Tunes, yedda-d s tumert ɣer Takerwant [16] yerna yessuffeɣ-d aɛṛaben yerra-ten-id ɣer deffir nnig n Takapes [17] (neɣ Gabes, ڨابس s taɛrabt; tamdint deg wenẓul-usamer n Tunes) ɣer tamnaḍt n usamer n Libya tatrart [18] yerna yeḥrez-iten din 5 n yiseggasen[8]. Ɣef leḥsab n Liber Pontificalis, Aksel yewwi-d s tidet tazmert n temnaḍt akk n Tefriqt yerna yerra-d lḥekma tageldant tabizantit.[19].

Deg useggas n 688, wwḍen-d yiɣallen n Waɛraben s tmuɣli n Jeneral Zuhayr ibn Qais. Yemmuger-iten-id Aksel deg teẓgi n Mames (deg umalu n Timgad, Wawras, Lezzayer tatrat), yiwet n taseddarit tabizantit deg Bizacina (d ayen yellan tura d Tunes). Deffir yiwen n yimenɣi ɣezzifen, ɣer taggara, ssawḍen ad sneqsen yiserdasen imaziɣen d ibyzantiniyen, dɣa yemmut Aksel[20]. D acu kan, lɛesker n Umayyad i irebḥen, yeǧǧa-d kan yiwet n tmehla tameẓyant deg Takerwant: imi ur ttṛajun iserdasen ibizantiyen i d-yeɣlin fell-asen deg Barqa (ɣef rrif n lebḥer n tmurt n Libya n tura, ur tebɛid ara ɣef Al Marj, المرج s tarɛabt), tmehla-a n Aɛraben ttwaqeher ula d nettat.[21]

Deg useggas n 693, Axlif Ɛbd al-Malek yuzen yiwen n yigen ijehden n 40,000 n yergazen i yesselḥay Ḥassan Ibn Nuɛman ɣer Barqa akken ad yekkes amihi abizanṭi. Igen-a ur yemlal d kra n tmenɣiwt armi i d-yewweḍ ɣer Tunes n wass-a, anda i yeṭṭef Qerṭaj deg 698, yerna yeɣleb yiwet n teɣlamt yiserdasen imaziɣen d ibyzantiniyen deg Utica (gar Qerṭaj deg wenẓul ɣer tama n Bizerte n wass-a, أوتيك s taɛrabt).[22]

Ɣef leḥsab n umezruy Aɛiraqi Khalifa ibn Khayyat, deffir ma yeɣleb Iwraben deg “Sakuma” (amḍiq ur yettwassen ara), deg yiwet n tuffɣa ur nettwassen mliḥ deg 705-709, Ḥassan Ibn Nuɛman yeṭṭef arraw n Aksel d imerhan, i d-yerran tasdawit deg yixxamen-nsen, yerna yewwi-ten yid-s imi yexdem lḥemla deg Tegzirt Iberyen s warraw nAksel ɣer yidis-is.[23]

Seld tamettant n Aksel, Imaziɣen uɣalen sbedden-d iɣallen-nsen, tikkelt-a ddaw n n tmehla n yiwet n tmeṭṭut i ten-yesselḥayen, Tagellidt Dihya.

Iɣbula

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  1. ↑ Midstream Archived 2024-05-22 at the Wayback Machine, Volume 39 Theodor Herzl Foundation
  2. ↑ Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places Archived 2024-05-22 at the Wayback Machine Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger Routledge
  3. ↑ The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In Hugh Kennedy Archived 2023-03-26 at the Wayback Machine Hachette UK,
  4. ↑ Historical Dictionary of Tunisia Archived 2023-03-26 at the Wayback Machine Kenneth J. Perkins Rowman & Littlefield
  5. ↑ Islam, 01 AH-250 AH: A Chronology of Events Archived 2023-04-03 at the Wayback Machine Abu Tariq Hijazi Message Publications,
  6. ↑ Hadadou, Mohand Akli (2003). RECUEIL DE PRENOMS BERBERES (in French). Alger: Haut commissariat à l'amazighité. p. 102.
  7. ↑ McKenna, Amy (2011). The History of Northern Africa. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 40. ISBN 978-1615303182. Archived Seg uẓawan ɣef 2024-05-22. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  8. ↑ Conant, Jonathan (2012). Staying Roman : conquest and identity in Africa and the Mediterranean, 439-700. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–281. ISBN 978-0521196970.
  9. ↑ Cambridge Medieval History, Shorter: Volume 1, The Later Roman Empire to the Twelfth Century Archived 2024-05-22 at the Wayback Machine C. W. Previté-Orton CUP Archive,
  10. ↑ Histoire de la Tunisie: De Carthage à nos jours Archived 2024-05-22 at the Wayback Machine By Sophie Bessis
  11. ↑ Noé Villaverde Vega, , Tingitana en la antigüedad tardía, siglos III–VII: autoctonía y romanidad en el extremo occidente mediterráneo, Madrid, 2001, p. 355
  12. ↑ Gabriel Camps, «  », Antiquités africaines, vol. 20, no 1,‎ 1984, p. 183-218 (DOI 10.3406/antaf.1984.1105, ɣri-tt s tefransist [archive], Yettwaẓer deg 20 ɣuct 2017)
  13. ↑ Maurice Lenoir, « De Kairouan à Volubilis », «Alla Signorina». Mélanges offerts à Noëlle de La Blanchardière. Rome : École Française de Rome,‎ 1995, p. 208-215 (ɣri-tt s tefransist [archive])
  14. ↑ Camps, Gabriel (1984). "Rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum. Recherches sur les royaumes de Maurétanie des VIe et VIIe siècles". Antiquités africaines (in French). 20 (1): 183–218. doi:10.3406/antaf.1984.1105. Yettwasekles seg umezwaru deg 2015-09-24. Yettwaẓer deg 2014-05-04.
  15. ↑ Jonathan Conant, , Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2012 (ISBN 978-0-521-19697-0 et 0-521-19697-3, OCLC 758397417, ɣri-t s teglizit [archive])
  16. ↑ Conant 2012, p. 280-281.
  17. ↑ Yves Modéran, , dans , Publications de l’École française de Rome, coll. « Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome », 22 mai 2013 (ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6, ɣri-tt s tefransist [archive]), p. 685–709
  18. ↑ Gabriel Camps, « Comment la Berbérie est devenue le Maghreb arabe. », Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée, vol. 35, no 1,‎ 1983, p. 7–24 (ISSN 0035-1474, DOI 10.3406/remmm.1983.1979, ɣri-tt s tefransist [archive], Yettwaṭṭef deg 31 maggu 2020)
  19. ↑ Yves Modéran, , dans , Publications de l’École française de Rome, coll. « Bibliothèque des Écoles françaises d’Athènes et de Rome », 22 mai 2013 (ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6, ɣri-tt s tefransist [archive]), p. 685-709, paragraphe 2 et note 16.
  20. ↑ Idris El Hareir et Ravane M'Baye, , Paris, France, UNESCO Publishing, 2011, 309 p. (ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2, ɣri-t s teglizit [archive])
  21. ↑ Terre d'affrontements : le sud-tunisien, la ligne Mareth et son étrange destin, Nouvelles Editions Latines, 1er janvier 1985, 247 p. (ISBN 978-2-7233-0274-6, ɣri-tt s tefransist [archive]), p. 29
  22. ↑ Ibn Taymiyyah, Maqdisi, Abdullah Azzam, Sayyid Qutb, , 2015
  23. ↑ Yves Modéran, «  », Encyclopédie berbère, nos 28-29 « Kirtēsii – Lutte »,‎ 1er juin 2008 (ISSN 2262-7197 , ɣri-tt s tefransist [archive], Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 Fuṛaṛ 2018)
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