Ɛebban Ṛemḍan
Remḍan Ɛebban (s tifinagh: ⵕⵎⴹⴰⵏ ⵄⴱⴱⴰⵏ) yella d ameɣnas n tlelli, d agrawliw, d imḍebber, d amusnaw aserdas, d asertan aqvayli i d-yesεan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n ṭṭrad n timunent n Lezzayer. Ilul deg 10 yunyu 1920 deg Fort-National (Larebɛa n Ayt Yiraten), Iɛezzuzen, deg tamnaḍt n Tizi Wezzu deg Tmurt n Leqvayel, yemut deg 27 dujember 1957 deg Tiṭṭawin di Lmeṛṛuk.
Aṭas i t-yettwaḥesben d asertan n wakk imḍebbren n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw (FLN, Front de libération national s tefrensist) n ṭṭrad n timunent n Lezzayer. Aṭas i ssawalen i Ɛebban s "amasdag n tegrawla" imi yessawaḍ ad d-yesdukkel deg Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw akk isefka n tsertit akken ad mgalen ussehres afransis. Argaz amezwaru n Agraw n Ṣummam, d netta i d-yefka-d izerfan imeqranen n umussu agrawliw s yiɣawasen n usnulfu n uwanak aydeg asertan ad yeḥkem ɣef uferdis aserdasi. Yessawel-d ɣef umgarad asertan d umgarad n tutlayin deg Lezzayer mi ara taf timunent-is[1].
Remḍan Ɛebban yettwanɣa deg duǧember 1957 deg Lmaroc ɣef lǧal n umennuɣ ɣef tezmert deg Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw[2][3].
Tameddurt
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Ilul Ɛebban Ṛemḍan ass n 10 yunyu 1920 deg Tmurt n Leqbayel deg taddart n Iɛezzuzen i d-yezgan tama n Larebɛa n At Yiraten. Baba-s qqaren-as Muḥend u Ferḥat, yemma-s qqaren-as meradi Faṭima, tḥemmel-it aṭas acku yella d anelmad ifazen ger tezyiwin-is. Yesɛa sin n watmaten : Ɛmaṛ akk d Lmulud,d yiwet n uletma-s: Ɛini.
Deg useggas n 1933, mi d-yewwi tasertit-is n tezrawin timenzayin, yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Duveyrier (qqaren-as ass-a: Tasnawit Ibn Rucd) di Leblida, anda i yekfa akk taselmadt-is tanemgarut, d anelmad/amezdaɣ ibeɛden ɣef wexxam-is di Larebɛa n Ayt Yiraten[4]. Deg lawan-nni, ur lan ara aṭas n tesnawiyin imi tamurt n Leqvayel tella ddaw n temḥarsa n Fransa. Dinna i yemyussan akk d Benyusef Benxedda, Saɛd Daḥlab, Lamin Debbaɣin, Mḥemmed Yazid akk d Ɛli Bumenǧel. Ikemmel leqraya-s dinna daɣen akken iwata, yeẓwar ugar di tusnakt akk d tussniwin meɛna ixuṣṣ di tsekla ladɣa taɛrabt akk d tasmestant. Yella d anelmad ifazen ladɣa di tusnakt akk d tussna, meɛna ixuṣṣ cwiṭ di teɣdirawt. Deg useggas n 1942, yewwi-d lbak-is n tusnakt s tezmilt n "yelha".
Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan II
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Ẓer daɣen Tazɣent tamaziɣt n 1949
Deg tallit n Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan II, ssawlen-as ad yeqdec deg yigen afṛensis, yettunefk-as amkan n usebṭan deg yiwet n tmehla n yifesyanen ifesden n Lezzayer tafransist n imir-nni deg temdint n Leblida anda yettraju ad iruḥ ɣer Ṭṭelyan i wakken ad yenaɣ ɣer yidis n yiɣallen ifṛensisen. Akken i t-id-ssufɣen seg lɛesker (ur t-ḥwajen ara), yekcem ɣer Ukabar Aɣerfan Azzayri (s tafransist PPA) yerna yerna yeqdec ɣef ukabar-nni deg wakud aydeg yella ixeddem d amaru n tɣiwant n Châteaudun du Rhummel (Celɣum Lɛid n tura).
Segmi d-yeḍra wayen i d-yeḍran deg 8 Meɣres 1945, anda aṭas n medden i yemmuten, Ɛebban yeǧǧa ccɣel-is deg tedbelt tasertit, yerra iman-is ɣer tuffra akken ad yefk iman-is i temsalt taɣelnawt tazzayrit (s tzzayritin, da, yettwaḥsab amur n yimezdaɣ ur nelli ara n Turuft, yerna tuget deg-sen d inselmen) deg Akabar n Ugdud Azzayri (s tefransist: PPA, Parti du peuple algérien), dɣa, deffir ma yettwakkes-d (30 Ctember 1946), deg Umussu i Unalak n Tlelliyiin Timagdayin (s tefransist: MTLD, Mouvement pour le triomphe des libertés démocratiques). Deg useggas n 1948, yefka-yas-d akabar uselway n tamnaḍt; di tazwara tamnaḍt n Sṭif, syin tin n tamnaḍt n Wehran. Deg tallit-a, yella daɣen d amaslaḍ n Tuddsa Tusligt (s tefransist: OS, Organisation spéciale), d afus imsellḥ n Ukabar, yettwakelfen s uheyyi n ttṛad mgal Fransa.
Asnulfu n yidles asertan deg lḥebs n Fransa
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Deffir ma llan ttnadin fell-as yimsulta ifṛensisen deg wayen umi semman "Anguz n OS" (1950) – Adabu n Fransa ifaq seg tilin n tuddsa, dɣa yeṭṭef aṭas n yimeɣnasen n umussu – Ɛebban yettwaṭṭef kra n wagguren deffir-s deg umalu n tmurt. Yettwaḥkem-d deg useggas n 1951, deffir waṭas n ssmanat n usseqsi d tuddza, dɣa ḥekmen fell-as 5 n yiseggasen n lḥebs, gar-asen 10 n yiseggasen n uḥraz n tmenna, 10 n yiseggasen n tukksa n yizerfan iɣermanen d n 500.000 n yifrankiyen niḍen imi i « yeḥuz taɣellist n uwanak ». Syin i tebda tɣimit-is ɣezzifen deg leḥbus n temnaḍt tafransist n Lezzayer (lḥebs n Vgayet, Barberouse (lḥebs n Serkaǧǧi), Maison Carrée (lḥebs n Lḥerrac)) akk d di tmurt tayemmat n Fransa. Sakkin, mi yeqqim kra n lweqt deg lḥebs n Baumettes (Bouches-du-Rhône) deg tezwara n 1952, yettwaḥebbes ɣer Ensisheim (Haut-Rhin, Alsace) deg yiwen n lḥebs n tɣellist tameqqrant. Imi yettwaḥkem fell-as am akken d amakar amcum i d-yella, mačči am argaz asertan, Ɛebban yebda-d asunded n laẓ ɣezzifen, qrib yaweḍ ɣer tewwurt n lmut, maca yettwaḥrez s tdawsa yerna yettwasellek, yettwaḥseb sɣur unabaḍ am ameḥbus asertan.
Seld mi yettwassen s wudem unṣib asertan, beddlen-t deg useggas n 1953 ɣer lḥebs n Albi deg temnaḍt n Tarn (amalu n tmurt n Fransa), anda i s-yeǧǧa lḥebs ad iɣer idlisen. Yufa-d talɣa n wegdud irlandi, i yettwali am tin i yesɛedda weɣref adzayri ugar n lqern aya, yerna yeɣra-d ɣef wayen yeḍran d Éamon de Valera (aselway n wegdud irlandi) i yesɛeddan, am netta, kra n lweqt deg leḥbus n Legliz.
Mi t-rran ɣer lḥebs n Maison Carrée (lḥebs n Lḥerrac) deg unebdu n useggas n 1954, yettwassen s lekmal-is ɣef wayen i d-yettheggin i waggur n wember n 1954. Yettwassen-d mebla ccɣel d yiwen seg mraw d sin n yiɛeggalen n yiwet n tseqqamut i d-yettwawehhan akken ad d-teṭṭef tegrawla mgal aneɣlaf afṛansis n Lezzayer.
Tilelli, tuɣalin ɣer tuffra d usnulfu n yizerfan n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]D ssebba-a i t-id-mmeslayen imḍebbren n tamnaḍt III (Tamurt n Leqvayel) kra n wussan deffir ma d-yeffeɣ-d si lḥebs, deg 18 yennayer 1955, deg wakud aydeg yella ddaw lḥebs n uxxam deg Iɛezzuzen[5]. Seld kra n wussan i yesɛedda d yemma-s i yellan tekref, yeffeɣ-d seg Iɛezzuzen, yedda ɣer tuffra, dɣa yeṭṭef-d lḥekma tasertant n tmaneɣt. Tiɣri-ines n 1 yebrir 1955 i tdukli d usebded n wegdud azzayri d tin i d-yesskanayen talalit n Tirni n Uslelli n tidet d tuffɣa-ines d amussu aɣelnaw. Yenna-d dakken yeţţamen belli "tlelli n Lezzayer ad tili d ccɣel n medden merra", d tikti i d-yettban ur yeḥbis ara ad yeṭṭef deg-s.
Yewwi-d azal d ameqran deg tmehla tadamsant yettwasbedden deg Lezzayer tamanaɣt. Yeṭṭef-d ccɣel n usnerni n "Tagrawla" deg uswir aɣelnaw s uḍman n ussemyuddes gar temnaḍin, yessebded-d daɣen assaɣ d Tmagla n Yiberraniyen n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw deg Taqahirt, tifidiṛaliyin n Fṛansa, Tunes d Lmerruk. S waya, yella yesɛa tazmert deg wakk timsal timeqranin n lqanun aɣelnaw ed win agraɣlan.
D netta i d-yekkren ɣef usnerni n "Tuballit" deg uḍar aɣelnaw s useggem n useggem gar temnaḍin, d netta daɣen i d-yekkren ɣef usnerni n tdukli tadelsant n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw deg Taqahirt, d tdukliwin n Fransa, Tunes d Lmerruk. S wakka yesεa tazmert deg yal timsal timeqranin yesɛan azal aɣelnaw d tin yesɛan azal n agraɣlan.
Yexdem akken ad d-yesselhu yerna ad yefk talɣa i umennuɣ, d usdukkel n wakk iɣallen isertiyen izzayriyen yellan daxel n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw akken ad yefk i "tegrawla" n 1 n Nuvembir lqis n umussu n tmenɣiwt taɣelnawt tameqrant. S tallelt n Benyusef Benxedda, yesnerna asnulfu n El Moudjahid, aɣmis n tuffra n Tegrawla, d win ay d-yeḍḍfen amkan n uɣmis umi semman (s tefṛensist) Résistance algérienne. Yesnerna daɣen asnulfu n yiɣil aɣelnaw azzayri Kassaman (yessawel s umedyaz Moufdi Zakaria s timmad-is). Nnig waya, yefka-d afus n talalit i usnulfu n tdukliwin am tin n yixeddamen (s tefransist UGTA), n ssandikat (s tefransist UGCA) d tin n yinelmaden (s tefransist UGEMA) i d-yeqqlen daɣen d aḥric seg tegrawla.
Yeɛreḍ daɣen ad yesnegger tiddukliwin i yettnaɣen d Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw am Tiddukla Tadelsant Tazzayrit (USTA) s wakken i d-iceggeɛ Rabaḥ Buwaɛziz ɣer Fṛansa i temsalt-a[6]. Ɣef leḥsab n Jacques Simon, Ɛebban yella daɣen d amasay ɣef tmenɣiwt n yimezdaɣ n tadart n Meluza (ugafa n temdint n Tamsilt), deg 28 Mayu 1957, yiwet n taddart i d-yeqqimen ddaw n tmehla n Umussu Aɣelnaw Azzayri (MNA)[7].
Asnulfu asertan n umussu aɣelnaw d umennuɣ n daxel
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Yebda yerna yeḍfer asenfar n yiwen n ukatar i yebɣan ad ad ikemmel yerna ad yessemɣer iswan i yellan deg Useqqamu n 1 Wamber 1954. Deg Wagraw n Ṣummam n 20 Ɣuct 1956, yefka-d, s lemɛawna n Lɛerbi Benmhidi, yiwen n usaḍuf, i d-yeqbel ugraw, ɣef yigen n uslelli aɣelnaw (ALN) i d-yessuturen ad yeddu sɣur "iṣuḍaf n ṭṭrad". Ɛebban iwekked-d daɣen dakken yigen n uslelli aɣelnaw yeḍfer, akken ay d-yenna, deg tikti n "tsertit tmezwarut ɣef yiserdasen (tazwara n yemḍebbren n tsertit ɣef imḍebbren n iserdasen) akk d d wayen yellan deg daxel amezwaru ɣef wayen yellan deg berra (tazwara n yemḍebbren n daxel ɣef yemḍebbren n beṛṛa)". Yefka-d tazɣent ɣef tkerkas ur nesɛi tilisa n yiserdasen, yerna yeḍmen-d ad yeqbel Ugraw n Soumam ilugan iǧehden:
« Tiɣdemt: ula d yiwen n ufesyan, akken yebɣu yili uswir-nnes, ur yezmir ad d-yefk taḥkemt n tmettant. Taɣdemt n yiswiren n yiḥricen d temnaḍin ad tt-id-sbeddent s ccṛeɛ n yiɣermanen d yixeddamen iserdasiyen. akken ma llant ssebbat i izemren ad d-ttwaḥesbent.
Timezliwt tettwagdel s wudem unṣib deg yimal, wid yettwaḥekmen s lmut ad ttwanɣan s rrṣaṣ. Amḥaddi yesɛa azref ad yefren amḥaddi. Amerday yesεa azref ad yefren astan-is. Yettwagdel s wudem unṣib axeṣṣar n tfekka n umerday, akken yebɣu a tili ssebba.
Imeḥbas n ṭṭrad : yettwaḥrrem s wudem unṣib tamenɣiwt n imeḥbas n ṭṭrad. Deg imal ad d-yettwaxleq yiwet n waḥric yettwakelfen s yimeḥbas n ṭṭrad deg yal tamnaḍt; ad yesεu nnig waya ccɣel n ussemɣer n teɣdemt n umennuɣ-nneɣ »[8].
S Wagraw n Ṣummam Ɛebban Ṛemḍan yuɣal-d d bab n tegrawla, d netta i yessawḍen ad yesbed lsas i tegrawla n Lezzayer.
Deg tiririt ɣef wawal n Guy Mollet (Aselway n Usqamu n yineɣlafen n Fransa, 1 fuṛar 1956 - 12 yunyu 1957), deg fuṛar 1956, i wakken ad nɣen "imcewwlen" n Lezzayer i yettwaḥekmen s lmut, Abane yenna: "Nessuter i umaḍal ad iẓer ayen ara d-yeḍrun seg tmenɣiwt-a tameqrant aydeg ula d Pinaylle, Soulle d Fauste (akk d imḍebbren imeqranen n udabu afransis) uɣalen-d ɣer deffir. Ma yella kra n wass udabu afransis ad ineɣ s lgillotin wid yettwaḥekmen s lmut, ad d-yeɣli ttar ameqqrant ɣef yimezdaɣ iɣerfan i d-yekkan si Turuft[9].
Yettwasemma-d d yiwen seg semmus n yimaslaḍen n yiwen n useqqamu asertan aɣelnaw, Aseqqamu n Ussemyuddes d Useḍru (s tefransist: Comité de coordination et d'exécution, CCE), d win i d-yettunefken i usegmi n "Tegrawla" d useḍru n yisuɣalen n Useqqamu-nnes Aɣelnaw (s tefransist: Conseil national de la Révolution algérienne, CNRA) i d-yettwaxelqen i lmend n waya.
Amennuɣ n Lezzayer tamaneɣt
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D Ɛebban i d-yefkan tarrayt akk d Lɛerbi Benmhidi (amaslaḍ n CCE) i yesbedden amennuɣ n Lezzayer tamaneɣt[10]. Deg tallit-a, netta d Benmhidi llan ttwakkelfen s ccɣel n tigawt taserdasit, d usegmi n tigawt tasertant d usefham i d-yettunefken i yimezdaɣ azzayriyen. Deg waggur n meɣres 1957, sdeffir tuṭṭfa d tmenɣiwt n Benmhidi akk d tuḍḍfa n Yacef Saɛdi, tuqqna n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw deg Lezzayer Tamaneɣt, i yettnaɣen d Tfaska tis 10 n Parachute n Jeneral Massu, teɣli. Ɛebban akk d kraḍ n yimaslaḍen-nniḍen n CCE ttwaḥettmen sakkin ad ffɣen seg temdint.
Amennuɣ amaynut ɣef anwa i ilaq ad yesselḥu
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Akken i tettnerni tegnit, Ɛebban yettwaḥettem ad yeffeɣ seg Lezzayer yerna s waya, yeǧǧa iman-nnes deg yiwet n tegnit and ur yesɛi ara lehna: skud, deg Wagraw n Ṣummam, yefka-d awal yerna yeqbel s tikti n "wayen yellan deg daxel amezwaru ɣef wayen yellan deg berra" (tazwara n yemḍebbren n daxel ɣef yemḍebbren n beṛṛa), akk d tin n "imḍebbren n tsertit" ɣef "imḍebbren n iserdasen", ɣas ma ur yuɣal ara d yiwen seg wid ineggura, tilawt kan n tukksa-nnes seg daxel n tmurt teḥrez ad tesseɣli tazmert-is ama ɣef yimeɣnasen n yigen n daxel, ama ɣef tmagla n beṛṛa n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw.
Maca ṣṣifa n Ɛebban ur t-tewwi ara ad yeǧǧ amkan-is. Tamettant n Benmhidi tella-d qrib ad -tesbedd-it s tidet ɣef tqacuct n tazmert, maca tasertit-is tella-d mgal tin n Ḥmed Ben Bella[11], i mazal yezmer ad yettkel ɣef yiɣallen imsellḥen[12], ladɣa Krim Belqasem, Laxder Benṭobal, Ɛebdelḥafid Busuf, d Hewwari Bumedyen; Ɛebban yessenqes-iten akk s lǧehd. Ccwal-a yeffeɣ-d s tidet deg wagguren n meɣres d yebrir 1957.
Sakkin, Ɛebban yella daɣen mgal imenzayen n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw, yerna yekkat-d s waṭas "ikulunen" ɣef ṭṭmeɛ-nsen n tezmert d tikli-nsen tamesbaṭlit[12]. Ahat, lebɣi n tukksa n yiwen n uxṣim asertan ay yellan s lqerb yerna yella mgal ubeddel n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw ɣer udabu aserdasi, d ayen i d-yeǧǧan kra seg "yikuluniyen" ad rren ɣer lḥebs, neɣ ad nɣen Ɛebban[12][13].
Tamenɣiwt n Ɛebban
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Remḍan Ɛebban yettwanɣa deg 24 neɣ 26 dujember 1957, deg yiwet n tferka yeqqnen gar Tiṭwan d Tin Iggi deg Lmeṛṛuk. Sin yiqeddacen n Ɛebdelḥafid Busuf i t-yenɣan[14].
Aṭas i d-yettwarun amek yemmut Ɛebban, maca drus n tira i d-yennan i wumi i d-tefka lfayda seg tmenɣiwt n Ɛebban. Kra n medden qqaren belli Krim Belqasem yella d yiwen seg wid i d-yesnekren ccwal-nni, maca ur d-yesfaydi ara seg tmenɣiwt-nni; Yekker-d d wayen i d-yeqqimen seg tmennaḍt III deg unebdu n 1962 (ula d Boudiaff yedda-d yid-s) mgal Ben Bella, Laxder Benṭobal, Ɛebdelḥafid Busuf, d Hewwari Bumedyen, d udabu-nsen amesbaṭli i s useqdec n yeɣallen n tilisa ur nennuɣ ara deg ṭṭraḍ. Krim Belqasem yettwanɣa kra n yiseggasen deffir-s deg Lalman; xennqent s yiwet n tikli am tin i yenɣan Ɛebban. D wagi i d ṭṭabeɛ n wid yenɣan Ɛebban d Krim?
Llan wid i yettwalin tamettant n Ɛebban d aḥric seg ccwall i yellan gar Waɛraben d Yiqbayliyen, i d-yellan uqbel ṭṭraḍ, ɣer ccwal-nni n taɣzent tamaziɣt n 1949. Ma akka i yella lḥal, s tikkelt niḍen; i wumi i d-tefka lfayda seg tmenɣiwt n Ɛmiṛuc At Ḥemmuda (yettwakellex dɣa yettwanɣa), Ɛebban (yettwakellex dɣa yettwanɣa), d Krim (yettwakellex dɣa yettwanɣa)?
"[...] yiwen seg yiɣeblan n yimḍebbren aɛraben [...] yella-d deg-s ad d-rren imḍebbren n tsertit iqbayliyen ɣer tama: deg wallen-nsen [...] qrib akk deg-sen ttwacukten d akken d imdanen i yumnen s tamgit n tamaziɣt yerna neya-nsen ur ttwaḍemen ara. Tamenɣiwt n Ɛebban Remḍan, syin uḥraz n tikli n Krim Belqacem d tukksa-ines seg yimukan n tneqḍin n tzemmar. ahat ula d tamettant n Ɛmiṛuc, llan d aḥric seg uswir-a n umennuɣ ger Waɛraben d Iqbayliyen. Nnig n temgaraden-nsen d yimenɣiyen n lebɣi n yal yiwen deg-sen, imḍebbren imeqranen n Waɛraben (Ben Bella, Busuf, Benṭobal, Bumedyen, Butefliqa) msefhamen akk ɣef tmara n timerẓiwt n taḥemla n leqbayel ɣef Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw d yigen n uslelli aɣelnaw. Kraḍ n tmerwin (30) n yiseggasen deffir n temsal-nni, aselway n zik n Lezzayer Ahmed ben Bella mazal-it yettwali Wagraw n Ṣummam (1956) d tigawt n Ɛebban Remḍan – ladɣa tikli-s n werǧin ad d-yexleḍ ddin d tsertit – am akken “teččur s iberbacen d tiktiwin n tamagit tmaziɣt d wayen i d-yerra aɛrur i tineslemt. S waya, yesskanay-d yiwet seg yiswiyen i d-yeǧǧan imdukkal-is d yeεdawen isertiyen deg Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw ad d-heggin timenɣiwt-is[15]."
Deg taggara, tamagit tmaziɣt tettwakkes seg usefruseg ccwal aɣelnaw i lfayda n taɛrabt-tineslemt, i yuɣalen d d taɣuri tunṣibt n Tirni n Weslelli Aɣelnaw, d tin i d-yeṭṭfen yiserdasen i yeṭṭfen tazmert deg Lezzayer deg useggas n 1965 ar ass-a.
Iɣbula
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]- ↑ Mameri Khalfa, (s tefransist) Abane Ramdane Héros de la Guerre, Édition L'Harmattan, 1988 (ISBN 2738401171)
- ↑ Ali Mebtouche, (s tefransist) Histoire d'un berger de Kabylie pendant la guerre d'Algérie, Éditions l'Harmattan, Paris 2007, page 121, (ISBN 978-2-296-02806-7)
- ↑ (s tefransist) Retour sur l’assassinat politique d’Abane Ramdane [archive], Boubekeur Ait Benali, lematindz.net, 26 dujember 2014.
- ↑ « l-architecte-de-la-revolution Archived 2017-11-07 at the Wayback Machine [archive] », deg www.lexpressiondz.com (Yettwaṭṭef deg 28 ɣuct 2016)
- ↑ Yves Courrière – Le temps des leopards. Fayard, 1969. Asebter. 44.
- ↑ Linda Amiri in La France en guerre 1954-1962 adlis agraɣlan yettwasbedden sɣur Raphaëlle Branche d Sylvie Thénault, p. 274
- ↑ Jacques Simon, (s tefransist) La fédération de France de l'Union syndicale des travailleurs algériens (USTA) F.L.N contre U.S.T.A
- ↑ (s tefransist) « Le 1er novembre 1954 en perspective : causes et conséquences d'un événement (2004) [archive] », sɣur guy.perville.free.fr (Yettwaṭṭef deg 6 ɣuct 2017)
- ↑ (s tefransist) Le 1er novembre 1954 en perspective : causes et conséquences d’un événement (2004) [archive], Guy Pervillé, colloque du Centre d’études pied-noir (CEPN) sur le thème "Cinquante ans après la Toussaint rouge, peut-on faire un bilan ?", le 31 octobre 2004, publié le 2 novembre 2008
- ↑ (s tefransist) La Bataille d'Alger - Yves Courrière – Le temps des leopards. Fayard, 1969. Asebter 312.
- ↑ (s tefransist) Entretien avec Madame Abane Ramdane:“Ben Bella a été fabriqué par les Français” [archive], entretien, espoirmaghreb.wordpress.com, 12 maggu 2011.
- ↑ 12,0 12,1 et 12,2 (s tefransist) Retour sur l’assassinat politique d’Abane Ramdane [archive], Boubekeur Ait Benali, lematindz.net, 26 dujamber 2014.
- ↑ (s tefransist) Les détails de l’assassinat d’ABANE RAMDANE [archive], Mohamed Lebdjaoui, bejaialamedelakabylie.wordpress.com, 24 décembre 2012, Extrait de Vérités sur la Révolution algérienne, 1986, Éditions Gallimard
- ↑ Yves Courrière - L'Heure des colonels. Asebter 135. Librairie Arthème Fayard, 1970. (s tefransist)
- ↑ Salem Chaker, 1987: 18