Aller au contenu

Mezweɣ

Si Wikipedia, tasanayt tilellit.
Mezweɣ
Annay
Amaccaq ɣer tegnit 54 600 000 km d 401 000 000 km
Azal amaskad −2,94 d 1,86
Itezzi ɣef Iṭij
Yettusemma ɣef Meɣres d Aris
Timezzit
Aceffalu 249 232 432 km
Afafuk 206 655 215 km
Agellus azen-gejdan n tmezzit 227 936 637 km
1,523679 AU
Annfal amezzay 0,0933941
Tallit tamezzayt 686,98 ass
Tallit tanmugrit 779,94 ass
Vitesse orbitale (fr) Suqel 24,077 km/h
Aẓalay anemmas 19,3564 °
Annuz amezzay 1,84969142 °
5,65 °
1,67 °
Addud n tyersi tamalayt 49,55953892 °
Afakul n ufafuk 336,05637041 °
Tasengama
Aqqaṛ 3 389,5 km
Akdu 6 791,432 km
Tigni 0,00589
Tajumma 144 798 500 km²
Ableɣ 163 180 000 000 km³
Takura 641,71 Yg
Taneẓẓi 3 933 g/cm³
Taẓɣelt tasemdayt −63 °C
−143 °C
35 °C
Asafet (Albidu) 0,17
0,25
Azemz n ubeddi d unulfu 4 540 million years BCE

Mezweɣ neɣ Imzuyeɣ (azamul-is: ♂) d amtiweg wis 4 deg wuggug (lbeɛdan) ɣef tfukt deg unagraw anafuk, mezweɣ iga d anarag uffiɣ n deffir n tegnit, akken i yettusesmel d amtiweg anamur yettemcabin i tegnit[1]. Isem-is deg tutlayin tmaziɣin yekka-d seg tezweɣ acku yettbin-d d azeggaɣ deg igenni s usrag (s ssebba) n wakal-is d tegnewt-is, ma d yisem-is Alatin (Mars) d isem n yellu n umsenɣi ɣer iṛumaniyen, akken i yettwassen daɣen s yisem n umtiweg azeggaɣ deg tlemmast n imusnawen acku ini n umtiweg-a d azwawaɣ imalen ɣer tezweɣ s usrag n ugedṛur n ukṛuksid n wuzzal yellan s tuget deg tiggi-ines d tignewt-is.[2]

Akdu-ines yettawaṭ ɣer wazal n 6792 km, ayen yegdan azgen n ukdu n tegnit, akken iga d amtiweg ameẓyan wis sin deg wudus anafuk send n uziweɣ, anda tajumma-ines tla (tesɛa) azal n wezgen n tjumma n tegnit.

Mezweɣ itezzi ɣef tfukt deg tmezzit yaggugen (ibeɛden) fell-as s wazal n 228 km (1,5 n tikkal n westum gar n tegnit d tfukt). Amda agafan deg ugafa n tsegla iteddel azal n 40% n umtiweg, ayen i d-igellun s usemdu meqqren fell-as.[3][4] Mezweɣ ila (yesɛa) sin n wayyuren, amezwar isem-is Dimus (anamek-is d arameɣ s tutlayt Tagrikt) ma d wis sin d Fubyus (anamek-is d Tugdi), isin-nsen meẓẓiy-it ur mgadan ara deg talɣa akken izemren ad ilin d izunyuren i d-ildey[5][6] am 5261 Eureka[7], igan d atṛuyan amazwaɣ.[8]

Taẓɣelt tajummant tafellayt deg umtiweg-a d tin yettawaṭen alamma d 27° ma d taẓɣelt taddayt -133°, ma d tignut-is d tin igebren seg usinuksid n ukaṛbun d unitrujin d wergun d yirragen n waman d kracn igazen niden. Azamul-is asnallun d .

Ussan d tsemhuyin n useggas deg mezweɣ d wid yemrawasen i wayen yellan deg tegnit acku tallit n tuzzya d umili n tedɣert n tuzzya d tid yettemcabin s waṭas, Dɣa imusnawen ttɣilen d akken amtiweg n mezweɣ yella yeččur d aman send n 3,8 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen ayen i d-ten-iǧǧan ad brun i teẓri n tilit n tudert deg-s ɣas ma zik-nni, akken illant deg-s idurar yugaren wid yellan deg tegnit yakk d isafen yeqquren. Akken i tella deg-s teẓrumest tameqqṛant yakk deg wudus anafuk isem-is Olympus Mons yeddmen isem-a seg wedrar n ulimpus,Akken ig yella deg-s wasif n Marineris igan d yiwen seg tiɣa meqqren yakk deg wudus anafuk.

Asekkud n Mezweɣ s wallen d ayen yefraren (isehlen) s waṭas, Azal-is amaskad yettawaṭ ɣer -2.94, dɣa azal amaskad n Yebter d tatrit d wayyur d tafukt ugaren agla n Mezweɣ[9].

S unect n tezrawt n sin n imusnawen n Marikan, Mezweɣ yezmer ad yili d amtiweg ur yesmid ara (ur ikemmel ara) gemmu-ines seld mi ig slek seg waṭas n imickaṭen yakk d yesmilen d iseffuden d tfekkiwin tigennawin niden i d-illan seg wass mi i d-innulfa wudus anafuk (ayen i d-iglan s temɣer n yimtiwgen akken ma llan), Anecta yessegzaw-d temẓi n ubleɣ n mezweɣ s wassaɣ ɣer tegnit d tatrit, Dɣa sin n imusnawen-a ffɣen-d s ugemmud-a seld n tezrawt taminigt i ifuras n werjan imezzerzen deg iseffuden.

Iylanen n umtiwen n mezweɣ

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Yiwet seg tiwlafin timezwura n mezweɣ s tkamra n HiRISE.

Tajumma mezweɣ d tin yugaren amacemma akuẓ n tjumma n tegnit (28,4% n tjumma n Tagnit),[10] yerna tineẓẓi n mezweɣ de tin yemgaraden ɣef tneẓẓi n tegnit, anda ableɣ-is isgensis-d azal n 15% n ubleɣ n tegnit. Ma d takura-ines tegda amraw (1/10) neɣ 11% n tkura n tegnit, ma d taldayt tajummant n mezweɣ tegda 38% s umerwes ɣer teldayt n tegnit, adad agennaw deg tjumma n mezweɣ 0,75% n wadad agennaw deg tegnit.

Udem azeggaɣ/ačinay n tjumma n mezweɣ yegla-d yis [[uksyd n wuzzal (III) yakk d ubṛac (ṣṣdid) [11][12], ma d initen imezdiyen nniden deg tjumma-ines gan d aras, azegza d urɣan (s ugani ɣef telmas n yimɣuzen yellan.[12]

Azwu n mezweɣ yegber seg 95% n usinuksid n ukaṛbun, 3% uẓut, 1,6% argun [13] d kra n wuksujin d waman.[14] dɣa deg useggas n 2000 kra n imusnawen ssawṭen ɣer igemmuden i d-iqqaren s tilin n tudert deg mezweɣ deg yizri seld n tmuɣli n tgezmiwin n yiwen n useffud ufant deg Antraktika yekka-d seg mezweɣ, maca tiẓri ayi mači d tin deg wacu i d-yella usentem ummid.[15]

Mezweɣ yettumeggez d amtiwen anamur, u tuget n tjumma-ines zeggaɣ-t anagar kra n icamiṭen imsullsen s usrag n wakal-is d yiẓra-ines. Ma d tineẓẓi n adad-is agennaw d tamidrust, tegber s talɣa tagejdant seg usinuksid n ukaṛbun d kra seg yirragen n waman. Anezwu n mezweɣ semmeṭ ugar n tegnit ma d aseggas degs 687 seg wussan n tegnit.[16]

amerwes gar n ubleɣ n tegnit d mezweɣ
Tiskanin tigejdanin n mezweɣ
Tagezzumt tesskanay-d 3 n tmezziyin yeṭṭafaren NASA amek i d-gucclent Tagertilt n teldayt n mezweɣ

Tafelwit i d-immalen imgaraden n iylanen ger n mezweɣ d tegnit:

Iylanen Mezweɣ Tagnit Amgarad
Aggad anafuk 3 396.2 ± 0.1  km 6 378.1  km 53.3 %
Tizgelt taraklant 3376.2 ± 0.1 km 6356.8 km 53.1 %
Isig n waqqaṛ 3389.5 km 6371.0  km 53.2 %
Tajumma 144798500 km² 510072000 km² 28.4 %
Ableɣ 1.6318×1011 km³ 1.083207 3×1012 km² 15.1 %
Takura 6.4185 ×10²³ kg 5.9736 ×10²⁴ kg 10.7 %
Tineẓẓi 3933.5 ± 0.4 kg/m³ 5515 kg/m³ 71.3 %
Taldayt n tjumma 3.711  9.780327 m/t² 37.9 %
Tazzla n teslullit 5027 m/t 11186  m/t 44.9 %
Tallit n tuzya 75 1.025956 wussan 88642.663 tsinin 86164.098903691 tsinin 102.9 %
Annuz agellusan 25.19° 23.439281°
Asafet n Bond 0.25 0.29
Asafet anzeggan 0.15 0.367
Aqqaṛ ameqran d umeẓyan 227939100 km 149597887.5 km 152.4 %
Annfal amezzay 0.093315 0.016710219 558.4 %
Tallit tamezzayt 686.971 wussan 365.256366  wussan 188.1 %
Aceffalu 249209300 km 152097701 km 163.8 %
Isig n teẓɣelt −63  C 210  K 14  C 287  K
Taseddart tafellayt −3  C 270   Kelvin 58  C 334   Kelvin
Taseddart taddayt −133  C 140   Kelvin −89  C 184   Kelvin

Tasuddest tagensawt

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]

Yeṭra i mezweɣ ayen yetran i tegnit seg tmagarda tamtiwgant, tamagarda dagi d tamhelt i d-ittfarasen amgirred deg tneẓẓi d isegran n yal tissi n tiddiwin n umtiweg, anda ul n umtiweg yettili tneẓẓi-ines teflal ma d ayen i d-izgan dennig-s tineẓẓi-ines tettili ddaw n tneẓẓi n wul.[17]

Tugna n tegnut tamtigwant n Mezweɣ.

Mezweɣ yeẓli-as (iṛuḥ-as) wadad-is adekran send n 4 n imelyaṛen n iseggasen,[18] ahat s usrag n imickaḍen i imeknen amtiweg-a,[19] ihi, d ayen i yettaǧǧan aḍu anafuk yessikkic srid yakked A-ionosfir n Mezweɣ, dɣa anecta igellu-d s usedres n tneẓẓi n tegnut tamtigwant s tukksa n tissi tuffiɣt i yibelkimen. Mars Express yesnarem-d tizelɣiwin n tegnut tamtigwant tA-ionosfirant i d-ittmaren ɣer tallunt akin i mezweɣ,[20][21] akken i d-tettili tezrawt-nsent sɣur n tsenqadt n MAVEN. Ass-a, addad agennan n mezweɣ yegda seg 30 paskal (0,030 k/p) deg wedrar n Ulimpus alamma d 1,155 paskal di Hellas Planetia, ma d isig alemanas n wadad deg tiggi yegda 600 paskal (0,60 k/p).[22]

Taneẓẓi tafellayt yakk deg mezweɣ tegda tin yellan deg teflel n 35 km di tegnit.[23] ma d isig n wadad id ittwagemḍen iga kan 0,6% seg wadad n tegnit (101,3 k/p).

Tugna tagennant i tiggi n mezweɣ.

Teflel n tegnut tamtiwgant tga azal n 10,8 km[24], dɣa tugar agla n tegnit i yeflalen s 6 km, acku taldayt n mezweɣ ur tugar ara 38% seg tin n tegnit, ihi asemdu-ayi tettmagar-it-id tudra deg teẓɣelt d 50% n yisig yeflalen seg wazuk axeclawan i tegnut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ.
Tignut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ tegber seg wazal n 96% n usinuksid n ukaṛbun, 1,9% n waṛgun, 1,89% n nitrujin yakk d ufimiḍi meẓẓiyen n waman d wuksijin.[25][26] tignut tamtiwgant n mezweɣ d tagedṛurant s waṭas, tegber seg txeclawin aqqaṛ-nsent iga 1,5 mikṛumiter, dɣa tixeclawin-a i d-ittaken ini amsekkef i tegnawt n mezweɣ mi ara ad yettwaskad seg tiggi.[27] Isalan imezwura ɣef tegnawt n mezweɣ llan-d s tezrart n yinigen n Mariner 3 d Mariner 4, anda i d-yella usentem (uwekked) d akken amtiweg-a ila tignut tamtiwgant sdiden (rqiqen) yegda 0,01 seg tignut tamtiwgant n tegnit. Tignut-a sdiden tegber seg CO2 di tuget-is anda i yettaweḍ ufimiḍi-ines ɣer 95% seg yisegran-is.[28] sin akin tella-d tesladṭ n yisegran n tegnawt sɣur n Viking 1 i wakken ad tessufeɣ tagrayt ɣef tsuddest n tegnawt akken i tella di tfelwit-a:

Tanga Afimiḍi  %
CO2 95.3
N2 2.7
Ar 1.6
O2 0.3
CO 0.07
H2O 0.03

Seg tfelwit, nettwali d akken afimiḍi n yirragen n waman deg tegnawt n mezweɣ d win idrusen s waṭas, ayen yettaǧǧan tignewt-is d taɣurart. Maca s usrag n usemmiḍ imsullsen, afimiḍi-ayi idrusen n yirragen n waman keffun-d i wakken ad t-sseṛwun.

Gar n yimtiwgen n wudus anafuk yakk, d tisemhuyin n mezweɣ i yettemcabin s waṭas i tsemhuyin n tegnit, s usrag n wannuz yemgadan n ugellus n tuzzya n sin n imtiwegen-a. Tanzagt n tsemhuyin n mezweɣ gdant snat n tikkal n tenzagt n tsemhuyin n tegnit acku amaccaq n mezweɣ ɣer tfukt yugar amaccaq n tegnit ɣer tfukt (yiwet n tuzzya n tegnit ɣef tfukt, tettqabal-itt snat n tuzzyiwin n mezweɣ ɣef tfukt). Dɣa taẓɣelt deg mezweɣ temgarad seg izaduren anda tettili -143 C (-225 F) deg tegrest tasafaylut[29] alamma d yiswiren anda tettawaṭ ɣer 35 C (95 F) deg unebdu asbegsan.[30]

Amgarad hrawen deg tezɣelt yettuɣal usrag-is (sebba-ines) ɣer wadad agennaw usdid ur nezmir ara ad iffren aṭas seg teẓɣelt n tfukt d waẓaẓ drusen n wakal n mezweɣ.[31] mezweɣ yaggug (yebɛed) 1,52 n tikkal ɣef tfukt seg wala tagnit, ayen i s-d-itfarasen 43% kan n tesmekta n tafat n tfukt.[32]

Awah tmezzit yecban agla n tegnit i mezweɣ, tili tisemhuyin-is ad ilint am wagla n tegnit acku annuz-is agellusan yemmug am tmezzit n tegnit.

Llan deg mezweɣ iluɣluɣen (aṭu n wakal) imeqqren yakk deg wudus anafuk, anda tettawaṭ tazzla-ines ar ugar n 160 km/t. Zemren ad mgaraden seg iluɣluɣen deg tjumma meẓẓiyen alamma d iluɣluɣen icafcalen i zemren ad ffren amtiweg s timmad-is. iluɣluɣen-a ttmagen-d aladɣa mi ara ad yades (ad iqerreb) ɣer tfukt .[33]

mezweɣ (seld / send) n uluɣluɣ deg yulyu 2018)
Tiziwa n ugedṛur deg mezweɣ
18 wamber 2012
25 wamber 2012
6 yunyu 2018[34]

Timezzit n mezweɣ d tuzzya-ines

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]

Tudert deg mezweɣ

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]

Ayyuren n mezweɣ

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]

Asnirem n mezweɣ

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]

Tamawin timazrayin

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]

Mezweɣ deg yidles

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]

Ẓeṛ daɣen

[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
  1. . ISBN 978-0-684-83550-1. OCLC 489144963. Unknown parameter |azemz= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar1= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar2= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |Azwel= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |adeg= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar1= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar2= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |anafsar= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. "The Lure of Hematite". Science@NASA. NASA. March 28, 2001. Archived from the original on January 14, 2010. Retrieved December 24, 2009.
  3. Yeager, Ashley (July 19, 2008). "Impact May Have Transformed Mars". ScienceNews.org. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  4. Sample, Ian (June 26, 2008). "Cataclysmic impact created north-south divide on Mars". London: Science @ guardian.co.uk. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  5. . Space. Unknown parameter |akala n ufaylu= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |azemz n ufaylu= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |akala= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |Azwel= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amezwar= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |aneggar= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |amahil= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  6. Adler, M.; Owen, W.; Riedel, J. (June 2012). Use of MRO Optical Navigation Camera to Prepare for Mars Sample Return (PDF). Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration. June 12–14, 2012. Houston, Texas. 4337. Bibcode:2012LPICo1679.4337A. Unknown parameter |azemz n ufaylu= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |akala n ufaylu= ignored (help)
  7. Yeomans، Donald K.، "5261 Eureka (1990 MB)"، JPL Small-Body Database Browser، NASA، yettwaɣra deg wass n 13 yebrir 2016.
  8. Trilling, David; Rivking, Andrew; Stansberry, John; Spahr, Timothy; Crudo, Richard; Davies, John (2007). "Albedos and diameters of three Mars Trojan asteroids". Icarus 192 (2): 442–447. arXiv:0709.1921. Bibcode:2007Icar..192..442T. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.08.002. Alsaru yettwaklasen 24 ɣuct 2017 deg tansa n Wayback Machine.
  9. Mallama, Anthony; Hilton, James L. (October 2018). "Computing apparent planetary magnitudes for The Astronomical Almanac". Astronomy and Computing. 25: 10–24. arXiv:1808.01973. Bibcode:2018A&C....25...10M. doi:10.1016/j.ascom.2018.08.002.
  10. name="69">Williams, David R. (September 1, 2004). "Mars Fact Sheet". National Space Science Data Center. NASA. Archived from the original on June 12, 2010. Retrieved June 24, 2006.
  11. Peplow, Mark (May 6, 2004). "How Mars got its rust". Nature. Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Retrieved March 10, 2007.
  12. 12,0 et 12,1 NASA – Mars in a Minute: Is Mars Really Red? (Transcript)
  13. Chang, Kenneth (November 5, 2015). "Solar Storms Strip Air From Mars, NASA Says". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  14. Staff (November 5, 2015). "VIDEO (51:58) – MAVEN – Measuring Mars' Atmospheric Loss". NASA. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  15. Northon, Karen (November 5, 2015). "NASA Mission Reveals Speed of Solar Wind Stripping Martian Atmosphere". NASA. Retrieved November 5, 2015.
  16. Wall, Mike (November 5, 2015). "Mars Lost Atmosphere to Space as Life Took Hold on Earth". Space.com. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  17. Nimmo, Francis; Tanaka, Ken (2005). "Early Crustal Evolution of Mars". Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. 33 (1): 133–161. Bibcode:2005AREPS..33..133N. doi:10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122637.
  18. Philips, Tony (2001). "The Solar Wind at Mars". Science@NASA. Archived from the original on October 10, 2006. Retrieved October 8, 2006.
  19. "Multiple Asteroid Strikes May Have Killed Mars's Magnetic Field". Wired. January 20, 2011.
  20. Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise <ref> incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées a m36
  21. Lundin, R; et al. (2004). "Solar Wind-Induced Atmospheric Erosion at Mars: First Results from ASPERA-3 on Mars Express". Science. 305 (5692): 1933–1936. Bibcode:2004Sci...305.1933L. doi:10.1126/science.1101860. PMID 15448263.
  22. Bolonkin, Alexander A. (2009). Artificial Environments on Mars. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 599–625. ISBN 978-3-642-03629-3.
  23. Atkinson, Nancy (July 17, 2007). "The Mars Landing Approach: Getting Large Payloads to the Surface of the Red Planet". Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  24. Carr, Michael H. (2006). The surface of Mars. Cambridge planetary science series. 6. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-521-87201-0.
  25. Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise <ref> incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées m a69
  26. Mahaffy, P. R.; Webster, C. R.; Atreya, S. K.; Franz, H.; Wong, M.; Conrad, P. G.; Harpold, D.; Jones, J. J.; Leshin, L. A.; Manning, H.; Owen, T.; Pepin, R. O.; Squyres, S.; Trainer, M.; Kemppinen, O.; Bridges, N.; Johnson, J. R.; Minitti, M.; Cremers, D.; Bell, J. F.; Edgar, L.; Farmer, J.; Godber, A.; Wadhwa, M.; Wellington, D.; McEwan, I.; Newman, C.; Richardson, M.; Charpentier, A.; et al. (July 19, 2013). "Abundance and Isotopic Composition of Gases in the Martian Atmosphere from the Curiosity Rover". Science. 341 (6143): 263–266. Bibcode:2013Sci...341..263M. doi:10.1126/science.1237966. PMID 23869014.
  27. Lemmon, M. T.; et al. (2004). "Atmospheric Imaging Results from Mars Rovers". Science. 306 (5702): 1753–1756. Bibcode:2004Sci...306.1753L. doi:10.1126/science.1104474. PMID 15576613.
  28. Tuccḍa n temsisɣelt: Balise <ref> incorrecte : aucun texte n’a été fourni pour les références nommées a m68
  29. "What is the typical temperature on Mars?". Astronomycafe.net. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  30. "Mars Exploration Rover Mission: Spotlight". Marsrover.nasa.gov. June 12, 2007. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  31. "Mars' desert surface..." MGCM Press release. NASA. Archived from the original on July 7, 2007. Retrieved February 25, 2007.
  32. Kluger, Jeffrey (September 1, 1992). "Mars, in Earth's Image". Discover Magazine. 13 (9): 70. Bibcode:1992Disc...13...70K. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
  33. Philips, Tony (July 16, 2001). "Planet Gobbling Dust Storms". Science @ NASA. Archived from the original on June 13, 2006. Retrieved June 7, 2006.
  34. Empty citation (help)