Baruch Spinoza
Baruch Spinoza, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Bento de Espinosa neɣ Benedictus de Spinoza, ilul ass n 24 Wamber 1632 di Amsterdam, yemmut ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1677 di Den Haag. Yella d amesnagay n Tmurt n Wadda uɣur tasnezgimt tesɛa tazrirt s wazal-is ɣef waziten n tillit dgi yedder d waṭas n wid it-id-iḍefṛen.
Spinoza yeɣra aṭas deg temẓi-s, ladɣa deg tgemmi n uselmed n Iyehuden (yeshiva). Yessin taɛebrit, talatinit akked tutlayt tahulandit. Yeɣra daɣen timucuha n Iyehuden akked tfelsuft.
Maca mi meqqer, yebda yettemseḥsab deg wayen yeqqar deg ddin. Yura tiktiwin ur nettqebbel ara tmetti tahudit n lweqt-nni. Deg useggas 1656, ṭṭerḍen-t seg tmetti n Iyehuden (herem).
Syin, yuɣal d afelyasuf ilelli, yettaru ɣef tfelsuft, tusna akked ddin. Ger wayen yura:
- "Ethics" - adlis-is amenzu
- "Theological-Political Treatise"
- "Political Treatise"
Tiktiwin-is timenziyin:
- Yenna-d belli Rebbi d ddunit d yiwen (monisme)
- Yeqqar belli aqerru akked tfekka d yiwen
- Yebɣa ad yefhem tidet s ubrid n tfelsuft, mačči s ubrid n ddin
Yemmut deg La Haye deg 1677. Ɣas akken ur t-qbilen ara deg tallit-is, yuɣal d yiwen seg ifelyasufen imeqqranen n umezruy.
- tafelsuft n Spinoza:
Ɣef Rebbi d tusna:
- Yenna-d belli Rebbi d ddunit d yiwen kan (Deus sive Natura). Ur yelli ara Rebbi sufella n ddunit, maca d ayen yellan deg yal taɣawsa.
- Ɣur-s kullec iḍerru-d s tmentilt tussnant, ulac acu ara yeḍrun kan akka.
- Yeqqar belli tamusni n tidet tettili-d s ubrid n tfelsuft d tusna, mačči s lebɣi neɣ s wawal kan.
- Yenna-d belli ur yezmir ara ad yili Rebbi beṛṛa n ddunit, axaṭer Rebbi d ddunit d yiwen.
- Yeqqar belli ayen yellan deg ddunit d aḥric seg Rebbi.
- Ur yettamen ara deg talɣiwin n ddin i yeqqaren belli Rebbi yezga-d sufella n ddunit.
- Yefka-d amedya: am waman deg yillel, yal taqqit d aḥric seg yillel meṛṛa.
Tikti tagejdant n Spinoza ɣef Rebbi d ddunit d tin yeqqaren belli Rebbi d ddunit d yiwen kan. Deg tfelsuft-is, ur yezmir ara ad yili Rebbi beṛṛa n ddunit, ur yezmir ara ad yili d ayen nniḍen. Tamuɣli-agi tettawi-d abeddel ameqqran deg wayen yeɛnan tanegmit n Rebbi d ddunit.
Deg twennaḍt n lqern wis 17, anda i yella Spinoza yeddar, tuget n yemdanen ttamnen belli Rebbi d win yellan beṛṛa n ddunit, yettṣerrif-itt seg ufella. Maca Spinoza yenna-d belli tikti-agi ur teɛdil ara. Ɣur-s, Rebbi mačči d win yettṣerrif-d ddunit seg beṛṛa, maca d ayen yellan deg ddunit s timmad-is.
Yefka-d Spinoza amedya yesshelen i ufham: yenna-d belli assaɣ ger Rebbi d ddunit am wassaɣ yellan ger yillel d waman yellan deg-s. Ur nezmir ara ad nini belli aman n yillel d ayen nniḍen ɣef yillel s timmad-is. Akken i d-yeqqar: yal taqqit deg yillel d aḥric seg yillel meṛṛa, daɣen yal taɣawsa deg ddunit d aḥric n Rebbi.
Yeqqar Spinoza belli Rebbi mačči kan d ayen yellan deg yal taɣawsa, maca d taɣawsa i yesɛan timental meṛṛa deg yiman-is. Aya yemgarad ɣef tikta n ddin i yeqqaren belli Rebbi d win yesɛan lebɣi, neɣ d win yettḥasaben amdan ɣef wayen yexdem. Ɣur Spinoza, Rebbi ur yesɛi ara lebɣi am win n umdan, maca d ayen yellan deg yal taɣawsa, deg yal amkan, deg yal akud.
Daɣen, deg tfelsuft-is, ur telli ara tmentilt taɣbalut d tmentilt taneggarut am wakken i tt-qqaren wiyaḍ. Ɣur-s, yal taɣawsa tesɛa tamentilt-is tussnant, ula d nettat s timmad-is d tamentilt i tɣawsa nniḍen. D ayen ara yawin ɣer tikti n tmussni tussant n ddunit meṛṛa.
Tikti-agi n Spinoza tbeddel aṭas timuɣliwin n yemdanen ɣef Rebbi. Wid i tt-yeɣran deg tallit-is ur tt-qbilen ara, ṭṭerḍen-t-id seg tmetti n Iyehuden. Maca tikti-agi tuɣal d tin i d-yufraren deg tfelsuft tatrart. Ula d Einstein yenna-d belli yettamen deg "Rebbi n Spinoza", anamek-is yettamen deg usatal ussnani n ddunit d yiwen.
Deg tfelsuft n Spinoza, ur ilaq ara ad nadi Rebbi beṛṛa n ddunit, maca ad t-nadi deg ddunit s timmad-is, deg yal taɣawsa i aɣ-d-yezzin. Yeqqar belli tamusni n tidet tettas-d seg ufham n wassaɣ-agi yellan ger Rebbi d ddunit, mačči seg wayen d-qqaren medden neɣ seg yiḍrisen kan.
Tiktiwin-agi n Spinoza ɣef wassaɣ ger Rebbi d ddunit mazal sɛant azal-nsent ɣer wass-a, ladɣa deg wayen yeɛnan assaɣ ger tusna d ddin, d wassaɣ ger umdan d ddunit i t-id-yezzin. Ttakent-d tamuɣli tamaynut i ufham n wassaɣ-agi, yemgaraden ɣef tin n ddin neɣ tin n tusna kan.
Deg taggara, tikti n Spinoza ɣef Rebbi d ddunit tella d tin yebnan ɣef tmentilt tussnant, mačči ɣef lebɣi n umdan neɣ ɣef wayen i as-yehwan. D ayen ara yawin ɣer ufham n ddunit s ubrid n tfelsuft d tusna, mačči kan s ubrid n ddin neɣ n wayen i d-qqaren medden.
Ɣef wemdan d nnefs:
- Yenna-d belli aqerru d tfekka d yiwen kan (monisme), ur zmiren ara ad mfarqen.
- Nnefs d tfekka tteddunt akken, ur tettili ara yiwet war tayeḍ.
- Yefka azal i lebɣi n umdan akken ad yifrir, maca yeqqar belli ilaq ad yili s tmusni.
A-t-an uḍris ɣef tneqḍit tis kraḍ, ɣef wassaɣ ger nnefs d tfekka deg tfelsuft n Spinoza:
Spinoza yewwi-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef wassaɣ ger nnefs d tfekka deg tfelsuft-is. Yenna-d belli nnefs d tfekka d yiwen kan, ur zmiren ara ad mfarqen. Deg tallit-is, tuget n yemdanen ttamnen belli nnefs d tfekka d sin n yiḥricen yemgaraden, maca netta yefka-d tikti tamaynut.
Deg twennadt n lqern wis 17, tuget n ifelyasufen d wid yettamnen deg ddin qqaren-d belli nnefs d tfekka d sin n yiḥricen yemxallafen. Ttamnen belli tzemr ad tili nnefs weḥd-s, war tafekka. Maca Spinoza ur yeqbil ara tamuɣli-agi, yenna-d d takerca.
Tikti tagejdant n Spinoza d tin yeqqaren belli nnefs d tfekka d sin n wudmawen n yiwet n tɣawsa. Yefka-d amedya yesshelen i ufham: yenna-d belli mi ara yeḥṣel kra i tfekka, ad yeḥṣel i nnefs daɣen. Daɣen, mi ara yeḥṣel kra i nnefs, ad yeḥṣel i tfekka. Ur zmiren ara ad mfarqen.
Deg tfelsuft-is, yesbeggan-d Spinoza belli:
- Nnefs d tfekka d yiwen:
- Ur nezmir ara ad nefru gar-asent
- Tteddunt akken, ur tettili ara yiwet war tayeḍ
- Ayen yeḥṣel i yiwet, yeḥṣel i tayeḍ
- Assaɣ gar-asent:
- Mi ara yeɛyu wemdan deg tfekka-s, ad yaɛyu deg uqerru-s
- Mi ara yili wemdan d ameɣbun, ad tḥulfu tfekka-s
- Mi ara yili wemdan iferreḥ, ad tḥulfu tfekka-s s tumert
- Amedya n wassaɣ-agi:
- Mi ara yebɣu wemdan ad yečč kra, d nnefs i t-id-yeqqaren, maca d tafekka i t-yettwalin
- Mi ara yebɣu wemdan ad yeẓẓel, d nnefs i t-id-yeqqaren, maca d tafekka i t-yettḥulfun
- Mi ara yebɣu wemdan ad yaru, d nnefs i t-id-yeqqaren, maca d tafekka i t-yettwalin
Tikti-agi n Spinoza tbeddel aṭas timuɣliwin n yemdanen ɣef wassaɣ ger nnefs d tfekka. Deg tallit-is, ur tt-qbilen ara aṭas n yemdanen acku tettawi-d abeddel ameqqran ɣef wayen ttamnen. Maca tafelsuft-is tuɣal d tin i d-yufraren deg tfelsuft tatrart.
Deg tfelsuft n Spinoza, ur ilaq ara ad nadi nnefs beṛṛa n tfekka, neɣ tafekka beṛṛa n nnefs. Ilaq ad tent-nwali d yiwen kan. Yeqqar belli tamusni n tidet tettas-d seg ufham n wassaɣ-agi yellan gar-asent, mačči seg wayen d-qqaren medden neɣ seg yiḍrisen kan.
Tiktiwin-agi n Spinoza ɣef wassaɣ ger nnefs d tfekka mazal sɛant azal-nsent ɣer wass-a, ladɣa deg wayen yeɛnan:
- Tasnaksut (psychologie)
- Tasnakud (médecine)
- Tasenflest (psychiatrie)
- Tussna n nnefs
Deg taggara, tikti n Spinoza ɣef wassaɣ ger nnefs d tfekka tella d tin yebnan ɣef:
- Tamentilt tussnant
- Urrif afilsuf
- Tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umdan
D ayen ara yawin ɣer ufham n wassaɣ-agi s ubrid n tfelsuft d tusna, mačči kan s ubrid n ddin neɣ n wayen i d-qqaren medden. Tiktiwin-is ṭṭfent abrid-nsent seg wasmi i tent-yura ar ass-a, ɣas akken ur t-qbilen ara deg tallit-is.
Ɣef lebɣi d tlelli:
- Yeqqar belli ulac tilelli n lebɣi deg umdan acku kullec iḍerru-d s tmentilt tussnant.
- Maca amdan izmer ad yaweḍ ɣer tlelli tameqqrant s tmusni n wayen i t-yezzuɣuren.
- Mi ara yissin umdan timental n lebɣi-s, ad yuɣal d ilelli ugar.
Spinoza yebna tafelsuft-is ɣef yiwen usentel agejdan: tamentilt tussnant. Yeqqar belli ur d-tettili ara kra kan akka, maca yal taɣawsa tesɛa tamentilt-is tussnant. Tamuɣli-agi tessekcam abeddel ameqqran deg wayen yeɛnan tmusni d tidet.
Deg twennadt-is, tuget n yemdanen ttadren tidet seg wayen i sen-d-qqaren wiyaḍ neɣ seg yiḍrisen n ddin. Maca Spinoza yenna-d belli abrid-agi ur yettawi ara ɣer tmusni n tidet. Ɣur-s, tidet tettili-d kan s ubrid n tfelsuft d urrif amaynut.
Tikti-agi tbedd ɣef kraḍ n tɣawsiwin tigejdanin:
Tamezwarut: Ayen i d-yenna ɣef tmentilt tussnant. Yeqqar belli yal taɣawsa tesɛa tamentilt-is, u tamentilt-agi tezmer ad tettwafhem s ubrid n tfelsuft d tusna. Ur yettamen ara deg tɣawsiwin i d-yettilin kan akka, neɣ deg wayen ur nesɛi ara tamentilt. Ɣur-s, mi ara nefhem timental n tɣawsa, ad nefhem tidet ɣef-s.
Tis snat: Yeqqar belli tamusni n tidet tettili-d s ubrid n usnulfu n tiktiwin timeqqranin. Ur nezmir ara ad nefhem tidet s wawal kan neɣ s lebɣi, ilaq ad nsemres aqerru-nneɣ akken ad d-nesnulfu tiktiwin timeqqranin ara aɣ-yeǧǧen ad nefhem amek tleḥḥu ddunit.
Tis kraḍ: Ɣur-s, tamusni n tidet ur tezmir ara ad tili weḥd-s, maca tesriḍ ad tesserseḍ tiktiwin-ik ɣef kra n lsas. Lsas-agi d win n tmentilt tussnant d wayen i d-yenna ɣef wassaɣ ger Rebbi d ddunit.
Spinoza yefka-d daɣen tarrayt n tmusni yebnan ɣef kraḍ n yiswiren:
Aswir amezwaru: d win n tmusni i d-yettilin seg wayen nwala neɣ nesla. Ɣur-s, tmusni-agi ur telhi ara acku tezmer ad tesxerweḍ amdan.
Aswir wis sin: d win n tmusni i d-yettilin seg wayen nesselmad neɣ neɣra. Tmusni-agi telha ugar n tin tamezwarut, maca mazal ur d-tettawi ara ɣer tidet takmalt.
Aswir wis kraḍ: d win n tmusni tafelsufit. D tin i d-yettilin s ubrid n urrif d usnulfu n tiktiwin timeqqranin. D tin kan i yezmren ad tawi ɣer tmusni n tidet.
Tikti-agi n Spinoza ɣef tmusni d tidet tbeddel aṭas timuɣliwin n yemdanen. Imir-nni, tuget ttɣilen belli tidet tettili-d seg wayen i d-qqaren wiyaḍ. Maca netta yesken-d belli tidet tettili-d seg urrif d tfelsuft.
Deg tira-s, yefka-d Spinoza aṭas n yimedyaten ɣef wamek i tettili tmusni n tidet. Yenna-d belli ilaq ad nebdu seg wayen neẓra, syin ad nesnulfu tiktiwin timeqqranin ara aɣ-yeǧǧen ad nefhem timental n tɣawsiwin.
Tiktiwin-agi n Spinoza mazal sɛant azal ameqqran ɣer wass-a, ladɣa deg wayen yeɛnan tussna d tfelsuft. Ssnent-aɣ-d amek ara nadi tidet s ubrid n urrif d tmusni, mačči kan s wayen i aɣ-d-qqaren wiyaḍ.
Deg taggara, tamuɣli n Spinoza ɣef tmusni d tidet d tin yebnan ɣef kraḍ n tɣawsiwin: tamentilt tussnant, urrif afilsuf, d wassaɣ ger tɣawsiwin. D ayen yeǧǧan tafelsuft-is ad tili d tin yeqqimen ar ass-a, d tin i aɣ-d-yemmalen abrid ɣer tmusni n tidet.
Ɣef tugdut d tmetti:
- Yeqqar belli tametti ilaq ad tili d tagdudant.
- Ilaq ad yili wassaɣ yelhan ger yimdanen.
- Yefka azal i tlelli n urrif d tfelsuft akken ad tifrir tmetti.
Deg tfelsuft-is, Spinoza yefka azal ameqqran i tmetti d tugdut. Yeqqar belli tametti ilaq ad tili d tagdudant akken ad tifrir, u yesbeggan-d amek ara tili tugdut d tin igerrzen i yal amdan. Tamuɣli-agi tewwi-d abeddel ameqqran deg tallit-is.
Yesbeggan-d Spinoza kraḍ n tɣawsiwin tigejdanin ɣef tmetti d tugdut:
- Tilelli n urrif:
- Yeqqar belli ilaq ad sɛun yemdanen tilelli deg urrif-nsen
- Ur ilaq ara ad yili win ara ten-yeṭṭfen deg wayen ara xemmmen
- Tilelli-agi d tin ilaqen i ufares n tiktiwin timeqqranin
- Ur tezmir ara tmetti ad tifrir ma yella ur sɛin ara yemdanen tilelli n urrif
- Azref n tugdut:
- Yal amdan yesɛa azref ad yesseqdec aqerru-s
- Ur ilaq ara ad yili win ara t-yeṭṭfen deg wayen yettxemmim
- Ilaq ad yili wassaɣ n tugdut gar yemdanen
- Tilelli n umeslay d tin ilaqen i tmetti
- Assaɣ ger yemdanen:
- Ilaq ad ilin yemdanen d iseɣyanen gar-asen
- Ad ilin d inemhalen gar-asen
- Ad msefhamen gar-asen
- Ad ilin d imdukal gar-asen
Spinoza yefka-d daɣen tarrayt n tmetti tagdudant tebna ɣef:
- Tuddsa:
- Tametti ilaq ad tili tesɛa tuddsa
- Ad sɛun yemdanen izerfan-nsen
- Ad sɛun yemdanen ccɣel-nsen
- Ad sɛun yemdanen amkan-nsen
- Tasertit:
- Tametti ilaq ad tili tesɛa tasertit
- Ad tili d tagdudant
- Ad tili tesɛa isuḍaf
- Ddunit:
- Tametti ilaq ad tili tesɛa assaɣ d ddunit
- Ad tili tesɛa tussna
- Ad tili tesɛa tafelsuft
- Ad tili tesɛa tawuri
Tiktiwin-agi n Spinoza ɣef tmetti d tugdut sɛant azal ameqqran ɣer wass-a, ladɣa deg:
- Tasertit
- Tugdut
- Izerfan n umdan
- Tilelli n urrif
Deg taggara, tamuɣli n Spinoza ɣef tmetti d tugdut d tin yebnan ɣef:
- Tilelli n urrif
- Azref n tugdut
- Assaɣ ger yemdanen
- Tudsa n tmetti
- Tasertit tagdudant
D ayen ara yawin ɣer tmetti igerrzen, mačči kan ɣer tmetti n wass kan. Tiktiwin-is ttbinent-d ass-a deg waṭas n yiḥricen n tussna d tfelsuft, ama deg wayen yeɛnan:
- Amek ara tili tmetti d tagdudant
- Assaɣ ger tussna d tmetti
- Amek ara ilin yemdanen d iseɣyanen
Deg tagara, tikktiwin n Spinoza ɣef tmetti d tugdut d tid i aɣ-d-yemmalen abrid ɣer tmetti igerrzen, s ubrid n tussna d ufham n tidet, mačči s ubrid n wayen i as-yehwan kan i umdan neɣ i tmetti.
Ɣef tumert d tudert:
- Yenna-d belli tumert d ayen yelhan i umdan.
- Ilaq ad nefhem timental n wayen i aɣ-yesdukklen akked ddunit akken ad naweḍ ɣer tumert.
- Tamusni n tidet tettak-d tumert.
Deg tfelsuft n Spinoza, tumert tesɛa amkan d ameqqran. Maca tumert ɣur-s temgarad ɣef wayen ttwalin yemdanen nniḍen. Yeqqar belli tumert ur d-tettili ara kan akka neɣ s wayen i as-yehwan i umdan, maca s tmusni d ufham n tidet.
Yesbeggan-d Spinoza belli tumert tettas-d seg kraḍ n tɣawsiwin tigejdanin:
- Tamusni n tidet:
- Yeqqar belli tumert taḥeqqanit tettas-d seg tmusni
- Mi ara yissin umdan tidet, ad yaweḍ ɣer tumert
- Ur telli ara tumert deg wayen ur nefhim ara
- Ufham n ddunit:
- Ilaq ad nefhem amek tleḥḥu ddunit i d-aɣ-yezzin
- Mi ara nefhem timental n tɣawsiwin, ad naweḍ ɣer tumert
- Ufham-agi yessawaḍ ɣer talwit n rrif
- Tamusni n yiman:
- Ilaq ad nissin iman-nneɣ akken ad naweḍ ɣer tumert
- Ad nefhem timental n lebɣi-nneɣ
- Ad nefhem assaɣ-nneɣ d ddunit i aɣ-d-yezzin
Spinoza yefka-d daɣen tarrayt n tumert yebnan ɣef sin n yiswiren:
Aswir amezwaru: d win n tumert i d-yettilin seg wayen i as-yehwan i umdan, am wučči, tissit, atg. Ɣur-s, tumert-agi ur telhi ara acku ur tdum ara, daɣen tezmer ad d-tawi uguren.
Aswir wis sin: d win n tumert i d-yettilin seg tmusni d ufham. D tin kan i yezmren ad tduum, d tin i d-yettawin talwit i umdan.
Deg tfelsuft-is, yeqqar Spinoza belli amdan yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer tumert s ubrid n:
- Tmusni:
- Ad yissin tidet
- Ad yefhem amek tleḥḥu ddunit
- Ad yissin iman-is
- Urrif:
- Ad yesseqdec aqerru-s
- Ad yesnulfu tiktiwin timeqqranin
- Ad yefhem timental n tɣawsiwin
- Assaɣ d wiyaḍ:
- Ad yili wassaɣ yelhan d yemdanen
- Ad yili wassaɣ yelhan d ddunit
- Ad yefhem amek i tleḥḥu tmetti
Tiktiwin-agi n Spinoza ɣef tumert mazal sɛant azal ameqqran ɣer wass-a, ladɣa deg:
- Tasnaksut
- Tussna n nnefs
- Tafelsuft n tudert
Deg taggara, tamuɣli n Spinoza ɣef tumert d tin yebnan ɣef:
- Tmusni n tidet
- Ufham n ddunit
- Tamusni n yiman
- Assaɣ d wiyaḍ
D ayen ara yawin ɣer tumert taḥeqqanit, mačči kan ɣer tumert n wass kan. Tiktiwin-is ttbinent-d ass-a deg waṭas n yiḥricen n tussna d tfelsuft, ama deg wayen yeɛnan:
- Amek ara yaweḍ umdan ɣer tumert
- Assaɣ ger tmusni d tumert
- Amek ara yili umdan d amestufu
Deg tagara, tikktiwin n Spinoza ɣef tumert d tid i aɣ-d-yemmalen abrid ɣer tumert taḥeqqanit, s ubrid n tmusni d ufham n tidet, mačči s ubrid n wayen i as-yehwan kan i umdan.
Tafelsuft-is tebna ɣef:
- Tamentilt tussnant deg yal taɣawsa
- Assaɣ ger Rebbi d ddunit
- Assaɣ ger nnefs d tfekka
- Azal n tmusni d tfelsuft
- Tilelli s tmusni
Tiktiwin-is ṭṭfent abrid-nsent ɣer wass-a, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan:
- Assaɣ ger tusna d ddin
- Tamusni n nnefs d tfekka
- Azal n tmusni deg tmetti
- Tugdut d tlelli n urrif