Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin

Anay Asuvyati

Tadukli Tasuvyatit deg Umgaru Asemmaḍ

Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin neɣ Tadukli Tasuvyatit (s tarusit: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (asusru )), d awanak aqbur n Turuft ed n Asya, seg 1922 ar 1991, tamanaɣt-ines Musku, tajumma-ines ahat 22 400 000 km². Tadukli Tasuvyatit teṭṭef-d seg yilel n Baltik ar yilel Aberkan ed ugaraw Amelwi. Deg iseggasen-is ineggura, xemsṭac n tigdudiwin tinemlayin tisuvyitiyin i yellan deg awanak-nni : Arminya, Azerbijan, Byilurusya (Byilurusya n tura), Isṭunya, Jurjya, Kazaxestan, Kirgizistan (Kirgizistan n tura), Latvya, Litwanya, Muldavya (Muldavya n tura), Rusya, Ṭaǧikstan, Turkmenistan, Ukrayin ed Uzbekistan.

S yisem-is d awanek ameqqran akk deg umaḍal ɣef teɣzi n lqern wis 20, Tadukli Tasuvyatit teṭṭef sḍis seg tjumma n wakal,mraw d yiwet n tmiwa n wakud, seg Yilel Abalti d Yilel Aberkan ɣer Ugaraw Amelwi, aḥric akk n ugafa-agmuḍan n Eurasya. D amur ameqqran seg wakal n Temnekda Tarusit n zik, Ma nekkes Pulunya d Finland i yellan d timziregt seg ṭṭraḍ aɣarim arusi seg 1918 ar 1921, yerna yennerna wakal seg tallit n Stalinist deg Tuṛuft Usammar d Ugmuḍ (ccerq) Alemmas gar 1939 d 1945.

S waya, akal n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yettnegmu ɣef wakud, ladɣa deg tallit n umgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin ed deffir-s. Tadukli Tasuvyatit llan deg-s Tigdudiwin tifidiṛaliyen(amḍan-nni ideg mgaraden daɣen ssya ɣer da) deg tallit-nni ideg ay yuɣalent d timziregtin asmi tettwakkes Tukli Tasuvyatit.

Aseɣnew n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yella d yiwen seg yinalkamen n tegrawla tarusit n 1917. Tagrawla n fuṛaṛ tfuk tagelda n yitsaren, ideg yella Nikulas II d agensas aneggaru, dɣa yesbedd Tagduda tarusit i d-yeɣlin ass n 7 furar 1917 sɣur Ibulcivikiyen deg Tegrawla n tuber. Yiwen seg yiɣallen ay d-yesnekren asnulfu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit d lebɣi n Vladimir Lenin akken ad yesseḍru taɣuri-nnes tadyulujit tafidiṛalit s ubeddel n Rrus taduklit ɣer tdukli n tegdudiwin ay d-yettwasbedden s wemenzay yigellusen itniniyen ay yesɛan kra n tfulmant tadelsant tadigant. Deg tazwara, tikti-s tella mgal tin n tɣelnaẓrit tasuvyitit n Juzef Stalin i yebɣan ad d-yesnulfu yiwet n tegduda tafidiṛalit tasuvyitit n Rrus. D acu kan, Stalin yuɣal deg tiktiwin-is, dɣa deg yiseggasen n 1925-1939, netta s timmad-nnes yella yettḍafar asnulfu n waṭas n tegdudiwin ay d-yellan deg-sent (deg Quqaz, deg Karilya ed Asya Talemmast).

USSR yeḥkem-itt Ukabar Azduklan n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (PCUS) ladɣa sɣur tnarit-nnes taslekmant, Pulitburu. Akk ibenkan (uṣdif, aselkam neɣ aɣedman), am wakken ay llant tɣamsa d tmetti taɣarimt s umata, llant srid ddaw n udabu n ukabar-a amyiwan d yimsulta-nnes isertiyen (s wudem unṣib Cheka, Guépéou, NKVD, MGB, KGB, atg.), i yerran war azal amuqqran timanit n tmenḍawt n tigdudiwin tifidiṛaliyin d tuddsiwin-nniḍen tifulmanin.

Tikliwin-a, i d-yesleḍ Andrei Amalrik deg useggas n 1970 sɣur Andrei Amalrik d azaglu asertan, anmetti d tdamsa, d ayen i d-yeglan s lexṣara n usirem d uzref, i d-yessuffɣen anabaḍ asuvyati, seg 1985 sɣur Mikhail Gorbachev, akken ad yesmeskel anagraw s tsertit n uṭlasnost ("transparency") d perestroika ("aselmed"). Ulamma yella-d ufraniman deg waggur n meɣres 1991, ideg wwḍen 77.85 deg tlemmast n yimefranen ivuṭin akken ad ḥerzen Tadukli Tasuvyatit, d tiyita n uwanek deg ɣuct 1991 i d-iḥettmen aɣelluy n tmurt.

Amezruy

Talalit n Tdukli Tasuvyatit: Seg Tegrawla ɣer Ṭṭrad Aɣarim (1917-1921)

Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin, neɣ Tadukli Tasuvyatit, tella d yiwet seg yiduba imeqqranen n lqern wis 20. Laṣel-is ur d-yusi ara s talwit, maca d agemmuḍ n snin n tegrawla, ṭṭrad, d tezɣent tagensit i d-yeglan s uɣelluy n Tmenkda tarusit. Tallit gar 1917 d 1921 d tallit yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy-a.

1. Laṣel: Aɣelluy n Tmenkda Tarusit (Send 1917)

Send 1917, Rusya tella d tamnekda tameqqrant i yeḥkem Umenkad (Tsar) Nikulas II. Maca, tamnekda-a tella tettidir deg waṭas n wuguren:

• Ṭṭrad Amadlan Amezwaru: Tikeccemt n Rusya deg ṭṭrad (seg 1914) tessaɣli-d laxṣaṛa tameqqrant n yirgazen d tdamsa.
• Lihana d Uguren Igensanen: Agdud, ladɣa ifellaḥen d yixeddamen, llan ttidiren deg lihana(Tigullelt) d lḥif.
• Tazɣent Tadamsant: Ṭṭrad yeggre-d tazɣent tameqqrant, lɣella ulac, lexṣaṣ di teswiɛt.

Ugur-a yewweḍ ɣer Tegrawla n Furar 1917. Agdud yeffeɣ ɣer yiberdan, iserdasen ugin ad ṭṭfen deg umenkad. Amenkad Nicolas II yeǧǧa adabu. Yekker-d "Unabaḍ Uɛḍil", maca ur yezmir ara ad yefru uguren n ṭṭrad d lexṣaṣ.

2. Tegrawla n Tuber 1917 (Tegrawla Tabulcuvikt)

Tayunt n tɛessast tazewwaɣt n tneɣraft n Vulkan deg Petrograd, deg Tubeṛ 1917.

Deg tallit-nni n tezɣent , Akabar Abulcuvik, s tmalayt n Vladimir Lénine, yewweḍ ad yesɛu tazrirt tameqqrant. Ibulcuviken llan d iɣarimen imṭarfen (aẓaran), bɣan ad sbedden anagraw azduklan.

Deg tuber 1917 (neɣ Nuvembir s teswast tagrigurit), Ibulcuviken sḥebsen Anabaḍ Uɛdil. Tagi d "Tegrawla n Tuber".

Iɣtasen imezwura n Ibulcuviken:

• Talwit: Suffɣen-d Rusya seg Ṭṭrad Amadlan Amezwaru (s "Amtawa n Brest-Litovsk").
• Akal: Fkan akal n yimarkantiyin d Tmazgida i yifellaḥen.
• Adabu i Yesuvyaten: Sbedden adabu amaynut i yebnan ɣef "Yesuvyaten" n yixeddamen d yiserdasen.

Ṭṭrad Aɣarim n Rusya (1917-1921/22)

Admiral Alixandr Kulcak yessenqad iserdasen-nnes deg 1919

Tuṭṭfa n udabu sɣur Ibulcuviken ur teqbil ara teswiɛt meṛṛa. Seg yimir-nni, tekker tallit n ṭṭrad aɣarim yesseṛwa-n idammen, i d-yellan gar sin yiḥricen imeqqranen:

• Iserdasen Izeggaɣen: D iserdasen n udabu abulcuvik ajdid, i yesseday Liyun Trutski.
• Iserdasen Imellalen: D agraw n yiɣerman yemxallafen i yugin adabu abulcuvik. Llan deg-sen wid yettwalin ɣer umenkad aqdim, wid itebɛen anagraw alibrali, d yimḍebbṛen iserdasiyen iqdimen.

Imsisan Ibeṛṛaniyen: Iwunak ibeṛṛaniyen (am Fṛansa, Briṭanya Tameqqrant, Marikan, Yapu) ugin anagraw abulcuvik. Ceggɛen iserdasen d lemɛawna i Yiserdasen Imellalen akken ad nnaɣen mgal Ibulcuviken.

Amek i d-yella Ṭṭrad: Ṭṭrad-a yella d ameqqran s takriḍt tameqqrant seg yidis n Yizeggaɣen ("Terror Ruj") neɣ deg yidis n Yimellalen ("Terror Blanc"). Yegla-d s umilyun n lmut, ama s ṭṭrad, ama s laẓ neɣ s waṭṭanen.

Ibulcuviken (Izeggaɣen) ɣas akken llan deg-sen uguren, rebḥen ṭṭrad aɣarim. Llant aṭas n tmentilin iɣef tmerniwt-a:

1. Tiddukla n Tmalayt: Izwiyɣen llan ddaw yiwet n tmalayt (Linin d Trutski), ma d Imellalen llan mebḍan, mkul yiwen d aɣawas -is.
2. Aseḥbiber ɣef Igelluyen: Ibulcuviken ḥekmen alemmas n Rusya (anda llant temdinin timeqqranin d udabu n uselway).
3. Tugdi n Wagdud: Aṭas n yifellaḥen, ɣas ur ḥemmlen ara Ibulcuviken, uggaden ugar ayen llan Imellalen ad asen-kksen akal i d-wwin deg tegrawla.

Tagrayt: Talalit n USSR

Mi yekfa ṭṭrad aɣarim s nnṣer n Yiserdasen Izeggaɣen (ɣef useggas 1921-1922), Akabar Abulcuvik (i yuɣalen d Akabar Azduklan) yessemɣer adabu-ines.

Deg Dujember 1922, sbedden s wudem unṣib Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin neɣ Tadukli Tasuvyatit. Tdukli-a tesdukel Rusya (i yuɣalen d Tddukkla Tasuvyatit Tarusit) d Tddukkliwin tisuvyatiyin nniḍen (am Ukranya, Byilurusya, d Transcaucasia).

Tallit-a n 1917-1921 tella d tallit n usbeddi aẓaran i yesseḍḥan tamnekda taqdimt, yerna tessel-d yiwen seg yiduba i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg umezruy n ddunit.

Tdukli Tasuvyatit gar sin n yimenɣiyen imaḍlanen(1921-1939)

Tallit gar 1921 d 1939 deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit d tallit n usnulfu n udabu ajdid, maca daɣen d tallit n takriḍt tameqqrant d unbeddel aẓaran n tmetti. Seg taggara n ṭṭrad aɣarim armi d tikecmt deg Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin, tamurt tenneɛtab aṭas maca tesbedd-d iman-is d yiwet seg tnezmarin timeqqranin n ddunit.

Tagrayt n Ṭṭrad Aɣarim d "Tasertit tadamsant tamaynut" (SDM) (1921-1928)

Mi yekfa ṭṭrad aɣarim (1921), Tdukli Tasuvyatit tella deg yir liḥala. Tamurt texṛeb, laẓ yella s waṭas, tadamsa teɣli. Akabar Azduklan (Abulcuvik) yella iḥkem, maca lɣaci ɛyan.

Vladimir Linin yerra-d s yiwen uɣawas ajdid i wumi semman Tasertit tadamsant tamaynut (SDM)

Awexxer Ameẓyan: Lénine yefhem belli "tazduklant n ṭṭrad" i ssexdamen di ṭṭrad ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel s yes.

• Asemmeskel: SMD tefka azref i yifellaḥen ad zzenzen ayen i d-fkan (lɣella) deg ssuq, mi xellṣen tiwsi i udabu.
• Tanezzut Tusligt: Teǧǧa daɣen i tḥuna timecṭuḥin d tmguriyin timeẓyanin ad ilint d tusligin. Maca, anabaḍ yeṭṭef deg yiferdisen imeqqranen (tamguri taẓayant, lbankat...).
• Igemmuḍ: SDM tesserkad (stabiliser) tadamsa. Lɣella tuɣal-d, laẓ yettwakes cwiṭ.

Deg Dujember 1922, Tdukli Tasuvyatit (USSR) tesbedd-ed iman-is s wudem unṣib, tesdukel Rusya, Ukranya, Byilurusya d Tddukkla n Transcaucasie.

2. Lmut n Linin d Umennuɣ ɣef Wudabu (1924-1928)

Linin yemmut deg Yennayer 1924. Lmut-is teǧǧa-d tallunt tameqqrant deg tmalayt n ukabar. Yekker-d umennuɣ d adrugan ɣef anwa ara yeddmen amkan-is, ladɣa gar sin yirgazen:

1. Liyun Trutski: Aqerru n Yiserdasen Izeggaɣen, yella yettwali "tagrawla tamezgit" ( i yessefk ad teffeɣ ɣer umaḍal meṛṛa.
2. Juzef Stalin: Amaru Amatu n Ukabar. Yella d argaz i ixeddmen deg tuffra, yesbedday-d imdanen-is deg yimeḍqan yesɛan azal. Yella yettwali "tazduklant deg yiwet n tmurt" .

Stalin yexdem s tuffirt. Yessexdem tazrirt-is deg ukabar akken ad wexxar Truski d yimsisan-is. Deg 1928, Stalin yuɣal d netta i d imḍebber amezwaru n Tdukli Tasuvyatit.

3. Abrid Ɣer Temguri Ẓẓayen(1928-1933)

Stalin yebɣa ad yerfed Tdukli Tasuvyatit seg tmurt tafellaḥt ɣer tmurt yesɛan tamguri tameqqrant s tɣawla. I wakka, yesbedd-d sin yiɣawasen imeqqranen:

A) Iɣawasen n Semmus n Yiseggasen : D iɣawasen n tdamsa yessefk Ad gen aya deg semmus n yiseggasen. Iswi amezwaru d asenker n "tamguri taẓayent": tamguri n wuzzal, tamguri n yireǧ, d trisiti. Xeddmen s yiwen n uɣrudan ameqqran, ssexḍen i yixeddamen ad xedmen aṭas n wakud s yir ttawilat.

B) Tasedduklant: Akken ad yessečč agdud n temdinin i yettimɣuṛen d uzenz n ifarisen n wučči ɣer beṛṛa (akken ad d-aɣen ttawilat n tamguri, Stalin yegdel tanezzut tusligt n yifellaḥen (yekkes SMD).

• Asbeddi n "Kolkhozes": Yeḥettem i yifellaḥen ad ddukklen akal-nsen d lmal-nsen deg yigran imeqqranen n unabaḍ (Tasedduklant).

• 

  Ifellaḥen yelluẓen deg yiwen n uɣlad deg Xerrkiv, 1933. Deg laẓ deg Ukṛanya Tasuvyatit.

  Azbu n Yifellaḥen: Aṭas n yifellaḥen, ladɣa "ikulaken" (ifellaḥen yesɛan cwiṭ n tmerna), ugin ad fken akal-nsen. Stalin yerra-d s takriḍt tameqqrant: Amelyun n yikulaken ttwanfan ɣer Sibirya neɣ ttwanɣan.
• "Huludumur" (Laẓ Ameqqran): Asenger-a yegla-d s tezɣent n lɣella. Gar 1932 d 1933, yekker-d laẓ ameqqran (ladɣa deg Ukranya, anda yettusemma "Huludumur"). Amelyun n yimdanen i yemmuten s laẓ, ayen i ttwalin aṭas n yimussnawen d tanɣaɣreft i yemmugen sɣur Stalin.

Asizdeg Ameqqran(1936-1938)

Deg yiseggasen n 1930, Stalin yebda yettugad ɣef udabu-ines. Yebda "asfeḍ" ameqqran akken ad yekkes yal yiwen i yezmer ad as-yili d amihi.

• Azmaẓ n Musku : Yesbedd-d akala n yizmaẓen n tkerkas i yimḍebbṛen iqdimen n ukabar abulcuvik (am Buxarin, Zinuvyiv). steɛṛfen (s uqehher) belli d iɣalliyen neɣ d ixeddaɛen.
• Asfiḍan n Yiserdasen: Stalin "yesfeḍ" amur ameqqran seg yimḍebbṛen imeqqranen n Yiserdasen Izeggaɣen, ayen i d-yeǧǧan iserdasen n Tdukli Tasuvyatit war tizemmar mi d-yekker Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin.
• Gulag: Amelyun n yimdanen (imussnawen, imarayen, imḍebbṛen, neɣ lɣaci n menwala) i yettuceggɛen ɣer yigran n tṛusi n lxedma uqehher (Gulag) deg Sibirya, anda i mmuten s temḥeqranit d lxedma ẓẓayen.

Tasertit Tabeṛṛanit (Armi d 1939)

Deg tallit-a, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tella tettqellib amek ara teḥrez iman-is.

• Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1930, tuggad tallelt n Hitler (Nazi) deg Lalman. Teḍfer "tasertit n tɣellist n ugraw", tekcem ɣer Tuddsa n Yiwunak.
• Maca, Stalin yella yettir-d mi yella Iwunak n Umalu (Fṛansa d Briṭanya) bɣan ad tefken anezway i Hitler akken ad yenṭag ɣef Tdukli Tasuvyatit (ɣef wakken i ban deg "Amtawa n Munich" 1938).
• Deg taggara, Stalin ibeddel tanila s lbaḍna. Deg Uɣust 1939, yesbedd-d Amtawa n Mulutuv-Ribbentrup d Lalman tanazit. Amtawa-a yella d amtawa n war-anṭag, maca deg-s tella tafada tanetlit ɣef ubeṭṭu n Bulunya d temnaḍin nniḍen n Turuft n Ugafa gar-asen.

Amtawa-a d netta i d-yelhan abrid i Hitler ad yenṭag Bulunya deg Ctambeṛ 1939, ayen i d-yeskerren Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin.

Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin: Tdukli Tasuvyatit (1941-1945)

Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin yebda deg 1939, maca Tdukli Tasuvyatit ur tekcim ara mgal Lalman almi d 1941. Deg 1939, Stalin yestenya "Amtawa n Mulutuv-Ribbentup" d Hitler. Maca, amtawa-a yettwarẓa mi tenṭeg Lalman ɣef tdukla tasuvyatit.

1. Anṭag n Lalman(1941)

Deg 22 Yunyu 1941, Lalman tanazit tenṭeg ɣef Tdukli Tasuvyatit s tuffra deg yiwet n tamhelt tameqqrant i wumi semman "Tamhelt Barbarussa".

Imezdaɣ n temdint n Liningrad ttaǧǧan ixxamen-nsen i dermen s lbumbat talmanit. Azal n 1 n yimelyunen n yiɣermanen ay yemmuten deg tallit n Usɣim n temdint n Liningrad, amur ameqran seg laẓ.

Axelleɛ: Iserdasen izeggaɣen ur llin ara heggan. Stalin yella ur yettamen ara belli Hitler ad yerẓ amtawa. Yerna, "Asizdeg Ameqqran" n yiseggasen n 1930 yekkes aṭas n yimḍebbṛen iserdasiyen yesɛan tirmit.

Ẓẓdma Ameqran: Deg wagguren imezwura, iserdasen almanen (Wehrmacht) ẓeḍmen s terbaɛt muqqran, ṭṭfen amur ameqqran n Ukranya, Byilurusya, d temnaḍin n Baltik. Asɣimi n tamdint n Liningrad (i yeqqimen 900 n wussan s laẓ).

Azbu n Musku: Deg taggara n 1941, iserdasen almanen wwḍen ɣer tewwura n Musku. Maca, s uzbu ameqqran, d usemmiḍ n tegrest ur nettwaḥsab, Iserdasen izeggaɣen ḥebsen-ten. D tagi i d laxṣaṛa tamezwarut tameqqrant n Hitler.

Tuzzya Tameqqrant: Stalingrad (1942-1943)

Imenɣi n Stalingrad, llan ttwalin-t aṭas n yinmezrayen d taneqqiḍt n ubeddel n ṭṭrad.

Aseggas n 1942 yella d aqesḥan i Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Hitler ibeddel iswi, yebɣa ad yaweḍ ɣer lbitṛul n Qawqaz.

• Timenɣiwt n Stalingrad: Tamdint n Stalingrad (tura Vulgugrad) tuɣal d amkan n umennuɣ aẓaran. Iserdasen almanen kecmen ɣer temdint, maca Iserdasen Izeggaɣen nnuɣen deg uxxam ɣer uxxam, azrug ɣer uzrug.
• Tamhelt Uranus: Deg Nuvembir 1942, aqerru n iserdasen asuvyati (Stavka) yesbedd-d tamhelt n "Uranus". Iserdasen Izeggaɣen zzin-d i yiserdasen almanen (Tareda tis 6 n Vun Pulus) i gellan deg Stalingrad.
• Tuzzya: Mi yekfa usemmiḍ d laẓ, deg Furar 1943, iserdasen almanen i d-yeqqimen ǧǧan iman-nsen. Tagi d yiwet seg tbeddlin timeqqranin n Ṭṭrad Amadlan Wis Sin. Seg yimir-nni, Tadukli Tasuvyatit tebda tettnerni ɣer sdat.
• Timenɣiwt n Kursk (1943): Kra n wagguren mbaɛd, tekker "Timenɣiwt n Kursk", i yellan d timenɣiwt tameqqrant n ikerrusen n ṭṭrad deg umezruy. D annerni ameqqran wis sin i Tdukli Tasuvyatit, i yerẓan tanezmart tanazit deg wegmuḍ.

Aẓdam ɣer Berlin (1944-1945)

Seg 1944, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tebda tesseɣli-d tanezmart-is meṛṛa ef ugmmaḍ n turuft.

• Tamhelt Bagrasyun (Yunyu 1944): D yiwet n temhelt tasuvyatit tameqqrant i yessufeɣen Lalman seg Byilurusya s lqewwa, tesseɣli "Agraw n tredsa talammast" almani.
• Anekcum n Yimsisan: Deg tallit-nni (Yunyu 1944), Imsisan n umalu (Marikan, Briṭanya...) srewlen deg Normandie (D-Day). Tagi teldi-d tirni tis snat i ɣef yettnaɣ Hitler.
• Aslelli n Turuft n Ugafa: Iserdasen Izeggaɣen kemmlen ɣer sdat, slellin Bulunya, Hungri, Rumani, d Čikusluvakya.

Deg Yennayer 1945, Iserdasen izeggaɣen kecmen ɣer tmurt n Lalman, Deg Yebrir 1945, Iserdasen Izeggaɣen zzin-d i Berlin. Timenɣiwt-a tella s idammen, maca deg 30 Yebrir, Hitler yenɣa iman-is deg tesraft-ines. Deg 8-9 Mayyu 1945, Lalman testeɛref s texsara-s war ttawilat. Ṭṭrad deg Turuft yekfa. (Tdukli Tasuvyatit tekcem daɣen deg ṭṭrad mgal Japun deg Uɣust 1945, maca d ayen yeṭṭfen drus n wakud).

Ṭṭrad-a yeǧǧa-d tacrawt meqqren i Tdukli Tasuvyatit, D tamurt i yessexsren aṭas akk n yimdanen. Llan gar 20 d 27 milyon n tiɣtas, gar-asen iserdasen d lɣaci. Amur ameqqran n tadamsa n umalu n tmurt texṛeb (timdinin, ixxamen...), maca, Ɣas akken texṣer aṭas, Tdukli Tasuvyatit teffeɣ-d seg ṭṭrad d yiwet seg snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin n ddunit, akk d Marikan. Ayen i d-yeglan s "Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ"

Tallit Taneggarut n Stalin (1945-1953)

Mi yekfa Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin deg 1945, Tdukli Tasuvyatit teffeɣ-d d yiwet seg snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin n umaḍal, nutni d Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan. Maca, tamurt teɣli, texṣer ugar n 20 n yimilyunen n yimdanen, yerna timdinin d temguri uɣalent am akken ssusement.

Tallit taneggarut n Jozif Stalin tebḍa ɣef sin n yimeẓra timeqqranin: aɛawed n lebni n tmurt d ubeddi n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

1. Aɛawed n Lebni d Usemɣer n Uqmaḍ

Seld ṭṭrad, Stalin yessefra aɛawed n lebni n tdamsa tazayezt, ladɣa tamguri tazayezt d unagraw n tsertit . Aɣawas n Lebni n Stalin yekemmel s yiɣawasen n 5 n yiseggasen. Ayen yelhan deg-sen, d asenker n tferkiwin n wuzzal, n lminat, d tasareɣt. Akken ad yexdem anecta, isseqdec aṭas n yimeḥbas n yigruren n lxedma (Gulag).

Asemɣer n Uqmaḍ Aɣrudan: Deg yiseggasen-agi ineggura, Stalin yuɣal Yettagad ugar iɣelliten d wid ara s-yekksen adabu. "yessezdeg" amussu azduklan s wid iɣil d "iɣeddaṛen". Anect-a yewwid tiɣtas n Tuggdi, tallit-a teččur d tuggdi, Stalin yebda "tasestant" deg 1952, i wumi ssawalen "Taluft n tbluzin timellalin". Deg-s, yebda yezzem imejjayen amur ameqqran deg-sen d Udayen, yenna-d belli xedmen anguz akken ad nɣen imḍebbren isuvyatiyen. Aṭas i yettwaṭṭfen uqbel lmut-is.

2. Abeddi n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ

Deg tallit-a, assaɣ ger Tdukli Tasuvyatit d yimsisan-ines n ṭṭrad (Marikan d Tgelda Yedduklen) yeɣli mliḥ mliḥ. taredsa tasuvyatit teqqim deg tmura n Turuft n Usemmar i yeslelli si Tenazit. Stalin yerra timura-nni (Pulunya, Čikusluvakya, Hungarya, Rumanya, Bulgarya) d "igensaten" isuvyatiyen. Yesbedd deg-sent idabuyen izduklanen iɣef yesɛa aɣmar ameqqran.

"Aɣrab n Wuzzal": Deg 1946, Winstun Curcil (aneɣlaf amezwaru n Britanya) yefka yiwet n yinaw anda i d-yenna belli "yiwen uɣrab n wuzzal yeɣli-d ɣef Turuft", yebḍa-tt ɣef sin: Asemmar (Est) s ddaw n Tdukli Tasuvyatit, d Umalu ilelli. Wagi d anza n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Tazɣent n Berlin: Deg 1948-1949, Stalin iger anagraw n uḥbas ɣef Berlin Umalu akken ad yerr Marikan, Fṛansa, d Britanya ad ffɣen seg temdint-nni. Maca, Iwunak Yedduklen xedmen "Tiqenṭert n Yigenni" iwakken ad ssawḍen lqut i yimezdaɣ. D tazɣent tamezwarut n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Tabumbat Taɣisant: Asemdu ameqqran akk n tallit-a d asmi i tesɛa Tdukli Tasuvyatit tabumbat-is taɣisant tamezwarut deg 1949. Anecta yebeddel tamsukt n tnezmarin n umaḍal. Tdukli Tasuvyatit tuɣal d tanezmart taɣisant tis snat.

Deg Meɣres 1953, Juzif Stalin yemmut. Tameṭṭant-is teɣleq tallit-a n tuggdi d uqmaḍ, yerna teldi-d tiwwura i tallit tajḍiṭ n umennuɣ asemmaḍ d ubeddel agensan deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit.

Amezruy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit: Seg Tmettant n Stalin (1953) ar Uɣelluy (1991)

Tallit n Xrusčev (1953-1964): Tukksa n Testalinit d "Ugris"

Mi yemmut Joseph Stalin deg Meɣres 1953, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tekcem deg tallit n leḥkem amazday uqbel ad d-yali Nikita Xrusčev d amaray amezwaru ameqqran.

Xrusčev zdat ukusmunut yuri gagarin, pavel popovic akked valentina tereshkova, 1963.

Tukksa n Testalinit: Deg 1956, deg Wegraw wis 20 n Ukabar Azduklan, Xrusčev yefka-d "Awal Uffir" ideg i d-yesken ttrika d takriḍt n leḥkem n Stalin. Ayagi yeldi tawwurt i wayen umi semman "Tukksa n Ugris", anda i d-tella cwiṭ n tilelli n wawal d umdel n igran n Gulag.

Tidukla s Talwit: Deg tsertit n beṛṛa, Xrusčev yessefra-d anagraw n "Tidukla s Talwit" d Yiwunak Yeddukklen, maca tallit-a teččuṛ daɣen d tazɣent, am Tmesɣiwt n Hungarya (1956) d Tazɣent n Yimrigen n Kuba (1962), i yeqquren ad d-tawi ṭṭraḍ aɣisan.

Tallunt d Tdamsa: D tallit-a i d-yellan usnirem ameqqran ɣer tallunt (Sputnik 1, agensa amezwaru deg 1957, d Yuri Gagarin, amdan amezwaru deg 1961). Xrusčev yerra-d daɣen lwelha-s ɣer tfellaḥt d usnerni n lfaydat n tmetti, maca aṭas n yiswiyin-is ur wwiḍen ara.

Xrusčev teɣli-yas tezmart deg 1964 sɣur imeqqranen n ukabar-is (ladɣa Brejnev) i t-iwalan iṛuḥ mebɛid deg ubeddel d "ussexṛeb n udabu".

Tallit n Brejnev (1964-1982): Tallit n Tyersi

Mi yettwkkes Xrusčev, yuli-d Liyunid Brejnev, i yeḥkmen azal n 18 n iseggasen. Tallit-is tettwassen s yisem n "Tallit n Tyersi".

• Tiyersi n Tdamsa: Leḥkem n Brejnev yegla-d s teɣḍaṭ n tezmert n Ukabar Azduklan. Maca, tadamsa tasuvyatit, i yebnan ɣef uɣawas imeslemmes, tebda tettɛeṭṭil. Tamellit n ufares taders-d, yerna lixṣaṣ yebda-d yettban-d deg tnezzut.
• Tsertit n Beṛṛa (Arkad Umenɣi): Seg yidis, tallit-a twala "Arkad" d Yiwunak Yeddukklen, s ustenyi n yimtawayen n SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) i wakken ad ssenqsen umrigen iɣisanen. Seg yidis nniḍen, Tdukli Tasuvyatit tesseɣli "Tafsut n Prag" deg Tcekkusluvakya (1968), s tmuɣli n "Tasnakta n Brijnev" i yeqqaren belli Tdukli Tasuvyatit tezmer ad teddukel s leɛsker deg tmura tizduklanin nniḍen.
• Imenɣi n Afɣanistan (1979): Taggara n leḥkem n Brijnev twala anṭag d unekcum n Tdukli Tasuvyatit ɣer Afɣanistan. Imenɣi-ya yuɣal d "Vietnam" n Isuvyatiyen, yessefcel tadamsa yerna yesseɣli-d azal-is deg umaḍal.

Abrid ar Ubeddel (1982-1985)

Mi yemmut Brijnev deg 1982, ulin-d sin n imḍebbren i wakken kan: Yuri Andrupuv (1982-1984) d Kunstantin Cernk (1984-1985). Nutni ẓran belli tadamsa tella deg wugur ameqqran, maca tterka d leɛmeṛ-nsen ur ten-ǧǧin ara ad xedmen tismeskal ilaqen.

Tallit n Gurbacev (1985-1991): Perestrwayka, Glasnust d Uɣelluy

Deg 1985, yuli-d Mixayil Gurbacev, d amḍebber si tsuta tamaynut, i yebɣan ad isseɣret Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Yessefra-d sin n yiɣawasen imeqqranen:

• Glasnust (Tasarɣut / Tuffɣa n Wawal): Yefka-d tilelli n wawal i tmetti. Medden bdan ttmeslayen ɣef wuguren n udabu, ɣef umezruy uffir (am Stalin), yerna bdan-d ttaɣen azɣan mgal anagraw. Ayagi yessaweḍ i usali n tɣernaẓrit deg tigdudiwin tisuvyatin.
• Perestrwayka (Asaḍas / Asemseɣret): D aɣawas n usbeddel n tdamsa. Gurbacev yebɣa ad yesseɣret tazdukla s ussekcem n cwiṭ n unagraw n "ssuq" d usqacew n tnezzut tusligt. Maca, Perestrwayka ur d-tuwi ara ayen yettṛaju. Tesseɣli-d anagraw n uɣawas imeslemmes aqdim uqbel ad d-yebnu amaynut, ayen i d-yeglan s lixṣaṣ d uɣelluy n unagraw n tmeddurt.

Aɣelluy (1989-1991)

semseɣṛiten n Gurbacev rẓan lsas n Tdukli Tasuvyatit:

1. Aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin (1989): Gurbacev yugi ad isseqdec lqewwa i wakken ad yeḥbes timura n tirni n Usammar (am Pulunya, Hungarya, Bilgarya n Usammar) i yebɣan tilelli. Aɣelluy n Uɣrab n Berlin deg Tuber 1989 yemla-d taggara n ṭṭrad Assemḍaḍ deg Turuft.
2. Tankra n Tigdudiwin: Deg Tdukli Tasuvyatit s timmad-is, "Glasnust" tefka-d tazmart i tgdudiwin. Timura n Baltik (Listunya, Litwanya, Litunya) d nutenti i d imezwura i d-yessutren tilelli-nsent. Mbeɛd, Ukṛanya, Jyuṛjya, d Rrus s timmad-is (s ddaw n leḥkem n Buris Yeltsin) bdan ula nutenti.
3. Tiyita n uwanek n Ɣuct 1991: Imḍebbren n Ukabar Azduklan (wid yettwalin s uqdim) ur qbilen ara aɣelluy n tezmert-nsen. Deg Ɣuct 1991, xedmen-d yiwet n "tyita n uwanek" mgal Gurbacev. Tiyita-agi ur tewwiḍ ara, ladɣa imi Buris Yeltsin (aselway n Rrus) yekker-d mgal-is deg Musku.
4. Taggara: Ɣas ma ur tewwiḍ ara tyita-nni, yessaweḍ kan ad yesseɣli lqima n Gurbacev d Ukabar Azduklan, yerna yefka-d tazmart i Yeltsin. Deg wagguren i d-iteddun, tagduda deffir tayeḍ tefɣ-d seg Tdukli.

Deg 8 Dujembeṛ 1991, iselwayen n Rrus (Yeltsin), Ukṛanya, d Byilurusya msefhamen ɣef usebḍu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Deg 25 Dujembeṛ 1991, Mixayil Gurbacev yesteɛfa, yerna Tdukli Tasuvyatit tesres-d i lebda.

Tagrayt

Aɣelluy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg 1991 ur d-yelli ara kan seg sebba n Gurbacev, maca d inalkamen n 40 n iseggasen n wuguren. Seg tiyersi n tdamsa n tallit n Brijnev, ar umenɣi n Afɣanistan, armi d isemseɣṛiten n Gurbacev i d-yessakin anagraw i yellan yakan yeṛwa. Taggara n Tdukli Tasuvyatit temla-d taggara n ṭṭrad Assemaḍ d talallit n unagraw n annaḍ amaynut umaḍal.