Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin
Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin d unuɣ s yibeckiḍen d rṣaṣ akked wallalen n tmenɣiwt gar tmura n umaḍal akken ma llant, tebda seg 1 ctember 1939 ar 2 ctember 1945. Unuɣ-a yeḍra-d gar snat n tamiwin tigejdanin : At tdukli d wat tlemmast.
Sebba-s d Trad Tamaḍalant Tamezwarut ur d-yewwin ara tifrat i wuguren akked beqqu n usemɣer n tlisa akked wayen yerzan tadamsa n tmura n wat tlemmast (Lalman Tanaẓit, Ṭelyan Tafacist akked Tgelda n Japun).
Tazwara teqqen ɣer Lalman deg beṭṭu n Tuṛuft, Tadukli Tasuvyatit tekcem ɣer ugrur At tdukli deg sdat n Tuṛuft Tagmuḍant sdeffir unekcum almani ass n 22 Yunyu 1941. Iwunak Yeddukklen ǧǧan tarawsant-nnes deffir ma neṭgen ɣef Pearl Harbor sɣur yiɣallen ijapuniyen ass n 7 Dujembeṛ 1941. S waya, amyenkaf yettuɣal d amaḍalan s tidet, d win yerzan akk tizemmar timeqqranin d tuget n tmura n umaḍal deg qrib akk imenẓawen.[1]
Amgaru yekfa deg umezgun n tigawin n Tuṛuft ass n 8 mayyu 1945 (9 mayyu 1945 deg USSR ɣef lǧal n uwwaxar n wakud) s uslelli n Reich wis tlata, dɣa ɣer tagara yekfa deg umezgun asyawi-Pacific n tigawin ass n 2 ctember 1945 s uslelli ur nesεi tilas n temnekda tajapunit.
Amgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin d netta ay d imenɣi imselleḥ ameqran akk deg talsa, issebded ugar n 100 n yimelyunen n yimnaɣen seg 61 n tmura, s usexdem n ugar n 22 n yimelyunen n yikilumitren imkuẓen, ay yenɣan azal n 62 n yimelyunen n yimdanen, gar-asen amur ameqran seg yiɣermanen. Amgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin d netta daɣen ay d ṭṭraḍ idyuluji ameqqran akk deg umezruy, d ayen i d-yessegzayen iwacu iɣallen imsawnen yellan deg Tuṛuft d Asya , zemren ad ilin ɣer yidis d imnekcamen neɣ d icenga, neɣ d zbu-nni yezmer ad tili deg ul n Lalman tanaẓit deg ṭṭraḍ. Ṭṭraḍ ummid, ɣas ini iseffeḍ akk beṭṭu gar wallunen iɣermanen d yiserdasen u yettakk-d i sin yideggen i usismel meqqren n teɣbula mačči kan d tanga — tadamsant d tussna — maca ula d tumast d tsertit, deg lεehd n tmettiyin akken ma llant.
Amḍan n lexṣara-nni tangant ur tettwaktazel ara s ttbut. Lexṣaṣ n tudert d trawma n yimdanen d win yettbanen, s tekriḍt i d-yettawin ɣef wayen ur nettwaqbal. Imenɣi-nni yettak-d aṭas n yinɣa n ṭṭraḍ, inɣa i d-yellan s tekriḍt taredsant ur nesεi tilas, ladɣa takriḍt am ta mgal iɣermanen tikwal d aḥric seg tesnuddest taserdasit. D ayen i yeǧǧan ad d-yeffeɣ, deg lmizan ur nettwassen armi d tura, s kra n inɣa meqqren maḍi, d kra n inɣa ur nesεi tilas, ladɣa seg n Lalman Nazi d Japun. Tijrimin-a llant deg-sent tneggiwin tijenṭaḍin i d-yettawin ɣef tuddsa tamgurant yebnan ɣef usuffeɣ n yikemmusen n usqecmeε, ikemmusen n uxeddim d yisantimen n ussenger, gar-asent tixxamin n lgaz i ussenger n yimezdaɣ akken ma llan (Udayen, Slavs, Gypsies) neɣ ladɣa taggayin n yimdanen (izduklanen, imluzufen, imeɛdazen, Inagan n Yahwa, atg.), ladɣa deg uberreḥ n unhil anazi. Azal n tejrimin i d-yettwakren, d ayen i d-yessenkaren tabadut n kra n tejrimt tamaynut sɣur yimernayen : tajrimt(inɣa) mgal talsa, yettwasnes ladɣa i tmenɣiwt n wudayen n Tuṛuft. Ilaq-aɣ ad d-nernu ɣer waya timenɣiwt anagrawan n Inazbayen n tuṭṭfa d yinemgalen isertanen, am wakken i d-nnan , am akken xedmen Yinaziyen mgal iɣermanen, amedya ; aεeddi ɣef lḥerma n tlawin deg yigellusen iεdawen yettwaṭṭfen, ama s yiwen ugrur neɣ s wayeḍ. tirmitin ɣef yimdanen i gan ṭṭebba inaẓiyen am SS Josef Mengele neɣ tadukli tajapunit.
lbumbat timeqranin n yigenni ay d-yellan deg tazwara sɣur tmura n wat tlemmast deg Tuṛuft (Coventry deg Tgelda Yeddukklen, Rotterdam deg Hulanda) akk deg Asya (Shanghai, Kantun, Chongqing deg Ccinwa, taneggarut-a d tamdint ay d-yellan s lbumbat akk deg yimenɣi gar Ccinwa ed Japun), sakkin sɣur Yimeddukal n Lalman s lqis ameqqran, tmenɣiwin ɣef Tokyo s napalm deg Japun. Snulfan-tt-id Yiwunak Yeddukklen deg tallit n yimenɣi, lbumba taṭumatikt tettwasseqdec i tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy: snat n lbumbat ay d-ssersen Yiwunak Yeddukklen ɣef yiswan iɣarimen, ṭṭerḍqent s kraḍ n wussan gar-asent, deg Hiroshima d Nagasaki, deg Japun.
Amgaru Amaḍlan Wis Sin yessaweḍ Marikan d Ssuvyat, wid irebḥen, ad uɣalen d tizemmar timeqqranin, yessefken ad ḥekment amaḍal, ad msefraqent ɣef tikta d tsertit azal n uzgen n lqern. akked ad mqabalen gar-asen s yiserdasen s yiwanaken n tmenḍawt (proxy) am wakken ay d-yella deg Kurya, tin n Vietnam d tin n Afɣanistan. Tekkes tazmert i tegeldunin tiqburin n Turuft, teldi abrid i useɣli n tnekraft yellan deg Asya, deg umaḍal aɛrab d Tefriqt armi d iseggasen n 1960.
Temɣer n twaɣiyin d wid yemmuten tessaweḍ ɣer usnulfu n yigensasen igraɣlanen isertiyen d yidamsanen akken ur d-yettili ara uεiwed n tegnatin yettawin ɣer ṭṭraḍ (tuddsa n yiɣlanen yedduklen, Asenfar Agraɣlan n Tedrimt, Tabanka Tamaḍlant d Umtawa Amatu n Tmenḍawt d Tnezzut, gar wid yettwassnen akk).
Tikli ɣer ṭṭrad
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Aẓar n ccwal deg Urupa
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Imtawayen n Versailles, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Trianon d Neuilly sekkrent-d aɣbel d ugur ɣer Lalman, Uṭric-Hungaria d Bulgari. Lalman tḥulfa i tkerkas deg lexsar-s deg useggas 1918 d uzmul n umtawa n Versailles. Aya yewwi-d aḥelfu mgal n yisertiyen n Lalman ar wemgaru, ayen yeǧǧan lɛesker n lalman ad ddun d inaziyen.
Tazɣent n 1929 tegla-d s twuriwin n ummesten d umennuɣ gar tmura. Ma yella tigeldunin ḥeṣṣrent iman-nsent deg uguren tdamsa, Tadiktaturit tifaciyin ṛeṣṣant iman-nsent s yiɣallen. Yal tamurt tebda asileɣ n yiɣallen i wakken ad teffeɣ seg wugur n tedrimt.
Amgaru deg Turuft yekka-d seg yiswiyen n ukabar anazi - yeṭṭfen tazmert deg Lalman - i d-yemmalen Adolf Hitler deg udlis-is "Mein Kampf" deg 1924. Ɣef wannect-a, Tadiktaturit tafacit n Ṭelyan tebɣa ad d-terr amenkud-is deg Ityupya d Turuft n Unẓul.
Tikti n "amkan n tudert" i yebɣa Hitler, tewweḍ-d seg usexser n tnekkraf n Lalman deg Tefriqt deg taggara n tgelda-s taɛeskrit n Usammar. Deffir n umtawi n Versailles, Lalman tesruḥ ayen akk terbeḥ deg lqern wis 19 d wis 20.
Aẓar n ccwal deg Asya
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Ɣas akken Japun tella deg yidis n At tdukli deg Umgaru Amenzu Amaḍlan, tezmul deg 1922 ɣef umtawi aɣerrabu n Washington, maca teggi kra n yiferdisen-is deg 1936 mi llan d-ttmeslayen ɣef umtawi aɣerrabu n London. Aṭas n yimḍebbren n tsertit d yiɛsekriyen ijapuniyen, am Fumimaro Konoe d Sadao Araki, rran-d tiẓri n "hakkō ichiu" ("tam n yixfawen n umaḍal ddaw n yiwen n uzeṭṭa"), sbedden tikta yebnan ɣef tiẓri n wegdud ajapuni d wazref-is ad iḥkem Asya. Tikta-agi n ccfawat sskanent-d Japun d talemmast n umaḍal, ttakent azal i tgeldit d ugellid, win yellan d arebbi, d arraw n tayemmat Amaterasu Omikami. Aya yessaweḍ ɣer uɛraḍ n wembiwel n Shōwa.
S tezrirt n yiḥricen iɛeskriyen, Japun tekcem Mandcuria deg 1931, syen taggara n Ccinwa seg 1937. Tugi Japun ad teffeɣ seg Indochine tafransist, i tekcem deg 1941, d Ccinwa, ḥaca Mandchoukouo, yewwi-d deg unebdu n useggass-nni, ɣer ussebded n uḥbas n upiṭrul ɣer berra sɣur Yiwunak Yeddukklen. S wannect-a, Hirohito yessenker amgaru n Asya asammar Tameqqrant ("Dai Tô-A sensô") yefka ttesriḥ i uhuddu ɣef Pearl Harbor d ukcem n Asya n Anẓul-asammar.
Imnaɣen
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Amennuɣ agejdan n umgaru yella-d gar "At tdukli" d "wat tlemmast.", meḥsub wid yezmlen ɣef Umtawi n Tlata d tmura i ten-yeṭṭafaren. Maca, timdukkal ttbeddilent aṭas deg umgaru d tazwara-s. Ɣef umedya, Pulunya tettekki deg beṭṭu n Tcikoslovakya deg 1938 akked Lalman tanazit, maca tɛedda fell-as unakcem zdat waya, beṭṭant gar Lalman tanazit d Ssuvyat s umtawi agermani-asuvyati, i yesbegnen daɣen akcem n tmura tibaltiyin. Finlanda, deg Umgaru n Tegrest deg 1939 mgal Ssuvyat, teṭṭef-itt Briṭanya d Fransa, maca truḥ ɣer tama n Lalman tanazit mi tekcem taneggaru-a ɣer Ssuvyat, send ad tbeddel idis deg 1944. Rumanya, i yeṭṭfen idis utrim deg tazwara n umgaru, truḥ ɣer tama n yinaziyen mi yeɣli ugeldan-is s ufus n umussu afaci n Uɛessas n wuzzal, send ad tuɣal ɣer yidis n At tdukli deg 1944.
At Tlemmast
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Abrid ɣer umgaru deg Turuft yella-d s tazzla n wanaḍen n Lalman. S imeslayen n Yves Durand, "Tamasit n tnekra n Umgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan tezzi-d ɣef Lalman n Hitler".[2]
Mi tekcem Pulunya sɣur Lalman d Ssuvyat, Ccinwa tella yakan tekcem-itt Japun seg 1937, maca assaɣen gar Berlin d Tokyo qqimen beɛden, Lalman ur tettɛawan ara Japun. Tagelda n Japun, i yeṭṭfen deg umgaru i ɣilen ad yaweḍ tlata wayyuren kan, tesɛa ugur deg uḥraz n wakal meqqren. Timital-is mgal iɣermanen (timeẓliwt n Nankin) d useqdec n leslaḥ akimyan d abiyuluji i d-yefkan uḥric 731 rnan-as-d akraf deg Turuft.
Deg 27 ctember 1940 yella uzmul n umtawi n tlata deg Berlin anda Japun teqbel tamenɣit n Lalman d Ṭelyan deg Turuft, ma nutni qeblen tazmert n Japun deg Asya Tacerqit: tlata tmura-agi zmelent ɣef umtawi n tallelt. Ma d Ṭelyan, i yellan d tamdukelt n Lalman seg 1936, ur tebdir ara amgaru mgal Fransa d Briṭanya alamma d 10 yunyu 1940, tekcem tagelda n Legrig war ma temcawar d Yalmanen deg 28 tuber 1940.
Tadukli n Hungaria d Lalman seg 1938 tefka-yas timerniwt n wakal seg Tcikoslovakya d Rumanya, maca tamurt ur telli ara deg umennuɣ asmi tedda ɣer wat tlemmast deg 20 wember 1940. Hungaria ur tettekki ara deg umgaru alamma d akcem n Yuguslavya deg yebrir 1941, syen deg uhuddu mgal Ssuvyat deg yunyu. Briṭanya d Marikan Berrḥen-as-d s ṭṭraḍ (amgaru) deg 14 dujember 1941.
Seld mi d-mmeɣ fell-as Ssuvyat deg 30 wember 1939 deg Umgaru n Tegrest, Finlanda tedda d Lalman (war ma tedda ɣer wat tlemmast ) tbedda amgaru mgal Ssuvyat deg 26 yunyu 1941, deg wamek qqaren "Amgaru n Uɛiwed". Maca, amaṛical afinlandi Mannerheim yerra iswi-s kan ɣer tuɣalin n wakal i tewwi Ssuvyat s umtawi n Mosku n 12 meɣres 1940.
Deffir mi tuɣal ad tefk 1/5 n wakal-is i Ssuvyat deg 28 yunyu 1940, Rumanya tewwet-itt tneqlabt n umaṛical anazi Ion Antonescu deg 6 ctember 1940, akked ukcem n yiɛsekriyen n Lalman deg 8 tuber 1940, tedda ɣer Wat Tlemmast deg 25 wember 1940. Deg 22 yunyu 1941, tettekki deg uhuddu n Lalman mgal Ssuvyat i wakken ad d-terr akal i tesruḥ aseggas-nni yezrin, maca mačči am uɛesker afinlandi, aɛesker arumani yettekki deg yimenniɣen armi d Stalingrad, yettekki deg tkerkas: timeẓliwt n yiɣermanen deg Odessa, aselḥu d useɣli n Wudayen deg Transnistrie. Briṭanya d Marikan bdint-as amgaru deg 14 dujember 1941.[3]
Hungaria d Rumanya ceyyɛent imelyunen n yergazen i wakken ad mnaɣen akked Lalman deg Ssuvyat.
Inmagaren n yiwaziwen ibeṛṛaniyen i yettekkiyen deg uɣrab asuvyati ɣef wudem n umgal-abulcivizm, am terbeɛt taspenyulit Azul neɣ yiwaziwen ibeṛṛaniyen ifransiyen, sɛan drus n yiɛsekriyen.
Anezzarf n tgelda n Yuguslavya, Paul, yezmul tadukli d Lalman deg meɣres 1941. Yerna-yas-d tikkelt taneqlabt taɛeskrit mgal Lalman: asmi Pierre II, agellid amaynut i d-yewwin tneqlabt, yekkes tadukli, Lalman d Ṭelyan kcment, fṛeqent Yuguslavya. Tamurt tilellt n Krwatya tuɣal d tamḍefṛit n Lalman tanazit. Tamḍefṛit-nniḍen n Lalman, Sluvakya, i yeddan ɣer umtawi n tlata deg wember 1940, tbedda amgaru mgal Ssuvyat deg 23 yunyu 1941.
Bulgari tedda ɣer Wat Tlemmast deg 1 meɣres 1941 syen tejja Wehrmacht ad tɛeddi deg wakal-is i wakken ad tekcem Legrig. Bulgari tesseqdec tadukli-agi i wakken ad terni ɣef tama n wid i tt-id-yezzin, maca ur tettekki ara deg ukcem n Ssuvyat. Briṭanya d Marikan bdint-as amgaru deg 14 dujember 1941. Tella deg umgaru mgal Ssuvyat kan 24 n swayeɛ, deg 5 d 6 ctember 1944.
S usenger n uḥric si tnawt n yiɣerruba n yiwunak yedduklen di pearl harbor ass n 7 duǧamber 1941 d ukcem n Malaisya, akal abriṭani, Japun tekcem s ṣṣeḥ deg umgaru mgal Marikan d Briṭanya.
Japun d Ssuvyat mmenɣent deg 1939, war abdar n umgaru, deg Mangulya (amennuɣ n Halhin Gol). Isuvyaten ur bdiren ara s wudem unṣib amgaru mgal Japun alamma d 8 ɣuct 1945.
Deg 21 dujember 1941, Tailand tezmul amtawi n ummesten d Japun tbedda amgaru mgal Marikan d Briṭanya. Aɣelluy n unabaḍ n Plaek Pibulsonggram deg yulyu 1944 ur yekkes ara s wudem unṣib tadukli maca Tailand teffeɣ seg umennuɣ s ufuɣ seg wakal i tewwi i Yebriṭaniyen.
Deg 8 ctember 1943, Badoglio, i yeṭṭfen amkan n Mussolini, yekkes tadukli d Lalman s uzmul n uḥbas n umgaru d At Tdukli. Hitler yekcem tikkelt tazunegzirt armi d Naples.
Seg taggara n 1943, Hungaria tebda tattezwar abeddel n tdukli. Mi yesla s uheggi-agi, Hitler yumar akcem n Hungaria deg 19 meɣres 1944, yekkes anezzarf Horthy, yefka tazmert i Ferenc Szálasi i yeqqimen deg Wat Tlemmast.
Iɛdawen n Wat Tlemmast
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Seg unekcum n Pulunya armi d imenɣi n Fransa
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Pulunya d tamurt tamezwarut i yennuɣen mgal Lalman seg 1 ctember 1939 asmi tekker mgal ukcem-is. Akcem n Pulunya yewwi-d abdar n umgaru sɣur Briṭanya d Fransa deg 3 ctember 1939.[4]
Briṭanya tenna-d d akken tebda amgaru imi tefka awal i Pulunya deg 31 meɣres 1939. Alexander Cadogan, yella d amaray deg tɣula tibeṛṛaniyin n Briṭanya, yenna-d ɣef wannect-a belli Chamberlain yezmul-itt i wakken ad yili ɣer tama n pulanya ma yella-d uhuddu neɣ unṭag ɣef Pulunya, ɣas akken tamurt-a ur tezmir ara ad tḥarez iman-is seg ukcem.
Akked Briṭanya, Australia d Zeland Tamaynut daɣen bdant amgaru mgal Lalman. Deffir-sent, akk timdinin (Kanada, Tefriqt n Unẓul, atg.) d tnekkraf (Lhend, Nijirya, Kenya, atg.) n Ugeldu abriṭani ddant deg umennuɣ, ḥaca Irland n Unẓul i yeqqimen war ma tedda deg kra.
Deg yebrir 1940, mi tekcem Lalman ɣer Danmark d Nurvij, ta taneggaru tekker s leslaḥ, ma d Danmark, ur tesɛi ara aṭas n yiɣallen, teɛreḍ kra n wannayen ur nesliḥ ara, syen tedda ddaw "ummesten n Lalman".
Deg 10 mayu 1940, yekker umennuɣ n Fransa s ukcem n Luksemburg, Biljik d tmura n Wadda sɣur Lalman. Tiselway n Luksemburg, ur nesɛi ara aɛesker iṣeḥḥan, ɛerḍent ad mmeslayent d yimḥadden-nsent, maca nutni ṭṭfen tamurt deg wass-nni. Deffir semmus n wussan, iɣallen n tmura n Wadda ɣlin, tamurt tedda ddaw n Lalman; tageldit d unabaḍ rewlen ɣer Londres. Ma d Biljikiyen, deffir 18 n wussan n umennuɣ, aɛesker-nsen yeɣli deg 28 mayu 1940. Anabaḍ yerwel ɣer Fransa, syen ɣer Briṭanya deffir n uḥbas n umgaru n 22 yunyu. S yiɣallen i izemren ad rewlen seg uɛdaw, tkemmel amgaru akked At Tdukli, tesseqdec tanekraft-is n Kungu.
Amennuɣ n Fransa yessenger tuget n uɛesker afransis deg mayu d yunyu 1940, ayen yeǧǧan anabaḍ afransis ad yessuter aḥbas n umgaru, i yezmul deg 22 yunyu. Deg 18 yunyu, seg Londres, yugi ad yeḥbes amenɣi, ajiniral afransis de Gaulle yessawel i yimdanen ad dun yid-s i wakken ad kemmel amenɣi mgal Lalman akked Ugeldu abriṭani. S uḥbas n umgaru, Fransa teffeɣ seg umgaru, tebda axeddim s uɣil d Lalman deg tdamsa i yettawin akk tanekraft-is.
Ɣas akken, imḍebbren n Ugeldu abriṭani ugin talwit d Lalman. Briṭanya tesdukel daɣen aṭas n yinabaḍen yerwlen neɣ imsefraqen i yesbedden iɣallen-nsen - ladɣa ipulaniyen, itciken, iyuguslaviyen, ibiljikiyen, ihulandiyen d yifransiyen - ɣer tama n Briṭanya.
Anekcum ɣer ṭṭrad n Marikan d temnekda tamhersant tafransist
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg Umgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan, Lalman d yimdukal-is, Ṭelyan d Japun, llan dduklen s umtawi n tlata. Yella-d umennuɣ gar Marikan d Lalman tanazit (am useɣreq n uɣerrabu Robin Moor deg 21 mayu 1941). Roosevelt yenna-d ur yettaǧǧa ara Lalman ad tḥkem Aṭlasi.
Hitler yebɣa Japun ad thuddu ɣef Marikan akken ad tebɛed ɣef tama tacerqit(asammer) n Turuft. Deg fuṛaṛ 1941, Hitler yebda ccek imi Hideki Tōjō, aselway amezwaru ajapuni amaynut, ur yeheggi ara ahuddu ameqqran ɣef uɣerrabu amarikani. Hitler yenna i Japun ma tedda ɣer umgaru mgal Marikan, Lalman ad tt-id-tḍfer.
Deg 7 dujember 1941, Japun thudded ɣef Pearl Harbor. Hitler, ɣas ur t-id-yeǧǧi kra, yebda amgaru mgal Marikan deg 11 dujember akked Ṭelyan i wakken ad mudd afus i Japun. Deg temlilit n Washington, deg tazwara n 1942, Marikan d Briṭanya frant ad ɣelbent Lalman d tamezwarut ("Lalman d tamezwarut").
Ccinwa, yellan deg umgaru d Japun seg 1937, tedda ɣer At Tdukli. Aṭas n tmura n Tamrikt n Unẓul daɣen bdant amgaru mgal Lalman, am Brizil deg yennayer 1942 d Miksik deg mayu.
Deg tuber 1943, anabaḍ aṭelyani n Badoglio yebda amgaru mgal Lalman. Timura-nniḍen n Wat Tlemmast, am Finlanda neɣ Rumanya, ddant ɣer At Tdukli mi d-tuɣal Ssuvyat ɣer tlisa-nsent. Deg yiḍ n 8 ɣer 9 ctember 1944, Bulgari, i tekcem Ssuvyat tlata n wussan send, tbedda amgaru mgal Lalman.
Deg 1945, At Tdukli nnan-d d akken yal tamurt ara ibedden amgaru mgal Lalman ad tettekki deg temlilit tamezwarut n UNU. Ayagi yewwi-d aṭas n tmura ad bdint amgaru mgal Lalman deg tefsut 1945, ɣas akken ur sɛint ara azal deg umennuɣ, am Paraguay, Iquaṭur, Piru, Arjentin, Maṣer, Surya, Lubnan d Turkya. S umata, 51 n tmura llant deg waddad n umgaru d Lalman tanazit.
Deg 9 mayu 1945, ass deffir n tɣimit n Lalman, timaglawin tidiplumatiyin tinaziyin tineggura ttwassufɣen seg tmura ur nettekki ara deg umgaru: Swis, Irland, Spanya, Purtugal, Afɣanistan d Cili.
Tadukli tasuvyatit
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Mi tekcem Ssuvyat ɣer Pulunya deg 17 ctember 1939, s umtawi uffir agermani-asuvyati, tella, s wallen ipulaniyen, deg yiwen n yidis d Lalman, maca war ma tbedda amgaru d Fransa d Briṭanya. Asmi thudded Ssuvyat ɣef Finlanda deg wember 1939, Finlanda tella ɣer tama n Fransa d Briṭanya. S uhuddu-agi, Ssuvyat tettwakkes seg SDN deg taggara n 1939. Mi yella umtawi, Stalin yettakk s lmizan azzit, tilɣa timezwura d irden i Reich iwakken ad tɛeddi ɣef uḥraz(blocus) n At Tdukli. Yefka-yas daɣen aṭas n yizduklanen igermaniyen i irewlen ɣer Ssuvyat.
Seg 22 yunyu 1941, Ssuvyat, thudded fell-as Lalman, tuɣal ɣer At Tdukli. Testekkey seg userḍel amarikani s ubeddel n tḥarazin n wureɣ n Lbanka n Ssuvyat. Imi ur zmiren ara ad ldin tama tis snat n umgaru send 1944 i tessuter Mosku, At Tdukli fkan i Ssuvyat tallelt meqqren, tɛedda ladɣa s ubrid n uɣerrabu n ugafa.
S wawalen n Raymond Cartier d John Keegan, gar tuber 1941 d yunyu 1942, Marikan tefka-d 1285 n yisafagen, 2249 n yikaṛṛen n umgaru, 81287 n tmitrayin, 56500 n ttilifunat n yiger, 612000 km n uselkim n ttilifun. Deg 1943, 427000 seg 665000 n yikamirunen n Uɛesker azeggaɣ kkan-d seg Marikan. Marikan tefka-d daɣen 13 imelyunen n terkisin, 5 imelyunen n yiṭunen n učči neɣ 2000 n tmacinin n umesni, 11000 n tkaṛṛusin, 54000 n yiṭunen n wuzzal. Kraḍ n yixfawen n nnḥas asuvyati yekka-d seg Marikan, akked tuget n wezzit aɛlayan i yesran i usebbwi n usenker n yisafagen.
Tixessart n Lalman ur tezmir ara ad tili war Aɛesker azeggaɣ, i yeṭṭfen deg yunyu 1944 sin n yixfawen n Wehrmacht, d nutni i d ilemẓiyen ugar, sɛan allalen igerrzen ugar.
Agzul akronologi n tigawin tiserdasiyin
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Rrbeḥ n Yiɣlanen n wat tlemmast(1939-1942)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Aṭas n imnadiyyen n umezruy ṭṭfen-d tazwara n Umgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan deg 3 ctember 1939, asmi Fransa d Briṭanya bdant amgaru mgal Lalman deffir ukcem n Pulunya, s umtawi n fuṛaṛ 1921 i tent-yeqqnen ɣer Pulunya.[5]
Amazray amarksi Eric Hobsbawm, deg wedlis-is "Tallit n tɣawsiwin tuṭṭrifin" (1994), yenna-d belli inabaḍen ibriṭaniyen d yifransiyen bɣan ad msefhamen d lalman ɣas akken tekcem Pulunya, d aḥras n wegdud i ten-yeǧǧan ur uɣalen ara ɣer deffir deg ufran n umgaru mgal lalman.
Tirni usammar(1939-1940)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Seld tamhelt n unǧeɛ, qqaren-as tadyant n Gleiwitz, iɛsekriyen igermaniyen kcemen Pulunya seg yal tama deg 1 ctember 1939, ɣef 4:45 n ṣṣbeḥ.
Deg 17 ctember 1939, s umtawi uffir agermani-asuvyati, Ssuvyat tekcem Pulunya seg usammar. Teṭṭef gar sin, ur tesɛi ara aṭas n yiɣallen d yallalen, terbeḥ fell-as send taggara n ctember.
Mi tugi Finlanda ad tbeddel akal i tettawi Ssuvyat i tmḥaddit n Léningrad s wakal n ugafa, Ssuvyat thudded ɣef Finlanda deg 30 wember 1939. Ɣas akken Finlanda tesɛa drus n yiɣallen, tmenneɛ aṭas, Ssuvyat txesser aṭas. Amgaru n Tegrest yekfa deg 13 meɣres 1940 s umtawi n Mosku n 12 meɣres 1940 i yesbedden akraf gar snat n tmura. Ssuvyat terbeḥ Carélie d tegzirin timerkaḍyin n Iɣzer n Finlanda.
S umtawi agermani-asuvyati daɣen, Ssuvyat teṭṭef deg yunyu 1940 tlata n tmura tibaltiyin
Tirni n umalu(1940)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg uɣrab n utaram, deffir twuri ur nesɛi azekka n Gamelin deg Sarre tagermanit (6-13 ctember 1939), iɛsekriyen ifransiyen-ibriṭaniyen qqimen kan deffir n ujerrid n Maginot.
Deg tefsut 1940, At Tdukli heggan ad gzmen wuzzal i d-yettasen seg Swid ɣer Reich s Nurvij, maca twuri-agi texser: d tadyant n Narvik. Lalman tekcem ɣer Danmark d Nurvij deg 9 yebrir 1940. Iɛsekriyen n Briṭanya d Fransa uɣalen s tɣawla, ayen yeǧǧan aɣelluy n Chamberlain, yeḍfer-it Churchill deg 10 mayu 1940.
Deg mayu-yunyu 1940, aɛesker agermani yekcem s tɣawla ɣer Tmura n Wadda, Luksemburg, Biljik d Fransa s tussna-nsen "Blitzkrieg" neɣ amgaru-ubruq, s useqdec n yiɣallen ibrikulen, imikaniken d usafag. Seg 25 mayu, tixessart n yiɛsekriyen ifransiyen-ibiljikiyen-ibriṭaniyen n ugafa teffeɣ-d deffir 18 n wussan n umennuɣ. Deg 28 mayu 1940, imi ur yesɛi ara allalen n umgaru, agellid n Biljik Léopold III yefka awal n tɣimit.
Briṭanya tesselḥa 300000 n yiɛsekriyen seg 27 mayu armi d 3 yunyu. Deg 5 yunyu, Hitler yɣal ɣer tenṭagt di fransa. Ṭelyan tedda d Lalman tebda amgaru mgal Fransa deg 10 yunyu. Anabaḍ amaynut n Pétain yessuter aḥbas n umgaru deg 17, yeqbel timental-is deg 22 yunyu.
Maca mgal wayen ttrajun yinaziyen, Briṭanya tmenneɛ mgal asafag agermani imi tesɛa iɣerruba igerrzen d isafagen iṭṭuseggmen. Churchill, i yeṭṭfen amkan n Chamberlain, yessekker tamurt-is. Briṭanya tuɣal mgal uhuddu seg ctember 1940 armi d mayu 1941. I wakken ad teqqim weḥd-s mgal Hitler, Briṭanya tesɛa tallelt tadamsant n Marikan i tt-id-yettaken leslaḥ d wučči. Roosevelt yerbeḥ deg meɣres 1941 azmul n "usaḍuf n useṛḍel", i as-yeǧǧan ad yefk tallelt i Briṭanya d yimdukal-is.
Tirni n Tefriqt Ugafa(1940)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg ctember 1940, iɛsekriyen iṭelyanen ẓedmen ɣef Maṣer, tamurt i yellan ddaw n yiɣallen tabriṭanit. Maca deg dujember, Ibriṭaniyen, s tallelt n Commonwealth, rran-asen, Almanen ṣeggmen-d Afrika Korps i wakken ad ɛiwnen imdukal-nsen iṭelyanen. Deg yulyu 1942, Afrika Korps n Rommel yewweḍ armi d kra n yikilumitren seg Aleksandri.
Tirni n Balqan(1941)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Hitler, mi yeqḍeɛ layas ad yeṭṭef Briṭanya, yebna ajerrid n ummesten isem-is "aɣrab n Aṭlasi", yernu yefra ad yeẓdem ɣef Ssuvyat. Maca Ṭelyan tafasistit tenṭeg seg Albanya ɣef Legrig. Iɣallen igrigiyen n udictatur aɣelnaw Metaxás d wid irebḥen: deffir ma ḥebsen anṭeg n Mussolini, aɛesker agrigi d win ibriṭani, usṭrali, anzilandi amaynut, ahendi d wanefriki n unẓul ṭṭfen Albanya taṭelyanit.
I wakken ad iɛiwen Iṭelyanen, Hitler yeǧǧa kra n ledwar twuri-s mgal Ssuvyat, yuzzel deg yebrir 1941 s iɛsekriyen-is ɣer Legrig, s Hungaria yeṭṭfen yid-s, deffir ma yekcem Yuguslavya. Inaziyen ɣelben iɛsekriyen iyuguslaviyen d yigrigiyen, ayen i ten-yeǧǧan ad ṭṭfen akk anẓul n Turuft. Maca rnan-d tiri-nniḍen deg Yuguslavya, anda azbu n Draža Mihailović (Tchetniks) d uzedduklan n Tito (Partisans) ḥebsent seg 13 ar 20 n terbeɛt tigermaniyin armi d taggara n umgaru.
Tirni usammar(1941)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg 22 yunyu 1941, Wehrmacht tekcem Ssuvyat deg twuri Barbarossa. Tesseḥrek 3,2 imelyunen n yiɛsekriyen igermaniyen, d 600000 n yiɛsekriyen n tmura timdukkal seg Hungaria, Rumanya, Finlanda, Sluvakya d Ṭelyan. D ẓẓedma ameqqran akk deg umezruy.
Ɣas tekcem s tɣawla, teṭṭef neɣ teneɣ imelyunen n Yisuvyatiyen, Wehrmacht teḥbes deg dujember 1941, ɣef 30 n yikilumitren seg Mosku deg usemmiḍ ameqqran war allalen ilaqen. Isuvyatiyen zmiren ad seggmen tadamsa-nsen s uttunefk, ugar n 10 imelyunen n yixeddamen d wuluf n yisnasyen kkan ɣer usammar n Uṛal. Mi tuɣal Ssuvyat ɣer At Tdukli, tettekka-d tallelt tameqqrant tamarikant-tabriṭanit deg wallalen d wučči. Stalin iḥerrek imdanen-is, yeǧǧa tiggdi ɣef yiɛsekriyen ur nxeddem ara akken ilaq.
Tirni n tefriqt usammar(1941)
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Deg 1941, iɛsekriyen n tnekkraft n Kungu abiljiki ɣelben Iṭelyanen deg Asosa, deg unẓul n Abyssinie, ma iɛsekriyen ibriṭaniyen, s tallelt n yifransiyen ilelliten, ɣelben aɛesker aṭelyani, rran-d Négus ɣer tgeldit-is deg Addis-Abeba.
Tirni n usammar tamṭṭarfut d pasifik
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg yennayer 1941, Tailand tanṭeg ɣef Indochine tafransist, teskker amgaru afransi-atailandi. Imi yiwen ur yezmir ad yaweḍ ɣer wayen yebɣa, Japun tefra ugur-agi, tefka i Tailand kra n wakal seg Laos d Kambuj.
Deg 7 dujember 1941, tagelda n Japun, tamdukelt n Lalman seg 1936, taẓdem ɣef Marikan, texdem ṭṭrad s tuffra ɣef usagen amarikani deg Pearl Harbor. Tekcem daɣen ɣer Malaisya tabriṭanit, Philippines d Tmura n Wadda tihulandiyin.
Tuzzya(Tiswiɛt n ubeddel) n 1942
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Tanṭagt n Pearl Harbor tegla-d s ukcem n Marikan ɣer umgaru, ḍefren-tt-id Miksik d tmura-nniḍen n Tamrikt n Unẓul. Ɣas akken Japun tesxesser-asen aṭas, Marikan sxedmen iɣallen-nsen n tdamsa i umgaru. Deg meɣres deg umennuɣ n Yilel n Kurya, sbedden akcem ajapuni ɣer Ginya Tamaynut, ma deg yunyu 1942, amennuɣ n tegzirin n Midway yessexser i Japun kuẓ n yiɣerruba n yisafagen.
Deg Turuft, Ssuvyat teṭṭef amenɣi ameqqran mgal Lalman tanazit. Almanen, deffir tixessart-nsen deg Mosku deg taggara n 1941, ẓedmen s nnfeɛ seg yunyu 1942 ɣer usammar, ɣer Don d Volga, d ɣer unẓul ɣer Caucase d wezzit-is, maca ttwaḥebsen deg taggara n 1942 deg Stalingrad.
Deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Ibriṭaniyen uɣalen ṭṭfen tamḥaddit seg ctember 1942. Rebḥen amenɣi ameqqran deg El-Alamein, bdan ttarran Afrika Korps ɣer utaram.
Stalin yessuter seg yimdukal-is ad ldin tirni tis snat deg utaram. Churchill d Roosevelt fran ad bdun seg Tefriqt n Ugafa s Twuri Torch, akcem n At Tdukli ɣer Merruk d Lezzayer deg 8 wember 1942. Deg 11 wember deg Lezzayer, admiral Darlan yerra-d Tafriqt ɣer umennuɣ d At Tdukli. Almanen ḥesben belli aḥbas n umgaru n yunyu 1940 yekfa, kcemen tamnaṭ n unẓul n Fransa deg 11 wember 1942. Aɛesker afransi n Tefriqt yedda d At Tdukli. Deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Almanen ṭṭfen gar Yebriṭaniyen deg usammar d Yifransiyen-Imarikaniyen deg utaram.
Tarennawt n At Tdukli(1943-1944)
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Deg tazwara n 1943, Almanen xesren aṭas deg tirni asammar deg Stalingrad. Deffir n usersi n imrigen n lalman n 30 yennayer 1943 d 2 fuṛaṛ 1943, Isuvyatiyen ṭṭfen 91000 n yimeḥbas, gar-asen amaṛical Paulus. Deffir ma d-rran Caucase, Isuvyatiyen ɛerḍen ad d-rren Ukrain skud Almanen d yimdukal-nsen ɛyan, maca ahuddu anṭeg deg Kharkov yeḥbes Aɛesker Azeggaɣ.
S tuṭṭfa n Tunes deg 7 mayu 1943 d tɣimit n yiɛsekriyen igermaniyen d yiṭelyanen, At Tdukli ṭṭfen akk Tafriqt n Ugafa. Deg 10 yulyu 1943, kcemen ɣer Sisil, kecmen ɣer tagzirt n Ṭṭalyan deg ctember, ass-nni anda Badoglio, win yeṭṭfen amkan n Mussolini, yebder aḥbas n umgaru.
I tikkelt tamezwarut seg tazwara n umgaru, tlata n yimdebren n At Tdukli, Churchill, Roosevelt d Stalin mlalen deg Téhéran deg taggara n wember 1943 i wakken ad gzen amaḍal n deffir umgaru.
Deg tirni usammar, Aɛesker Azeggaɣ yekkat ɣer utaram. Yekcem ɣer Kiev deg wember 1943, yeffeɣ Leningrad deg yennayer 1944. Deg 22 yunyu 1944, skud llan ldin tirni deg utaram n Normandie, yessenker ẓẓedma tameqqrant akk deg umezruy-is: twuri Bagration, i d-yerran Biélorussie deg kra n ledwar.
Deg 6 yunyu 1944, 4126 n yiɣerruba n At Tdukli xedmen akcem ameqqran akk deg umezruy ɣer teftist n Normandie. Ɣas akken xedmen tazmert meqqren, aɛesker n Hitler yezmer ad iḥbes Anglu-Saksuniyen deg Normandie ugar n 10 n ledwar, armi d tazzla n Avranches (31 yulyu 1944). Paris tettwaslelli deg 25 ɣuct 1944. Send-as, deg 15 ɣuct, iɛsekriyen imarikaniyen d yifransiyen kcemen ɣer Provence.
Tikli tezreb, deg wammas n ctember, Fransa d Biljik d-uɣalent ilelliten. Maca skud At Tdukli ttrajun taggara n umgaru send taggara n 1944, timḥaddit tanazit tagermanit ad ternu. ẓẓedma s yisafagen n tneqliwin mgal Lalman s Tmura n Wadda yexser (ctember 1944). Lexṣaṣ n userɣu d wuguren n tlujistikt yesri amennuɣ ɣef yijufaṛ n temdint n Escaut (wember 1944).
Tarennawt n At Tdukli d tuṭṭfa n yiɣallen n wat tlemmast(1945)
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Lalman tanazit, tettwabez s lbumbat, tettwahudded seg yal tama, tamanaɣt-is Berlin tḍefr-itt Ssuvyat deg 30 yebrir. Hitler yenɣa iman-is deg ubunkir-is ass-nni. Deg 7 mayu 1945 deg Reims, akunil amatu Alfred Jodl yezmul ɣef tɣimit war tifrat n yiɣallen igermaniyen. Imi yebɣa ad yesken azal-is, Stalin yessuter tɣimit deg Berlin sɣur imḍebbren imeqqranen n Wehrmacht d At Tdukli. Deg yiḍ n 8 ɣer 9 mayu 1945, deg Berlin, amaṛical Wilhelm Keitel, admiral von Friedeburg d ujiniral Stumpff zmalen daɣen tɣimit n Reich wis kraḍ zdat yineḍluben n At Tdukli, amaṛical Joukov, amaṛical Tedder, ajiniral de Lattre de Tassigny d ujiniral Spaatz. S wudem unṣib, Lalman teɣli deg 8 mayu 1945, amgaru deg Turuft yekfa.
Deg Asya, ɣas akken tagelda n Japun ur tesɛi ara tazmart, tḥarreb ɣef wakal-is i ṭṭfen Imarikaniyen s txessart meqqren. Ṭṭfen Iwo Jima d Okinawa Hontō, tigzirin i d-yezgan ɣer ugerru ajapuni, ayen yeǧǧan At Tdukli ad hudden srid ɣef Japun s lbumbat am tid n Tokyo. Deg 15 ɣuct 1945, deffir mi gren Marikan snat n lbumbat tibelkamin(tatomiyin) ɣef temdinin n Hiroshima d Nagasaki, tekcem Ssuvyat ɣer Mandcuria d Kurya, agellid Hirohito yebder tɣimit n Japun. Izmul n tɣimit war tifrat n Japun ttwazmalen deg 2 ctember, fran azal n sḍis n yiseggasen seg tazwara-s, Amgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan.
Inalkamen imezruyanen
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Amgaru wis Sin Amaḍlan yewwi-d snat n tzemmar timeqqranin ara yebeṭṭun amaḍal: Marikan d Tdukla n Tigduda Tanemlayt Tisuvyatiyin (URSS).
Timetti n waɣlanen tettwabeddel s Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen i yettwarun deg San Francisco deg yunyu 1945. Lalman tedda ddaw n kra n yiseggasen n uḥraz. Deg 1949, tebḍa ɣef sin n tmura: Lalman n Utaram (tamagdayt tilellilt) d Lalman n Usammar (anagraw Azduklan). Tadukli n Lalman ur d-tuɣal ara alamma d 1990.
Imḍebbren imeqqranen inaziyen ttwaḥakmen deg Nuremberg ɣef tkerkas d inɣa mgal talsa. Imdebren n yiɣallen ijapuniyen ttwaḥakmen daɣen deg Tokyo, maca agellid Hirohito yettwajja imi iɛawen Marikan.
Deg Turuft talemmast d Turuft n Usammar, i yeddan ddaw n Uɛesker Azeggaɣ deg 1944-1945, ikabaren izdukalen ṭṭfen tazmert seg 1945 armi d 1948 ddaw n tazrirt n Ssuvyat. Deg meɣres 1946, Winston Churchill yenna-d "yeɣli-d uɣrab n wuzzal ɣef umaḍal". Deg Pulunya, Tcikoslovakya, Hungaria, Rumanya, Bulgari, Yuguslavya d Albanya, anda izdukalen llan drus, ttwasbedden yinagrawen izdukalen.
Tagduda n Ccinwa n Tchang Kaï-chek texser seg yiseggasen n umgaru. Amgaru n tugdut taccinwat yuɣal deg 1946. Deg 1949, illeliyen n Tchang Kaï-chek xesren mgal izdukalen i d-yeṭṭef Ssuvyat. Mao Zedong yebder tagduda tagerfant n Ccinwa, ma d Tchang Kaï-chek yerwel ɣer Taiwan.
Yal tamurt n umalu tebna Welfare State neɣ Tamurt-Tallelt: asedwel, aɣawas, asekcem n tmurt, isuḍaf n ummesten amezdayan ttunefken i kraḍet(+30) n yiseggasen. Deg usammar, asedwel, aɣawas d usekcem n tmurt uɣalen d imsakan, Anda tella taɣult tusligt teqqim kan i twaculin d wayla-nsent.
Anadi usnan d utekniki yerbeḥ aṭas, ladɣa deg useɣti n ubelkim(watom) deg usenfar Manhattan d unadi ɣef yisafagen ara yeǧǧen aheggi n yinagrawen n tallunt. Amgaru yewwi-d daɣen aseqdec ameqqran n yenfafaden am pénicilline neɣ DDT. Maca, azal n rebɛin n yiseggasen, amgaru asemmaḍ gar "temnaḍin n tazrirt" yeḥbes imussnawen ad myezmen tilɣa gar-asen.
Muqel daɣen
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- ↑ « Deuxième Guerre mondiale » est un synonyme de « Seconde Guerre mondiale ». Selon certains grammairiens, il faut employer « deuxième » lorsqu'il y a au moins un troisième élément et « second » lorsqu'il n'y en a que deux mais, selon Le Petit Robert de 2011, article Deuxième, cette distinction, que le Littré qualifiait de « tout arbitraire », n'est faite que par certains puristes. « Seconde Guerre mondiale » est plus fréquent et plus optimiste d'après « [archive] », Grand Dictionnaire terminologique, Office québécois de la langue française, 2000 (consulté le 15 juillet 2012).
- ↑ Yves Durand, , Bruxelles, Éditions Complexe, coll. « Bibliothèque complexe » (no 4), 1997, 988 p. (ISBN 978-2-87027-740-9, OCLC 901485409, lire en ligne [archive]), p. 36.
- ↑ L'Allemagne fournit des conseils militaires et des armes, et Hitler déclare qu'ils sont alliés ; cependant, aucune déclaration officielle finlandaise n'a eu lieu.
- ↑ L'évasion du sous-marin polonais Orzel, interné à Tallinn, est officiellement un casus belli de la part de l'Estonie aux yeux de Moscou, montrant que l'URSS se considérait alors en état de guerre avec la Pologne : Tarvel Tannberg, Documents on the Soviet Military Occupation of Estonia, éd. Trames 2006.
- ↑ Richard J. Evans, , Paris, Flammarion, coll. « Au fil de l'Histoire », 2009 (ISBN 978-2-0812-0955-8).