Dihya Tadmut

Dihya Tadmut
monarque (fr)	;
monarque (fr)
Tameddurt
Talalit	Awras, 668
Lmut	Tabarka, 703
Ideg n uẓekka	Baghaï (fr)
Amahil
Amahil	monarque (fr)

Dihya (ⴷⵉⵀⵢⴰ s Tifinaɣ^[1]) Tadmut neɣ Tadmayt (d anamek-is "tizerzert icebḥen" s tutlayt-is tamaziɣt) tella d tagellidt d tameqrant n yiɣallen imaziɣen i yemduklen i umennuɣ ɣef tlelli-nsen d umennuɣ mgal mgal Listɛmar Aɛrab n Tmazɣa gar useggas 695 d 705. Tfrurɣ-d di lɛarc Ijrawen n Iznaten di Wawras aken llan igelliden imezwura imaziɣen n Numidya. Dihya teffeɣ-d d tagellidt si tefranin n usqamu n tidukla n laɛrac d tudrin. Aɛraben semman-as El Kahina "الكاهنة" (anamek-is takehhant) im tessaweḍ ad twali tikliwin-nsen deg yal tikkelt, ahat s lmendad n uẓeḍḍa-s n yixbaṛǧiyen a i d-yezgan deg Tefriqt n Ugafa^[2].

Imi d-kecmen yiɣallen imsellḥen n Aɛraben iɣallen n umennuɣ n yimaziɣen, n Tmazɣa n usamar akk-d n tlemast (Awras n tura), llan ddaw n uselway n Aksel. Asmi yemmut di 688, Dihya i d-yuɣalen d aqerru n umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben.

Amezruy

Amezruy n Dihya yettwaḥka-d s umeslay s wawal ɣer imeẓẓuɣen seg wasmi tella tedder. Llan aṭas n yiḍrisen yemgerraden i d-yettwarun fell-as seg yidis n tmuɣli n uqbel d deffir tallit n ussehres. S umata, tettwassen d akken tesdukkel-d Imaziɣen i llan yemgerraden ddaw n tmehla-innes i umennuɣ mgal tuṭṭfa n Iɛraben n Tamezɣa, s wakka i d-tesbedd iman-is d taɛessast n yiɣermanen n Tefriqt Ugafa n temnaḍt-nni yettwassenen imir-nni s yisem n Numidya. Tennuɣ deg waṭṭas n yimenɣiyen, ladɣa deg umennuɣ n Wasif Nini deg useggas n 698. Syin, tuɣal d tazmert ur nesεi ccekk ɣef tmurt n imaziɣen,^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] yerna teqqim d tazmert-a alamma d tagrawla n Tabarka imi nɣan-tt iɣallen Aεraben de azal n useggas n 703.

Llan waṭas n yisalan yemgerraden ɣef tegnit n tmettant-is, maca yettwaḥseb belli temmut deg tmurt n Lezzayer n wass-a ɣer taggara n lqern wis sebɛa. Tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg tid yettwasnen akk deg tallit-is deg umezruy n umennuɣ n yimaziɣen mgal ussehres Aɛrab.^[7]

Tazwara d ddin

Dihya d nettat ay d-yelhan s tamaya Ijrawen n Iznaten. Ahat tella d Tudayt.^[8] S xemsa n yiseggasen i teḥkem ɣef yiwen n uwanak amaziɣ ilelli seg yidurar n Wawras arma d taẓegwa n Ɛadēməs (695–700 sdeffir talalit n Lmasiḥ). Maca Aɛraben, s ufus n Musa bin Nusayr, uɣalen-d s lɛeskeṛ ijehden, ɣelben-tt. Tennuɣ deg umezgun n Yiṛumyen n Lǧǧem maca ɣer taggara nɣan-tt ddeg yimenɣi ɣer tama n yiwen n lbir i mazal s yisem-is, lbir al Dihya deg Wawras. ^[9]

Aṭas n yiɣbula i d-yeqqaren belli d Tudayt i tella neɣ tamnaḍt-is d tin n Imaziɣen i yeqqlen ɣer ddin n Wudayen. Ɣef leḥsab n al-Mālikī, tesɛa yid-s deg yimuhal-nnes "asebdad". Mohamed Talbi d Gabriel Camps ssefhamen-d asebdad-a d asebdad amasiḥi; ahat d win n Lmasiḥ neɣ n yema-s Meryem, neɣ d yiwen n wemqeddes i yettḥuddun tagellidt. M'hamed Hassine Fantar yenna-d dakken asebdad-a tettgensis-d yiwen n Illu amaziɣ, dɣa aya yesskanay-d d akken teḍfer ddin amaziɣ aqbur. Maca, tiẓr belli Dihya d tamasiḥit d ayen i d-yeqqimen d tiẓri i d-yettbanen.^[7]

Tikti-nni i d-yeqqaren belli Ijrawen ḍefren ddin wat Isṛail tekka-d seg umezruy Ibn Xaldun, i ten-id-yessawlen gar sebɛa n timawya n Imaziɣen. Hirschberg d Talbi qqaren belli Ibn Xaldun yettbin-d yettmeslay-d ɣef tallit uqbel ad d-yili Amenkud Aṛumani d win n Ibizanṭiyen, yerna cwiṭ kan mbeɛd deg yiwen n usebter yettbin-d yeqqar-d belli deg tallit n Ṛuman timawya uɣalen d imasiḥiyen. Deg useggas n 1963, amezruy n Isṛayil H.Z. Hirschberg, mi d-yerra awal i uḍris n Ibn Xaldun, yerra-d akk awal-is, yerra-d ccɣel-is ɣef tsuqilt-a, yerna iεawed ad iẓer akk aɣmis, yesteqsi ɣef tsuqilt-a, d tilin n yimaziɣen yellan d udayen deg taggara n tallit n zik. 1] S wawalen n H.Z. Hirschberg, "deg iɣerfan akk i d-yettwassen i yedduklen ɣer ddin n wat Isṛail, wid i d-yeqqnen ɣer Imaziɣen d Iṣudaniyen deg Tefriqt, d widak i yesɛan iẓuran n ccek. Ayen akk i d-yuran fell-asent, d ayen ur nettwaqbalen ara s waṭas."^[10]

Ugar n ṛebεa n leqrun deffir n tmettant-is, amaru n ddin i d-yekkan seg Tunes, al-Mālikī, yettban-d yella gar imezwura i d-yennan belli tella deg idurar n Wawras. Sebεa n leqrun deffir n tmettant-is, nnan-as-d i at-Tijani belli d tawsit n Lūwāta i tella. ^[11] Mi d-yuɣal umezruy Ibn Xaldun ad d-yaru awal-is, yerra-tt ɣer Ijrawen.

Ɣef leḥsab n kra n yiɣbula imselmen, Dihya tella d yelli-s n Tabat, neɣ kra qqaren Mātiya.^[12] Iɣbula-a ttekkan ɣef iẓuran n n teqbilt, yerna ttwaxedmen-d s umata ɣef ssebbat tisertiyin deg lqern wis 9.^[13]

Imennuɣen d tmucuha

Dihya teṭṭef amkan n Aksel d amḍebber n tegrawla tamaziɣt deg yiseggasen n 680, yerna tennuɣ ed yigensasen aɛṛaben n tgelda n Yimayyaden ay d-yesnekren ccwal. Hasan ibn al-Nuɛman yeffeɣ-d seg Maṣer yerna yeṭṭef tamdint tabizantit tameqrant n Qerṭaj d temdinin niḍen. Imi yettnadi ɣef uεdaw nniḍen ara yeɣleb, nnan-as belli agellid iǧehden akk deg Tefriqt n Ugafa d "Tagellidt n Imaziɣen" (s taɛrabt: malikat al-barbar) Dihya, dɣa yerra ɣer Numidya. Deg useggas n 698, sin-nni n yigensasen mlalent deg tama n Meskiana deg twilayt n wass-a n Um Lebwaqi deg umennuɣ n Meskyana (neɣ "amennuɣ n ileɣman") di Lezzayer.^[14]

Dihya teɣleb Ḥasan armi yerwel, yeqqim deg Sirenaika (Libya) azal n rebεa neɣ xemsa n yiseggasen. Imi teẓra belli aɛdaw-is meqqer aṭas yerna ad d-yuɣal, nnan-d belli Dihya tebda-d yiwet n tikli n wakal yeṛɣan ur tesɛi ara aṭas n lfayda ɣef yimezdaɣen n udurar d uneẓruf, maca texṣer-as lemɛawna tameqrant i d-ttaken yimezdaɣen n umda deg temnaḍt-a. Deg wemkan n wakken ad tesseḥbes i yeɣallen n Waɛraben, rray-is yerra-d s lemɣawla i tuɣalin-is.^[15]

Aɣbel d lmut

Ḥasan yuɣal-d ɣer taggara, s uɛiwen n yimeslayen i d-yewwi d usekcem-nni yettwaṭṭfen Khalid bin Yazid al-Qaysi i d-teṭṭef Dihya, yerbeḥ-itt deg umennuɣ n Tabarka (aḥric deg Tunes n wass-a ɣer yiri n tlisa n Lezzayer)^[7]; ɣef waya yella kra n urfan.[18] Dihya temmut mi tettnaɣ mgal imnekcamen.

Tigawt taneggarut-a teḍra deg yiseggasen n 690 neɣ n 700, yerna 703 yettunefk-d d aseggas aydeg ay yezmer ad d-yili waya.[1] Deg useggas-nni, tella, ɣef leḥsab n Ibn Xaldun, tesɛa 127 n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-nnes. Ayagi iban-d d yiwen nniḍen seg waṭas n tmucuha i tt-id-yezzin. Akken yebɣu yili lḥal, ttwaqecren-as aqerruy-nnes, yerna yettwarr-d ɣer Xalifa n Umayya deg Dimecq d ttbut ɣef tmettant-nnes.^[16]

Lemtel n Dihya

Dihya tella tettwasseqdac d azamul mgal ussehres aberrani, sakkin, d azamul mgal tḥemla n tḥemla n yirgazen. D tidet, yakan deg tallit n ussehres afṛensis n Lezzayer, Dihya tella d amedya i tlawin timeɣnasin ay yennuɣen mgal Yifṛensisen. Deg tegrawla Iẓwawen n 1851 d 1857, tilawin, am Lalla Faḍma n Sumer i yettwasnen am tameṭṭut tameqqrant n umezruy n Imaziɣen, ṭṭfen Dihya d amedya.^[17] ^[18]

Abdelmajid Hannoum yura: "ɣas akken tamacahut n Dihya tezmer ad temgerrad seg yiwen n umsawal ɣer wayeḍ, maca lemtel-is d yiwen: Dihya d tameɣnast tamaziɣt i yennuɣen d Waɛraben ɣef tlelli".^[19] Tamussni n tmeṭṭut Fatima Sadiqi tenna-d dakken "taselwit n tmeṭṭut n Dihya ur tettkel ɣef udabu i d-yettwasbedden, maca ɣef tasnafsit d tussna n tezmert yettwassen".^[20]

Daɣen, Ifransisen, deg tazwara n lqern wis 20, i yebɣan ad d-rren Lezzayer d tafransist, rran-d tiɣawsiwin gar-asen d Iṛumaniyen. Iɣelnawen idzayriyen, i yettnadin ad d-rren Lezzayer ɣer Usammar, sqedcen-d s yiwet n tmuɣli, maca ɣur-sen, ama d Ṛuma ama d Fṛansa, llant d tizemmar timesbaṭliyin, i d ssebba n tuɣalin n tɣerma tafiniqit deg tallit taqburt, d tɣerma taɛṛabt deg tallit-a. Sin-a n tmuɣliwin ssexdamen tasekla ɣef Dihya d tasekla n usbedd. Seg yiwet n tama, d nettat yennuɣen mgal Waɛṛaben d Tineslemt akken ad teqqim Lezzayer d tamasiḥit, seg tama niḍen, d nettat i yennuɣen mgal akk imnekcamen (Ibizantiyen neɣ Aɛṛaben) akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwen n uwanek ilelli.^[18]

Deg tallit-a n wass-a, tugna n Dihya tettwaseqdac dima sɣur yimeɣnasen imaziɣen i wakken ad d-sbeggen amek i llan, d agdud iǧehden, ur ttuɣalen ara ad ttwaḥekmen neɣ ad ttwaḥeqren sɣur tiddukliwin-nniḍen. Udem-is yettban-d s waṭas deg igrafitiyen d isebdaden deg wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer akken ad d-sbeggen afus n tallelt-nsen i i tmuɣliwin imseḍfaren i d-tesbedd. D acu kan, maci akk inabaḍen qeblen tiktiwin yellan deffir Dihya. Yiwet n tmeṣ̣kiwt n Dihya deg Baɣay ("Baghai","بغاي" s Taɛṛabt, deg Tixencelt n wass-a), yeḥkem fell-as unabaḍ n Lezzyer ɣef ljal n ddnub. Aselway n Wemḥaddi ɣef Tutlayt Taɛṛabt, Othman Saɛdi, yenna-d Dihya d nettat ay d-yesbedden tanekra mgal Tineslemt, dɣa s waya, yessefk ad tettwaḥkem fell-as^[21].

Ilaq ad nqebbel tilawt, akken yebɣu yili lḥal, belli imenɣiyen n Dihya llan d imenɣiyen mgal imnekcamen yerna tennaɣ ɣef n wegdud-is, akken yebɣu yili ddin-nsen, mačči mgal kra n ddin; dyanat n Imasiḥiyen, n wat Israil, akk-d d ddin n imaziɣen n zik llan zedɣen akk di talwit; tilin tis ṛebεa n Yinselmen ay yellan d tin n talwit yerna ur telli d tin n ccwal, ahat ad tettwaqbel mebla ccekk.

Walit daɣen

Iɣbula

↑ Abdelaziz Bouras et Mohamed Eddarhor, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ; Apprendre la langue tamazight, 2006, Dar El Hadita, Casablanca, (ISBN 9981210676), p. 123.
↑ Gerda Hoffer: Zeit der Heldinnen (Tallit n tlawin yesεan tazmert) s talmanit kan. Isebtar 13–25. Deg wayen yerzan tugna n Kahina n Hoffer, yessefk ad d-nini belli ɣas akken tameskart tesseqdac iɣbula yellan (Ibn Xaldūn, Ibn ʿIdhārī, André Chouraqui 1960, Joachim Hirschberg 1974), maca tessefhem-itent daɣen s yiwen n weḥric s tlelli deg usnulfu-ines n tugna-s.
↑ The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 2: From Mohammed to the Marranos Leon Poliakov University of Pennsylvania Press
↑ Remarkable Jewish Women: Rebels, Rabbis, and Other Women from Biblical Times to the Present Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry Jewish Publication Society,
↑ History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco: From the Arab Conquest to 1830 Charles André Julien Praeger
↑ The Jews of North Africa: From Dido to De Gaulle Sarah Taieb-Carlen University Press of America,
↑ ^7,0 ^7,1 et ^7,2 Modéran, Yves (2005). "Kahena". Encyclopédie berbère. Edisud. pp. 4102–4111. Encyclopédie berbère.
↑ Naylor, Phillip C. (2009). North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. University of Texas Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-292-77878-8.
↑ Charles André Julien; Roger Le Tourneau (1970). Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord. Praeger. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7100-6614-5.
↑ Hirschberg (1963) p. 339.
↑ at-Tijani, Aḍris s taɛrabt asebter wis 57: al-kāhinat al-ma'arūfat bi-kāhinat lūwātat, asebter wis 118 n tsuqilt s teglizit.
↑ Ɣef leḥsab n kra, isem-a d talɣa taɛṛabt n yisem amasiḥi Matthias neɣ Matthew. Ẓer Talbi (1971) i ugar n umeslay.
↑ Talbi (1971) d Modéran (2005) ttmeslayen ɣef yiɣbula yemgaraden.
↑ Philippe Sénac; Patrice Cressier (2012). Armand Colin (ed.). Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle (in French). p. 111.
↑ D acu kan, timucuha yettwarun s taɛṛabt ttwalint-tent kra n yinagmayen am d tid i yeččuren d zzux. Ẓer Talbi (1971) d Modéran (2005).
↑ Goucher, Candice (24 January 2022). Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History [4 volumes]. ISBN 978-1-4408-6825-2.
↑ Daoud, Feminisme et politique au Magreb,(Paris:Maisonneuve et Larose, 1993), p. 133-34, and p. 357
↑ ^18,0 et ^18,1 Hannoum, Abdelmajid (1997). "Historiography, Mythology and Memory in Modern North Africa: The Story of the Kahina". Studia Islamica (85): 85–130. 10.2307/1595873. JSTOR 1595873.
↑ Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2001-09-19). Colonial Histories, Postcolonial Memories. Portsmouth, NH: Greenwood. p. 140. ISBN 0-325-00253-3.
↑ Sadiqi, Fatima (2014). Moroccan Feminist Discourses. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 59–61. 10.1057/9781137455093. ISBN 978-1-349-48341-9.
↑ Becker, Cynthia, "The Kahina: The Female Face of Berber History". Mizan Project. October 26, 2015. Accessed April 15, 2018.

[1] Abdelaziz Bouras et Mohamed Eddarhor, ⴰⵙⵍⵎⴷ ⵏ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ; Apprendre la langue tamazight, 2006, Dar El Hadita, Casablanca, (ISBN 9981210676), p. 123.

[2] Gerda Hoffer: Zeit der Heldinnen (Tallit n tlawin yesεan tazmert) s talmanit kan. Isebtar 13–25. Deg wayen yerzan tugna n Kahina n Hoffer, yessefk ad d-nini belli ɣas akken tameskart tesseqdac iɣbula yellan (Ibn Xaldūn, Ibn ʿIdhārī, André Chouraqui 1960, Joachim Hirschberg 1974), maca tessefhem-itent daɣen s yiwen n weḥric s tlelli deg usnulfu-ines n tugna-s.

[3] The History of Anti-Semitism, Volume 2: From Mohammed to the Marranos Leon Poliakov University of Pennsylvania Press

[4] Remarkable Jewish Women: Rebels, Rabbis, and Other Women from Biblical Times to the Present Emily Taitz, Sondra Henry Jewish Publication Society,

[5] History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco: From the Arab Conquest to 1830 Charles André Julien Praeger

[6] The Jews of North Africa: From Dido to De Gaulle Sarah Taieb-Carlen University Press of America,

[:0-7] 7,0 ^7,1 et ^7,2 Modéran, Yves (2005). "Kahena". Encyclopédie berbère. Edisud. pp. 4102–4111. Encyclopédie berbère.

[8] Naylor, Phillip C. (2009). North Africa: A History from Antiquity to the Present. University of Texas Press. p. 65. ISBN 978-0-292-77878-8.

[9] Charles André Julien; Roger Le Tourneau (1970). Histoire de L'Afrique du Nord. Praeger. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7100-6614-5.

[10] Hirschberg (1963) p. 339.

[11] t-Tijani, Aḍris s taɛrabt asebter wis 57: al-kāhinat al-ma'arūfat bi-kāhinat lūwātat, asebter wis 118 n tsuqilt s teglizit.

[12] Ɣef leḥsab n kra, isem-a d talɣa taɛṛabt n yisem amasiḥi Matthias neɣ Matthew. Ẓer Talbi (1971) i ugar n umeslay.

[13] Talbi (1971) d Modéran (2005) ttmeslayen ɣef yiɣbula yemgaraden.

[14] Philippe Sénac; Patrice Cressier (2012). Armand Colin (ed.). Histoire du Maghreb médiéval: VIIe-XIe siècle (in French). p. 111.

[15] D acu kan, timucuha yettwarun s taɛṛabt ttwalint-tent kra n yinagmayen am d tid i yeččuren d zzux. Ẓer Talbi (1971) d Modéran (2005).

[16] Goucher, Candice (24 January 2022). Women Who Changed the World: Their Lives, Challenges, and Accomplishments through History [4 volumes]. ISBN 978-1-4408-6825-2.

[17] Daoud, Feminisme et politique au Magreb,(Paris:Maisonneuve et Larose, 1993), p. 133-34, and p. 357

[:1-18] 18,0 et ^18,1 Hannoum, Abdelmajid (1997). "Historiography, Mythology and Memory in Modern North Africa: The Story of the Kahina". Studia Islamica (85): 85–130. 10.2307/1595873. JSTOR 1595873.

[19] Hannoum, Abdelmajid (2001-09-19). Colonial Histories, Postcolonial Memories. Portsmouth, NH: Greenwood. p. 140. ISBN 0-325-00253-3.

[20] Sadiqi, Fatima (2014). Moroccan Feminist Discourses. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 59–61. 10.1057/9781137455093. ISBN 978-1-349-48341-9.

[21] Becker, Cynthia, "The Kahina: The Female Face of Berber History". Mizan Project. October 26, 2015. Accessed April 15, 2018.

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