Suqraṭ

Suqraṭ
Tameddurt
Talalit	Alopèce (fr) d Atena, 470 BCE
Taɣlent	Athènes (fr)
Axxam-is	Athènes (fr)
Lmut	Atena, 15 Fuṛaṛ 399 BCE
Tamentilt n tmekkest	suicide forcé (fr)  (hemlock poisoning (en) )
Tawacult
Baba-s	Sophronisque
Yemma-s	Phainarète
Tissulya akked	Xanthippe (fr) Myrtó (fr)
Arraw-is	view Lamproclès (fr) Ménexène (fr)
Tiɣri
Tutlayin	grec ancien (fr)
Inelmaden	view Platon Xénophon (fr) Antisthène (fr) Aristippe de Cyrène (fr) Isocrate (fr) Euclide de Mégare (fr) Phédon d'Élis (fr) Eschine de Sphettos (fr) Chéréphon (fr) Simmias de Thèbes (fr) Cébès (fr) Ménexène (fr) Apollodoros (fr) Alcibiade (fr)
Amahil
Amahil	afelsuf, aselmad, amaru d éthicien ou éthicienne (fr)
Influenced by	Anaxagore de Clazomènes (fr) , Présocratiques (fr) d sophiste (fr)
Membership	boulè (fr)
IMDb	nm1419271

Suqraṭ d afelsaf agrigi n lqern wis 5 qb.S.Ɛ (ilul ahat di 470/469 qb.S.Ɛ, yemmut di 399 qb.S.Ɛ). Yettwassen belli d netta i d-yesnulfan tafelseft tamsirant (morale). Di tilawt ur d-yeǧǧi ara kra n tira, maca tewweḍ-aɣ-d tedmi-is s wudem arusrid seg wa ɣer wa. Amedya, inemladen-is Flaṭun d Gzinifun refden tamussni-is rnan sseɣren-tt s telqey iwakken ad yeqqim yisem-is.

Tudert-is

Suqraṭ yella-d d afaylasuf amezwaru n teɣremt n Atina, ilul deg useggas 470 send n Ɛisa. Yella d mmi-s n usreqqat Sufrunisk d yemma-s Finarit. Tudert-is tebda am tudert n yal amdan n tallit-nni, maca ayen akk i t-id-yesbeɣsen d tidmiwin-ines timuqranin d wamek i yella yessestan ɣef teɣdemt d tmusni.

Deg umezwaru n tudert-is, Suqraṭ yella d asreqqat am baba-s, maca yerna yeǧǧa ccɣel-agi iwakken ad yefk iman-is i tefelsafit. Ur d-yeǧǧi ara isefka yura, acku yumen belli awal yemmeslayen d win i gesɛan azal ugar n win yettwarun. Taɣawsa-agi d yiwet seg tmenzayin tigejdanin n tefelsafit-is.

Yella iteddu deg izenqan n Atina, isetteqsay imdanen akk, seg imerkantiyen ar imḍebbren, ɣef tmiḍranin am taɣdemt , lḥerma, neɣ tahuski. Ur yelli ara d aselmad yettxelliṣen, maca yella ineqqar ad iɛiwen imdanen ad ddewlen ar yiman-nsen, ad nadin ɣef tidet s yiman-nsen.

Tafelsafit-is

Tarrayt n Suqraṭ, i wumi neqqar "tarrayt tasaqsit", tella d allal-is agejdan. Yella yettnadi-d imdanen deg iberdan n Atina, yessaqsay-iten ɣef wayen ttɣilen belli snen-t. S usaqsi-ines iɛeqqaden, yella yeskan-asen belli ur sɛin ara tmusni i ttɣilen sɛan-tt. Tamẓrant-agi n "tussna n tussna n ulac" tella d lsas n tefelsafit-is.

Mačči d aselmed i yexdem, maca d abrid n usteqsi i yessemres. Yella yettara tuttriwin i wid yettmeslay yid-s, alamma ufan-d iman-nsen weḥden belli ayen ɣilen ssnen-t, di tidet, d awal kan mebla lssas. Abrid-a yesɛa sin iswiren: amenzu, ad issen umdan belli ur yessin ara, dɣa wis sin, ad inadi ɣef tussna n sseḥ s wallaɣ-is d tmeẓla.

Suqraṭ yumen belli tafrit d tazwara n tmusni. Yenna-d: "Ssneɣ yiwet n taɣawsa kan, d akken ur ssineɣ ara aṭas n tɣawsin". Wagi mačči d nnqas n tussna, maca d tazwara n lefhama. I Suqraṭ, amdan amezwaru i ilaqen ad yissin d tilisa n tussna-s. Win iqeblen belli ur yessin ara, d netta i d-yeldin tawwurt i uselmed n tidet. Yettqadar belli amdan ilaq ad yesɛu tafrit ɣef yiman-is iwakken ad yizmir ad yaɣ abrid n tmusni.

Deg tefelsafit n teɣdemt, Suqraṭ yesɛa tiktiwin timaynutin. Yumen belli taɣdemt d taɣawsa i yellan daxel n yal amdan, mačči d ayen i d-yekkan seg beṛṛa. Yenna-d belli "aɣilif" d ayen i d-yettilin seg tussna n ulac. Ma yella umdan yesɛa tmusni n tidet, ad yexdem ayen yelhan. Tamẓrant-agi tebeddel aṭas deg umezruy n tidmi tafelsafit.

Tussna d wazal: Suqraṭ yumen belli ulac amdan ixeddmen ccer s timmad-is. Ccer, ɣur-s, yekka-d seg tawaresnit neɣ d nnqas n tussna. Yeqqar-d belli win yessnen s tidet d acu i yelhan, ad yexdem kan ayen yelhan. Ihi, i wakken ad yili umdan d aɣezfan, ilaq ad issin.

Yesɛa aṭas n yinelmaden, gar-asen Flaṭun, i d-yuran aṭas ɣef tefelsafit n Suqraṭ. Flaṭun d win i d-yeǧǧan isefka ɣef wayen yenna Suqraṭ, acku am akken d-nenna, Suqraṭ ur yuri ara. Deg yidlisen n Flaṭun, Suqraṭ yettban-d d argaz yesɛan tidmi tamuqrant ɣef tugdut, ɣef tmusni, d teɣdemt.

Ɣef teɣdemt n tmetti, Suqraṭ yumen belli tugdut d anagraw n udabu i gefren, maca yesɛa ccek ɣef wamek i tetteddu deg Atina n lweqt-is. Yettqadar belli aṭas n yemdanen ur sɛin ara tmusni i ilaqen iwakken ad ttekkin deg tugdut s wudem yelhan.

Lmut-is

Deg useggas 399 send n Ɛisa, Suqraṭ yettwaccetka ɣef snat n tɣawsin: asexṣer n yilmeẓyen s tidmi-ines yerna ur yumin ara s yilluten n temdint n Atina. Deg tidet, d tuzzma-ines i iqelqen imḍebbren imeqranen n tallit-nni, syin uɣalen ḥeṛṛsen mgal-is acku tiktiwin-is llant ttbeddilent tiktiwin n yilmeẓyen. Deg ccreɛ, yegguma ad iḥunn i yiman-is neɣ ad isuter ssmaḥ. Yeqqar belli ur ixdim acemma n diri, yerna ma yella d lmut i yettraǧun, ad iqabel lmut wala ad ixdeɛ imenzayen-is. Ḥekmen fell-as s lmut. Di tnaḍt-is, yesɛa tagnit ad yerweḷ neɣ ad yesteɛfu, maca yextar ad yemmet. Yenna-d belli tudert war tmusni ur tesɛi ara azal, d belli ilaq ad yettqadar ilugan n tmurt.

Lmut n Suqraṭ s usemmiḍ tella d yiwet seg lmutat timechurin deg umezruy. Inelmaden-is, am Flayṭun d Ksinufun, uran ɣef wamek yemmet s talwit, yeqqim yettmeslay d yinelmaden-is almi d taggara. Lmut-is tuɣal d amedya n urgaz i yumen deg tefelsafit-is almi d taggara n tudert-is.

Tafelsafit n Suqraṭ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n tidmi. Yesbed-d lsas n usteqsi afelsafi, yesbedd lsas n teɣdemt d tmusni, yerna yesɛa tazrirt ɣef tefelsafit n umḍiq n Utaram(Lɣerb). Tiktiwin-is ɣef tafrit, ɣef tmusni, d ɣef teɣdemt mazal ttwaɣrant ar ass-a deg yiɣerbazen d deg tmetti.

Taɣawsa tameqqrant i d-yeǧǧa Suqraṭ d belli tmusni n tidet d abrid ɣer tudert yelhan. Yesɛemmed belli amdan ilaq ad yesɛu tafrit ɣef yiman-is, ad yesteqsi ɣef wayen yumen, yerna ad yeddu dima s tidet, ula ma yella aya ad t-yawi ɣer ugur.