Karl Marks

Karl Heinrich Marks, ilul deg 5 si Mayyu deg usseggas 1818 di tmurt n Trier yezdeɣ di Rheinland tamurt n Lalman yemmut di 14 di Meɣres 1883 di teɣremt n London. Marks yella d argaz n tfelsafit d tsertit u d ameẓṛay ameqṛan deg tdamsa, tasnametti u d netta i d-isnulfan ayen i wumi neqqar Tazdukla, i d-yeqqaren belli ulac amgarad ger imdanen ɣas ulamma yella deg ixeddim-nsen n yal ass.

Yella d afelsafi, amezruyan, d amassan n tdamsa almani. Yetttwaḥesben d yiwen seg yimassanen imeqranen akk i yesbedden tasnakta(tidyulujit) n tzdukla d tnemla. Axeddim-is akked umeddakel-is Friedrich Engels, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef umzruy, timetti, d tdamsa. Tikti-ines tagejdant teqqen ɣer umennuɣ n tiserkam.

1. Tudert-is

Ilul Karl Heinrich Marx di Trier aseggas n 1818. Yella d wis sin ger 8 Tam watmaten-is. Baba-s, Heinrich Marx (1782–1838), d abugaṭu, yefrurid deg yiwet twacult twudayt Ackenaz. Jedd-nsen Meier Halevi Marx yella d uday, ma d mmi-s d warraw n mmi-s uɣalen d imasiḥiyen, ẓẓiẓrgen isem-nsen ɣer Heinrich iwakken ad izmiren ad xedmen, yemma-s n Karl, Henriette Pressburg (20 Yulyu 1788-30 Wamber 1863), d tudayt n tmura n wadda.

Temẓi-is

Twacult-is tella deg tserkemt talemmast. Baba-s, Hanrix Marks, yellan d abugaṭu, yuɣal d amasiḥi ɣas ma yella yekka-d seg yiwet n twacult n wudayen, i wakken ad yerwel i useḥqer amettiyan d usɣan i yellan deg tallit-nni. Marks yekka temẓi-ines deg tmuɣli n tfelsafit n teftilin, anda i yelmed azal n tilelli, n tussna, d umtawa gar yemdanen.

Tizrawin d Tfelsafit

Marks yedda ɣer tesdawit n Bonn, syin ɣer tin n Berlin i wakken ad yezrew tussna n usaḍuf d tfelsafit. Deg Berlin, yemɣi deg wallaɣ-is unadi ɣef tfelsafit n Higl. Higl yella yessefham-d belli amzruy yettbeddal s tarrayt n wallaɣ d tikta. Marks yeddem terrayt-a n Higl, maca yerra-tt s wudem n tmetti. Yenna-d belli mačči d tikta i d-ixelqen tilawt, maca d tilawt n tmetti, am usfares d tdamsa, i d-iffaren tikta d tmuɣli n wemdan. Da i yebda useggem n tmuɣli-ines ɣef umzruy, yuɣal yettwali belli anagraw n usfares d netta i d lsas n tmetti.

Asikel d Temlilit akked Engels

Imi Marks yuɣal d amasay n uɣmis almani, yura imagraden i yekkatayen adabu d tsertit n tmurt-is. Ayagi yessawḍ adabu ad yemdel aɣmis-nni, dɣa Marks yettwaḥettem ad yeǧǧ tmurt-is, yuɣal d amsikel. Yedda ɣer Bariz, syin ɣer Bruxelles.

Deg Bariz, deg useggas n 1844, yemlal akked Friedrich Engels. Tamlilit-a tella d tamsalt tameqrant deg umzruy n tfelsafit. Angils yellan d amassan n tdamsa, yessen mliḥ asihri imi baba-s yellan d bab n umukan n usfares deg Langlitir. Engels yeldi-as tiwwura i Marks i wakken ad yissin amek tteddun yimukan n usfares, amek ixeddmen yimɣiden, d wamek i ten-ssexdamen yimawlanen n ihri i wakken ad rnun ayla-nsen. Seg wass-nni, Marks d Engels uɣalen d imeddakel n tudert, xedmen akk tirawin-nsen akken.

Asali n Wulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan

Deg 1848, tallit ideg tella aṭas n tanekra di Turuft, Marks d Engels ssufɣen-d adlis ameqran "Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan". Deg udlis-a, nnan-d belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Sbedden azadur n tanekra n yimɣiden mgal taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri. Nnan belli asihri ad yemmet s yiman-is s sebba n tnemgalin-is tigensiyin, ad d-teffeɣ tmetti tamaynut anda ulac tiserkam, ulac aɛeffas, tagi tazdukla.

Tudert deg Lundun d Udlis "Ihri"

Marks yettwaḥettem ad yeǧǧ Lalman d Fransa, yeqqim deg Lundun (Langlitir) armi yemmut. Tudert-is deg Lundun tella d tawaɣit tameqrant. Yella yedder deg ufellaḍ ameqran. Tameṭṭut-is, Jenni fon Westfalin, ɣas ma tella d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n tserkemt n yimawlanen, teǧǧa tudert n uheyyi i wakken ad teddu yid-s deg ubrid n umennuɣ. Aṭas n warraw-is mmuten d imecṭaḥ s waṭṭan imi ur sɛin ara ayla i wakken ad ten-ḥudden. Maca Engels, imi yella d amerkanti, yella yettɛawan-it s yidrimen i wakken ad ikemmel anadi-ines.

Deg Lundun, Marks yella yetteddu yal ass ɣer temkarḍit tameqrant n Lundun. Din i yezrew aṭas n yidlisen n tdamsa, n umzruy, d tusnakt. Din i yura adlis-is ameqran "Ihri", anda i yesleḍ s telqayt amek tteddun yidrimen, amek i d-yettwafaras wazal amernay, d wamek i yella unfafad yellan deg unagraw amsihri. "Ihri" mačči kan d adlis n tdamsa, maca d azɣan ameqran ɣef unagraw i yessawḍen imɣiden ad ilin d ifecka kan i usfares.

Taggara d Tiras

Marks yemmut deg 14 Meɣres 1883 deg Lundun, yemmut d igellil, maca yemmut yessen belli tikta-ines ad kemmlent abrid. Ɣas ma yella yemmut, tikta-ines beddlent amzruy n umaḍal. Deg lqern wis 20, aṭas n tmura i yeddmen tikta-ines i wakken ad sbeddent inagrawen isnemlayen d yizduklayanen.

Ass-a, ɣas akken kra n timuɣliwin i yurzen ɣer tikta n Marks ur ssawḍent ara ad sbeddent tazdukla s wudem i yelhan, azɣan i yefka Marks i usihri, tussna n umzruy, d tussna n tmetti mazal d aɣbalu ameqran i yimassanen n wass-a. Tudert-is tella d amedya n wemdan i yefkan akk ayen i yesɛa i unadi n tidet d tilelli n talsa.

2. Asatal amzrayan d waddad n tmetti

Marks yedder deg tallit ideg tella tagrawla tamgurant di Turuft. Tallit-nni teddem-d asnulfu ameqran deg usfares, maca ternu-yas tawaɣit i yixeddamen. Asihri yebna ɣef ufraq n ihri gar yimawlanen n yimukan n usfares, imɣiden ur nesɛi ara ula d ayla, ala tazmert-nsen n uxeddim i wakken ad idiren.

Deg tallit-nni, Marks iwala belli anagraw amaynut n tdamsa ur yessaweḍ ara ad yefk tilelli i yemdanen meṛṛa, maca yerna kan aqhaṛ d twaɣit. D ayen i t-yessawḍen ad inadi ɣef yiẓuran n umgired n tiserkam yellan deg unagraw-a.

3. Amhaz Icudden Ɣer Wangaw: Lsas n Tfelsafit-is

Afelsafi almani Hegel yesbedd tikti n umhaz, maca s tmuɣli i yurzen ɣer wallaɣ kan, yella yettḥulfu belli tikta d tmuɣliwin n wallaɣ d nitenti i d-ixelqen tilawt. Marks yerra tamsalt-a, yenna-d: "Tikta n yemdanen ur d-ttekken ara seg igenni, maca ttekken-d seg tilawt tangawat, seg usfares d wassaɣen n tdamsa."

S wawal n Marks, mačči d allaɣ n wemdan i d-yettaken tilawt, maca d tilawt tangawat i d-yettaken allaɣ d tikta. Amhaz s wudem n tangawa yessefham-d belli kullci deg umaḍal yettbeddal, yettemhaz, yerna amhaz-a yettili-d s umgired, s temsal yettemgaraden i yettmyelkafen i wakken ad d-snulfunt tamsalt tamaynut.

Tangeẓṛit Tamezrayt

Lsas amenzu n tfelsafit n Marks d tangeẓṛi tamezrayt. Ɣer-s, maççi d tikta, asɣan, neɣ d iziɣren i d-yessuddusen amezruy n talsa, maca d tignatin n waddad adamsan d wamek i d-tettili tfarest. Timetti tebna ɣef sin n yeḥricen igejdanen. Aḥric amezwaru d "adda" i d-immalen allalen n ufares akked wassaɣen n ufares (tadamsa, lxedma, tawuri). Aḥric wis sin d "taɣessa" (la superstructure) i d-ijemɛen tasnakta, izerfan, d tsertit. Adda adamsan d netta i d-isbaduyen taɣessa n tmetti. Ihi, yal tuttya neɣ abeddel lqayen deg umezruy yettas-d mi ara yili umennuɣ gar wallalen n ufares d wassaɣen n ufares n tallit-nni. Amezruy ur iteddu ara s tẓeṛiyin timadwanin, maca s tmentilin yellan s wudem n tengeẓri.

4. Amzruy d Umennuɣ n Tserkam

Deg udlis-is "Ulɣu n Ukabar Azduklan", Marks yura belli amzruy n tmettiyin akk i yellan d amzruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Yal tawada n tmetti tettili-d s umgired gar sin n yidisan: wid iṭṭfen adabu d ihri, d wid ur nesɛi ara ayla.

Deg tallit n usihri, amennuɣ-a yella gar taserkemt n yimawlanen n ihri d taserkemt n yimɣiden. Imawlanen ttnadin ɣef tanfa d wazal amernay, ma d imɣiden ttnadin ɣef tuddert, tazmert, d tilelli. Umennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad yili d amnekni, imi anagraw n usihri yettidir ɣef usfaydu seg uxeddim n yimɣiden baṭel.

Marks yenna-d belli amezruy n tmettiyin meṛṛa d amezruy n umennuɣ n tserkam. Deg unagraw n usihri, amennuɣ-a yettili-d s telqayt gar snat n tserkamin tigejdanin. Taserkemt tamenzut d "imsihranen", i yesɛan allalen n ufares am tneɣrafin (luzinat), akal, d yihri. Taserkemt tis snat d "tameɣda", d ixeddamen neɣ imɣad ur nesɛi acemma anagar iɣallen-nsen i zenzun iwakken ad idiren. Imsihranen sfaydayen ɣef imɣad s wammud n tfarest-nsen, d ayen i d-igellun s tlufa n ddel akked lḥif ɣef yixeddamen. Amennuɣ-a ur yezmir ara ad iḥbes alamma tewweḍ-d tagrawla ara ibeddlen llsas n tmetti.

5. Tasertit n Tdamsa d Wazal Amernay

Deg udlis-is ameqran "Ihri", Marks yesleḍ amek tteddun idrimen d usfares. Yufa-d tamsalt n wazal amernay.

Amedya: Axeddam ixeddem 8 n yisragen. Deg 4 n yisragen imezwura, ixeddem i wakken ad d-yawi azal n uxeddim-is, ayen akken ad yečč, ad yels, ad yidir. Ma deg 4 n yisragen ineggura, ixeddem i umawlan n ihri baṭel. Azal-nni amernay i d-yettwafarsen deg yisragen-nni ineggura, imawlanen n ihri i t-ttawin.

D ayen i d-issefhamen belli asihri mačči d anagraw n umtawa, maca d anagraw n uqher, anda wid iṭṭfen idrimen ttawin ayla n wid ixeddmen.

Tasleḍt n Usihri d Wazal Amernay

Deg udlis-is ameqqran "Ihri", Marks yesleḍ s telqayt amek i iteddu unagraw n usihri. Yufa-d belli llsas n rrbeḥ n umsihran d "iazal amernay". Azal-a amernay d azal i d-yerna uxeddam s lǧehd-is yugar azal n uɣrad-is. Amsihran yettawi azal-a ameqqran i yiman-is mebla ma yexdem, ma d axeddam yettaṭṭaf kan ayen ara t-id-isidren akken ad yili d amuddir. Tanabda-ya(ammud-a) d nettat i d amsedday(amutur) n wesnerni n yihri. Maca d nettat daɣen ara d-yeglun s twaɣit d uɣelluy n unagraw-a, acku asihri s timmad-is d asaraw n tenmegliwin ur yezmir ad tent-yefru. Lḥif n temeɣda ad yettnerni alamma tewweḍ tmetti ɣer tqacuct n truẓi.

Takufḍa

Yiwen seg yiferdisen imuqranen deg tfelsafit n Marks d tamiḍrant n tkufḍa. Axeddam deg tmetti tasihrit yettwaḥṣeb am wakken d taɣawsa neɣ d allal kan n ufares, ur yesɛi ara azal alsan. Takufḍa-ya tebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yeḥricen: axeddam ittwakfeḍ (est aliéné) ɣef ufaris-is imi ayen i d-yexdem ur t-yeksib ara; ittwakfeḍ ɣef tigawt n ufares s timmad-is imi lxedma-s d lḥif maççi d usnulfu neɣ d lfeṛḥ; ittwakfeḍ ɣef ugama n talsa-s imi ur yexdim ara s tlelli; yerna ittwakfeḍ ɣef yixeddamen-nniḍen imi timetti tasihrit tessekcem-d Tamsezwert deg umkan n tdukli d tegmat gar yimɣad.

6. Tanekra d Imal n Tmetti

Marks yumen belli asihri ad temmet s yiman-is, acku yeǧǧur d iɣeblan imeqranen. Imɣiden, mi ara ukin s tilawt-nsen, ad xedmen tanekra.

Tanekra ad tawi ɣer udabu n yimɣiden, anda ara ttwakksen yimukan n usfares i yimawlanen n ihri ad uɣalen d ayla n tmetti meṛṛa.

Deg taggara, ad d-tili tzdukla: d tmetti anda ulac tiserkam, ulac adabu, ulac aqhaṛ. Yal yiwen ad ixeddem almend n tezmert-is, ad yečč almend n wayen i t-ilaqen.

Tazdukla d Taggara n Uwanak

Tafelsafit n Marks maççi d asenmel(tabadut) n tmetti kan s wawal, maca d abrid ɣer tigawt d ubeddel. Iswi aneggaru d akkes n tmetti tasihrit s tegrawla n temeɣda. Tagrawla-ya ad d-tessiweḍ ɣer yiwet n tmetti tamaynut iwumi isemma "tazdukla" (communisme). Deg tmetti-ya, allalen n ufares ad ilin d ayla n tmetti s umata, ur yettili ara umennuɣ n tserkam, ur tettili tenabda. Awanak, i yellan d allal n udabu n yimsihranen, ad yenger s yiman-is imi ur t-teḥwaǧ ara tmetti war tiserkam. Talsa ad tidir deg tlelli tameqqrant anda yal yiwen ad yexdem s tzemmar-is, yerna ad yaɣ ayen yeḥwaǧ.