Aliksandr Ameqqran

Aliksandr Ameqqran
roi de Macédoine (fr)
pharaon (fr)
Tameddurt
Talalit	Pella (fr) , 20 Yulyu 356 BCE
Taɣlent	royaume de Macédoine (fr)
Lmut	Babylone (fr) , 10 Yunyu 323 BCE
Ideg n uẓekka	Taskendrit
Tamentilt n tmekkest	isragen igamanen (fièvre typhoïde (fr) )
Tawacult
Baba-s	Philippe II de Macédoine
Yemma-s	Olympias
Tissulya akked	Parysatis (fr) (324 BCE - 323 BCE); Stateira (fr) (324 BCE - 323 BCE); Roxane (fr) (328 BCE - 323 BCE)
Abusin	Barsine (fr) ; Bagoas (fr) ; Héphaestion (fr) ; Campaspe (fr)
Arraw-is	view Alexandre IV Aigos (fr) ; Héraclès de Macédoine (fr) ;
Atmaten-is d yissetma-s	Europa de Macédoine (fr) , Philippe III de Macédoine (fr) , Caranos (fr) , Cléopâtre de Macédoine (fr) , Cynané (fr) d Thessaloniké (fr)
Tawacult	view Eurydice (fr) (grand-mère paternelle (fr) ); Amyntas III (fr) (grand-père paternel (fr) ); Néoptolème Ier (fr) (grand-père maternel (fr) );
Tawsit	Argéades (fr)
Tiɣri
Tutlayin	grec ancien (fr)
Iselmaden	Aristot; Anaximène de Lampsaque (fr)
Amahil
Amahil	asertay, chef militaire (fr) d monarque (fr)
Influenced by	Aristot
Military service
Taseddart	commandant en chef (fr)
Yennuɣ deg	guerres d'Alexandre le Grand (fr)
Taflest
Asɣan	religion grecque antique (fr) ; mythologie grecque (fr)

Aliksandr Ameqran (s tagrigit taqburt : Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας / Aléxandros ho Mégas ou Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος / Mégas Aléxandros) neɣ Aliksandr wis tlata, illul ass n 22 yulyu 356 s.t.-S-Ɛ deg Pella, yemmut ass n 13 yunyu 323 s.t.-S-Ɛ deg Babel. D agelid n Tagelda n Masidunya (336-323 s.t.-S-Ɛ)^[1].

Aliksandr Ameqran yewṛet tagelda ijehden deffir mi yettwanɣa baba-s, Filip win sin. Yuɣal yebda-d aɣawas-nnes n ussehres n tgelda n tafaṛsit, yerna yesselwi yiwen umennuγ n mraw n yiseggasen. Yerbeḥ imenɣiyen imeqqranen am Granicus (334 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ), Issus (333) d Gaugamela (331), d ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yeɣleb akk Tagelda Tafarsit. Syin akin, idegger imenɣiyen -is arma d lhend, maca iserdasen-nnes ugin ad ddun ugar ɣer sdat. Yemmut deg useggas n 323 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ deg Babil.^[2]

yesbedd azal n snat tmerwin(ɛecrin) n temdinin, gar-asent Iskenderya deg Maṣer, yerna yessebɣas aẓeḍḍa n yedles n Yihelniyen. Tagelda-nnes tebḍa deffir ma yemmut gar yijiniṛalen-nnes, idyudikin.

Tamacahut-is tettnerni si zik, ladɣa deg ungal n aliksandr i ixelḍen amezruy d usugen. Ttwalin-t d asaḍ aṛebbani, fkan-as tamudemt-is i waṭas n wudmawen imezruyanen, seg ruma taqburt armi tallit-agi tatrart. aṭas i t-iwalan d amedya u aṭas i d-yugmen seg-s ama d imsellḥen n Urupa, ama d iɣerfan n Asya s yisem n Iskandar. Tazrirt-is ad tt-naf deg tẓuri, deg tsekla d wansayen ar ass-a.

Iɣbula

Iɣbula usriden

Ur d-yeqqim ula d yiwet n tnagit taseklant n leḥkem n aliksander, amesnazray-is kalstane yeǧǧa-d kan kra n ticeqfatin n tira. Tiḥkayin n yemdukal n Iskender (Ptolémée, Aristobulus, Nearchus, Onesicritus, Chares) ur llint ara, maca sɛant azal ɣef Diodorus Siculus, Arrian, Plutarque ed Quintus Curtius. Clitarque, ɣas akken ur yettekka ara deg unekcum-nni, yella yebna ɣef yirciven tunṣibin akked tnagiwin.

Arciv n tgelda, am Ephemerides n Eumenes n Cardia, ruḥen u ɛerqen ula d nutni daɣen, Tibratin i as-yettunefken i alexandre llant, maca tidet-nsent d ayen uben ara, Kra n teftarin tunṣibin deg-sent ajerred n tirawin d tedrimt, ineggura-a ttaken-d isalan isertiyen d yidamsanen yesɛan azal amuqran.

Iɣbula arusriden

Timucuha kan ay d-yeqqimen usan-d seg yimedyazen d imeskaren n Tgelda Tarumanit Taɛlayant. Sin n wansayen n umezruy i d-yeffɣen:

Ayen iqqarben ɣer tidet s waṭas d Arrian d Plutarque, itekkan ɣef tira n Ptolémée d Aristobulus. Arrian yettmuqul deg tidyanin tiserdasiyin ma d Plutarque yesleḍ deg awadem n Aliksander.
Win n ucebaḥ s wudem n tayri am win n d Diodore, Quinte-Curce d Justin, yewwi-t Clitarian. Diodore d Quinte-Curce cebḥen udem n Aliksander, ma d Justin yuwey-d tikli n uzɣan ugar.

Iɣbula arkyulujiyen

Ayen ay d-yeqqimen seg tgelda n Aliksander qlilet, imi tagelda-nnes tella d tawezlant. Amur ameqran seg Teskenderyatin ur d-qqiment ara, anagar tin n Maṣer. Tiṣekkiwin n tẓuri n tura ɣas ini ruḥent akk, maca ttilint-d kra n tenɣal tiṛumantiyin. am tfelwiyin yettwassnen n Pumpei.

Tigra tineggura

Ayen i d-ufan imusnawen d tiɣawsiwin timaynutin snernant tamussni ɣef Aliksander:

Yiwet n tfelwit n Babil tenna-d s ṣṣeḥ belli yemmut deg 10-11 yunyu 323 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.
Iḍrisen iramiyen i d-yettmeslayen ɣef rrwel n Isamariyen zdat n Aliksander di 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.
Tadrimt n wureɣ ay d-ufan deg Afɣanistan tezmer ad d-tessken Aliksander yelsan aqerruy n yilef.
Yiwen n umqam n Aliksander ɣer Lbahariya deg Maṣer iwekked-d dakken yeṭṭef aneggaf aferɛun.
Ixerban n yiwet n temdint yettwaḥerzen, Qaletaga Darband, ay d-yesbedd Aliksander deffir Gaugamela, ttwassen s ussway n tfelwiyin n yigenni n CIA.

Temẓi d usegmi

Talalit d imawlan

Aliksander Ameqran ilul di Pella deg useggas n 356 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. mmi-s n Filibus wis sin n Masidunya d Ulimpiya n Ipirus. Yettwali d akken yesɛa sin n lejdud yesɛan azal : seg Hirakles s baba-s, seg Achilles s yemma-s. Ttwasqedcent tmucuha ɣef tlalit-nnes, kra qqaren-d d akken d mmi-s n Zeus neɣ n ferɛun Nectanebo II.^[3]

Tazrirt tadelsant n aliksander

Imasiduniyen ttwalin-ten s tɣawsiwin yemgerraden ɣef leḥsab n yiɣbula iqburen: kra ttwalin-ten d Iyunaniyen, wiyaḍ d “iberraniyen n tlemmast”. D acu kan, tutlayt d ddin n Imasiduniyen d iyunaniyen, yerna Aliksander yettḥulfu s lqerb d akken d agrikki. Yettwaḍḍef s yedles agrigi, ladɣa s Iliad n Homer, ay yettwali d amzun neɣ d tamudemt n tesnuddest(tastratijit) taserdasit.^[4]

Tazrirt n aristut

Yeɣra mliḥ seg wasmi ay yella d amecṭuḥ, Aliksander yuɣal d anelmad n Aristote gar 342 d 340 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Ayen yesselmad yekka-d nnig n tmusni: Aristote yessebded-d tamuɣli n udabu ay deg agellid amasiduni yessefk ad yesdukkel Yunan wa ad yessebded taḥellitit(hellénisme). Yessekcem-as daɣen imenzayen n tdukli (philia) d tuẓulin n tmelwi i d-yettawin tazrirt meqqren i wayen i d-iteddun deg imennuɣ-nnes n yimal.

Tageldit

Agellid n Masidunya

anekcum ɣer udabu (340-336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Ddaw n Filipus II, Masidunya tuɣal d tazmert tameqrant deg Yunan. Aliksander, deg 18 n yiseggasen kan, yessken-d tizemmar-nnes tiserdasiyin deg yimenɣi n Chaeronea (338 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ) s ussehres n Tbaṭiyunt Taqdimt n Thèbes. Yettwasemma d anemhal (régent) deg useggas n 340 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. yerna yella d aselway n lḥemla-nnes taserdasit tamezwarut aydeg yerbeḥ mgal teqbilin titrarsiyin deg 339 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Yiwen n ccwal asertan deg 339 yerra-t deg ccwal d baba-s, maca ssawḍen ad msefhamen send timenɣiwt n filibus deg 336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Asekcem ɣer udabu (anebdu n 336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Deffir ma nɣan Filipus wis sin, Aliksander yettwasbedd d agellid deg leɛmer-is 20 n yiseggasen. I wakk-n ad yeḍmen tagelda-nnes, yekkes imenzaɣen-is(ixṣimen-is) gar-asen mmi-s n ɛemmi-s Amyntas IV, yerna yeǧǧa yemma-s Ulympias ad tessewjed lmut n Cleopatra, tameṭṭut tis snat n Philip. Ilaq imiren ad d-yesbedd adabu-ines mgal timdinin tiyunaniyin i yettqabalen adabu-ines.

Tikliwin n ugafa (tagrest 336 – anebdu 335 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Uqbel ma yenṭeg ɣef Umenkud Afarsi, Aliksander yessaweḍ tiḥemliwin akken ad iḥudd tilisa-nnes. Yemḥeq Getes d Triballes deg ugafa n Danub, syin iqubel Illyrians, iḥettem-iten ad ssersen imrigen-nsen(leslaḥ-nsen) deffir trennawt deg lḥers n Pelion.

Tanekra n temdinin tiyunaniyin (amwan-tagrest 335 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

yettfaṛasen ccwal di masidunya, Thèbes tekker-d mgal n leḥkem n Masidunya, yerna Darius wis 3 n Faṛs yella yettɛawan-itt s tuffra. Aliksander yerra-d s tɣawla, yemḥeq tanekra-nni yerna yesserɣ Thèbes, dɣa s waya, imezdaɣen-nnes qqlen d aklan. Atina, ɣas akken d taɛdawt, tettwaḥrez s lmendad n yemseftiyen-nnes.

Tigawin-a jjant Aliksander ad yessejhed adabu-nnes wa ad d-yessewjed tikli-nnes mgal Tgelda Tafarsit.

Aliksander Amḥaddi

Iswiyen d tazwara n tuffɣa deg Asya

Alexander yeṭṭef asenfar n baba-s, Filipus wis sin, iswi-nnes d asdukkel n Yigrikkiyen mgal Tgelda Tafarsit. Deffir ma yesseǧhed adabu-nnes deg Legrig yerna yerẓa tigrawliwin yellan mgal-is, yessewjed lɛesker-nnes yerna yezger Hellespont deg 334 qbel Sidna Ɛisa. Iswi-nnes amezwaru netta d aslelli n temdinin tiyunaniyin ay yellan ddaw n tmehla (domination) n Yifaṛsiyen d ussehres n weɛdaw uqbel ad d-yili unekcum meqqren ɣer zdat.

Taredsa n Aliksander d tesnuddsin-nnes tiserdasiyin

Taredsa-s tella deg-s yiwen ukulwaṛ amasiduni amellil, iɣallen n yimnayen iẓewren illan d ifessasen, d wallalen n lḥers. taktikit n "afḍis d umasmer" tesdukkel iɣallen n yiḍarren d yimnayen akken ad terreẓ acengu. Tugrint-is d temɣer-s tameqqrant deg unnar n taktik ttaken-as-d lfayda meqqren ɣef Yifarsiyen.

Tarennawt tamezwarut deg Asya tamecṭuḥt

Mi d-yers Aliksander deg Asya, yerbeḥ deg yimenɣi n Granicus, dɣa s waya ay d-yeḍmen adabu ɣef Frijya d Lidya. Sakkin, yeṭṭef aṭas n temdinin n tlisa, gar-asent Miletus d Halicarnassus, dɣa s waya ay yessejhed amkan-nnes.

Tizmilin

↑ Alexandre III, deg larousse.fr.
↑ P. Pédech, , CEA, 1984, p. 40.
↑ Plutarque, Alexandre, 2, 1.
↑ Arrien, Anabase, I, 16, 7 ; II , 7, 4 ; II, 14, 4.

[1] Alexandre III, deg larousse.fr.

[2] P. Pédech, , CEA, 1984, p. 40.

[3] Plutarque, Alexandre, 2, 1.

[4] Arrien, Anabase, I, 16, 7 ; II , 7, 4 ; II, 14, 4.

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