Aliksandr Ameqqran

Aliksandr Ameqqran
roi de Macédoine (fr) 336 BCE - 323 BCE ← Philippe II de Macédoine (fr) - Alexandre IV Aigos (fr) , Philippe III de Macédoine (fr) → pharaon (fr) 330 BCE - 323 BCE ← Darius III (fr) - Alexandre IV Aigos (fr) , Philippe III de Macédoine (fr) →
Tameddurt
Talalit	Pella (fr) , 20 Yulyu 356 BCE
Taɣlent	royaume de Macédoine (fr)
Lmut	Babylone (fr) , 10 Yunyu 323 BCE
Ideg n uẓekka	Taskendrit
Tamentilt n tmekkest	isragen igamanen (fièvre typhoïde (fr) )
Tawacult
Baba-s	Philippe II de Macédoine
Yemma-s	Olympias
Tissulya akked	Parysatis (fr)  (324 BCE -  323 BCE) Stateira (fr)  (324 BCE -  323 BCE) Roxane (fr)  (328 BCE -  323 BCE)
Abusin	Barsine (fr) Bagoas (fr) Héphaestion (fr) Campaspe (fr)
Arraw-is	view Alexandre IV Aigos (fr) Héraclès de Macédoine (fr)
Atmaten-is d yissetma-s	Europa de Macédoine (fr) , Philippe III de Macédoine (fr) , Caranos (fr) , Cléopâtre de Macédoine (fr) , Cynané (fr) d Thessaloniké (fr)
Tawacult	view Eurydice (fr) (grand-mère paternelle (fr) ) Amyntas III (fr) (grand-père paternel (fr) ) Néoptolème Ier (fr) (grand-père maternel (fr) )
Tawsit	Argéades (fr)
Tiɣri
Tutlayin	grec ancien (fr)
Iselmaden	Aristot Anaximène de Lampsaque (fr)
Amahil
Amahil	asertay, chef militaire (fr) d monarque (fr)
Influenced by	Aristot
Military service
Taseddart	commandant en chef (fr)
Yennuɣ deg	guerres d'Alexandre le Grand (fr)
Taflest
Asɣan	religion grecque antique (fr) mythologie grecque (fr)

Aliksandr Ameqran neɣ Skender ameqqran(s tagrigit taqburt : Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας / Aléxandros ho Mégas ou Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος / Mégas Aléxandros) neɣ Aliksandr wis tlata, illul ass n 22 yulyu 356 s.t.-S-Ɛ deg Pella, yemmut ass n 13 yunyu 323 s.t.-S-Ɛ deg Babel. D agelid n Tagelda n Masidunya (336-323 s.t.-S-Ɛ).

Aliksandr Ameqran yewṛet tagelda ijehden deffir mi yettwanɣa baba-s, Filip win sin. Yuɣal yebda-d aɣawas-nnes n ussehres n tgelda n tafaṛsit, yerna yesselwi yiwen umennuγ n mraw n yiseggasen. Yerbeḥ imenɣiyen imeqqranen am Granicus (334 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ), Issus (333) d Gaugamela (331), d ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yeɣleb akk Tagelda Tafarsit. Syin akin, idegger imenɣiyen -is arma d lhend, maca iserdasen-nnes ugin ad ddun ugar ɣer sdat. Yemmut deg useggas n 323 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ deg Babil.

yesbedd azal n snat tmerwin(ɛecrin) n temdinin, gar-asent Iskenderya deg Maṣer, yerna yessebɣas aẓeḍḍa n yedles n Yihelniyen. Tagelda-nnes tebḍa deffir ma yemmut gar yijiniṛalen-nnes, idyudikin.

Tamacahut-is tettnerni si zik, ladɣa deg ungal n aliksandr i ixelḍen amezruy d usugen. Ttwalin-t d asaḍ aṛebbani, fkan-as tamudemt-is i waṭas n wudmawen imezruyanen, seg ruma taqburt armi tallit-agi tatrart. aṭas i t-iwalan d amedya u aṭas i d-yugmen seg-s ama d imsellḥen n Urupa, ama d iɣerfan n Asya s yisem n Iskandar. Tazrirt-is ad tt-naf deg tẓuri, deg tsekla d wansayen ar ass-a.

Iɣbula

Iɣbula usriden

Ur d-yeqqim ula d yiwet n tnagit taseklant n leḥkem n Aliksandr, amesnazray-is kalstane yeǧǧa-d kan kra n ticeqfatin n tira. Tiḥkayin n yemdukal n Aliksandr (Ptolémée, Aristobulus, Nearchus, Onesicritus, Chares) ur llint ara, maca sɛant azal ɣef Diodorus Siculus, Arrian, Plutarque ed Quintus Curtius. Clitarque, ɣas akken ur yettekka ara deg unekcum-nni, yella yebna ɣef yirciven tunṣibin akked tnagiwin.

Arciv n tgelda, am Ephemerides n Eumenes n Cardia, ruḥen u ɛerqen ula d nutni daɣen, Tibratin i as-yettunefken i alexandre llant, maca tidet-nsent d ayen uben ara, Kra n teftarin tunṣibin deg-sent ajerred n tirawin d tedrimt, ineggura-a ttaken-d isalan isertiyen d yidamsanen yesɛan azal amuqran.

Iɣbula arusriden

Amzruy n Aliksandr deg Quinte-Curce

Timucuha kan ay d-yeqqimen usan-d seg yimedyazen d imeskaren n Tgelda Tarumanit Taɛlayant. Sin n wansayen n umezruy i d-yeffɣen:

• Ayen iqqarben ɣer tidet s waṭas d Arrian d Plutarque, itekkan ɣef tira n Ptolémée d Aristobulus. Arrian yettmuqul deg tidyanin tiserdasiyin ma d Plutarque yesleḍ deg awadem n Aliksandr.
• Win n ucebaḥ s wudem n tayri am win n d Diodore, Quinte-Curce d Justin, yewwi-t Clitarian. Diodore d Quinte-Curce cebḥen udem n Aliksandr, ma d Justin yuwey-d tikli n uzɣan ugar.

Iɣbula arkyulujiyen

Ayen ay d-yeqqimen seg tgelda n Aliksandr qlilet, imi tagelda-nnes tella d tawezlant. Amur ameqran seg Teskenderyatin ur d-qqiment ara, anagar tin n Maṣer. Tiṣekkiwin n tẓuri n tura ɣas ini ruḥent akk, maca ttilint-d kra n tenɣal tiṛumantiyin. am tfelwiyin yettwassnen n Pumpei.

Tigra tineggura

Ayen i d-ufan imusnawen d tiɣawsiwin timaynutin snernant tamussni ɣef Aliksandr:

• Yiwet n tfelwit n Babil tenna-d s ṣṣeḥ belli yemmut deg 10-11 yunyu 323 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.
• Iḍrisen iramiyen i d-yettmeslayen ɣef rrwel n Isamariyen zdat n Aliksandr di 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.
• Tadrimt n wureɣ ay d-ufan deg Afɣanistan tezmer ad d-tessken Aliksandr yelsan aqerruy n yilef.
• Yiwen n umqam n Aliksandr ɣer Lbahariya deg Maṣer iwekked-d dakken yeṭṭef aneggaf aferɛun.
• Ixerban n yiwet n temdint yettwaḥerzen, Qaletaga Darband, ay d-yesbedd Aliksandr deffir Gaugamela, ttwassen s ussway n tfelwiyin n yigenni n CIA.

Temẓi d usegmi

Talalit d imawlan

Asebdad n Aliksandr

Aliksandr Ameqran ilul di Pella deg useggas n 356 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. mmi-s n Filibus wis sin n Masidunya d Ulimpiya n Ipirus. Yettwali d akken yesɛa sin n lejdud yesɛan azal : seg Hirakles s baba-s, seg Achilles s yemma-s. Ttwasqedcent tmucuha ɣef tlalit-nnes, kra qqaren-d d akken d mmi-s n Zeus neɣ n ferɛun Nectanebo II.

Tazrirt tadelsant n aliksandr

Imasiduniyen ttwalin-ten s tɣawsiwin yemgerraden ɣef leḥsab n yiɣbula iqburen: kra ttwalin-ten d Iyunaniyen, wiyaḍ d “iberraniyen n tlemmast”. D acu kan, tutlayt d ddin n Imasiduniyen d iyunaniyen, yerna Aliksandr yettḥulfu s lqerb d akken d agrikki. Yettwaḍḍef s yedles agrigi, ladɣa s Iliad n Homer, ay yettwali d amzun neɣ d tamudemt n tesnuddest(tastratijit) taserdasit.

Tazrirt n aristut

Yeɣra mliḥ seg wasmi ay yella d amecṭuḥ, Aliksandr yuɣal d anelmad n Aristote gar 342 d 340 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Ayen yesselmad yekka-d nnig n tmusni: Aristote yessebded-d tamuɣli n udabu ay deg agellid amasiduni yessefk ad yesdukkel Yunan wa ad yessebded taḥellitit(hellénisme). Yessekcem-as daɣen imenzayen n tdukli (philia) d tuẓulin n tmelwi i d-yettawin tazrirt meqqren i wayen i d-iteddun deg imennuɣ-nnes n yimal.

Tageldit

Agellid n Masidunya

anekcum ɣer udabu (340-336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Ddaw n Filipus II, Masidunya tuɣal d tazmert tameqrant deg Yunan. Aliksandr, deg 18 n yiseggasen kan, yessken-d tizemmar-nnes tiserdasiyin deg yimenɣi n Chaeronea (338 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ) s ussehres n Tbaṭiyunt Taqdimt n Thèbes. Yettwasemma d anemhal (régent) deg useggas n 340 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. yerna yella d aselway n lḥemla-nnes taserdasit tamezwarut aydeg yerbeḥ mgal teqbilin titrarsiyin deg 339 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Yiwen n ccwal asertan deg 339 yerra-t deg ccwal d baba-s, maca ssawḍen ad msefhamen send timenɣiwt n filibus deg 336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Asekcem ɣer udabu (anebdu n 336 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Deffir ma nɣan Filipus wis sin, Aliksandr yettwasbedd d agellid deg leɛmer-is 20 n yiseggasen. I wakk-n ad yeḍmen tagelda-nnes, yekkes imenzaɣen-is(ixṣimen-is) gar-asen mmi-s n ɛemmi-s Amyntas IV, yerna yeǧǧa yemma-s Ulympias ad tessewjed lmut n Cleopatra, tameṭṭut tis snat n Philip. Ilaq imiren ad d-yesbedd adabu-ines mgal timdinin tiyunaniyin i yettqabalen adabu-ines.

Tikliwin n ugafa (tagrest 336 – anebdu 335 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Uqbel ma yenṭeg ɣef Umenkud Afarsi, Aliksander yessaweḍ tiḥemliwin akken ad iḥudd tilisa-nnes. Yemḥeq Getes d Triballes deg ugafa n Danub, syin iqubel Illyrians, iḥettem-iten ad ssersen imrigen-nsen(leslaḥ-nsen) deffir trennawt deg lḥers n Pelion.

Tanekra n temdinin tiyunaniyin (amwan-tagrest 335 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

yettfaṛasen ccwal di masidunya, Thèbes tekker-d mgal n leḥkem n Masidunya, yerna Darius wis 3 n Faṛs yella yettɛawan-itt s tuffra. Aliksandr yerra-d s tɣawla, yemḥeq tanekra-nni yerna yesserɣ Thèbes, dɣa s waya, imezdaɣen-nnes qqlen d aklan. Atina, ɣas akken d taɛdawt, tettwaḥrez s lmendad n yemseftiyen-nnes.

Tigawin-a jjant Aliksandr ad yessejhed adabu-nnes wa ad d-yessewjed tikli-nnes mgal Tgelda Tafarsit.

Aliksandr Amḥaddi

Iswiyen d tazwara n tuffɣa deg Asya

Aliksandr yeṭṭef asenfar n baba-s, Filipus wis sin, iswi-nnes d asdukkel n Yigrikkiyen mgal Tgelda Tafarsit. Deffir ma yesseǧhed adabu-nnes deg Legrig yerna yerẓa tigrawliwin yellan mgal-is, yessewjed lɛesker-nnes yerna yezger Hellespont deg 334 qbel Sidna Ɛisa. Iswi-nnes amezwaru netta d aslelli n temdinin tiyunaniyin ay yellan ddaw n tmehla (domination) n Yifaṛsiyen d ussehres n weɛdaw uqbel ad d-yili unekcum meqqren ɣer zdat.

Taredsa n Aliksandr d tesnuddsin-nnes tiserdasiyin

Taredsa-s tella deg-s yiwen ukulwaṛ amasiduni amellil, iɣallen n yimnayen iẓewren illan d ifessasen, d wallalen n lḥers. taktikit n "afḍis d umasmer" tesdukkel iɣallen n yiḍarren d yimnayen akken ad terreẓ acengu. Tugrint-is d temɣer-s tameqqrant deg unnar n taktik ttaken-as-d lfayda meqqren ɣef Yifarsiyen.

Tarennawt tamezwarut deg Asya tamecṭuḥt

Mi d-yers Aliksandr deg Asya, yerbeḥ deg yimenɣi n Granicus, dɣa s waya ay d-yeḍmen adabu ɣef Frijya d Lidya. Sakkin, yeṭṭef aṭas n temdinin n tlisa, gar-asent Miletus d Halicarnassus, dɣa s waya ay yessejhed amkan-nnes.

Asnerni deg Asya Talemmast d tanṭagt n mgal sɣur ifaṛisiyen

Deg tegrest n 334-33 B.C, ikemmel aẓdam-is deg Pamphylia d Pisidia, yewweḍ ɣer Gurdyun, anda ay yeqceɛ tikerrist-nni mucaɛen n Gurdi, d azamul n twanza-nnes tagellidt, Deg lweqt-nni, taflukt (flotte) tafarsit, ay d-yesselḥay Memnon n Rhodes, teɛreḍ ad tqabel deg tmurt n Yunan, maca lmut n Memnon tessexṣer iɣawasen n Darius wis 3. Aliksander yessejhed aḍfar-nnes n yilel, iheggad ad iqabel agellid afarsi s timmad-nnes.

Seg Issus ar Gugamiles: Aẓdam n Aliksandr

S abrid n yimenɣi n Issus (anebdu-lexrif 333 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Mi yeffeɣ seg Gurdyun, Aliksandr ikemmel ɣer Kilikya anda ay yuḍan di Tarsus. Seg tama niḍen, Parmnyun yesseḍmen abrid-nni ɣer Surya. Aliksandr yeṭṭef-d idurar n Silisya, arnu yeḍmen-d talwit seg deffir-s. D acu kan, taflukt (flotte) tafarsit ay d-yesselḥay Farnabazus mazal-itt la tetteggez Ilel n Égée, yerna Darius wis 3 yessers lɛesker-nnes deg Issus akken ad yegzem Aliksandr ɣef deffir-nnes. Aneggaru-a yezzi-d ɣer yidis-nnes yerna iqubel Ifaṛsiyen deg yimenɣi n Issus (1 Wamber 333), yerna yerbeḥ-d tarennawt meqqren ay d-yellan s lqerb yerna yeṭṭef tawacult n Dariyus.

Tuṭṭfa n Finiqiya (tagrest n 333 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Deffir Issus, Darius yerwel ɣer Lfurat deg wakud aydeg Aliksander yeṭṭef Finiqiya. Yella iɣelles timdinin n Byblus, Sidun d Aradus, maca Sur tugi ad teknu, Aliksandr yeǧǧa Parmnyun ad yeṭṭef agerruj n Dariyus di Dimecq, yerna yesbedd Antigun d lwali n Asya Tameẓyant.

Asutel n Tyre (Yennayer–Ɣuct 332 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Asutel n Tye, Andri castayn

Aiksandr yebda asutel n Tyre s lebni n yiwen n uggug akken ad yaweḍ ɣer temdint n tegzirt-nni. Iṭuriyen ssersen-d amennuɣ ijehden mgal tuṭṭfa, maca Aliksandr yejmeɛ-d lbabuṛat n Fenisyen d win n Qubṛus, yezzi-d ɣef temdint. Seld sa(sebεa) n wayyuren n lḥers, Tyre tettwaṭṭef deg ɣuct 332. Aqmaḍ-nni yella d aqesḥan : 6000 alamma d 8000 n yimḥaddan i yettwanɣan, 2000 yettwasemmṛen d 30.000 n yimezdaɣ i yuɣalen d aklan. Rrbeḥ-a yekkes-as aɣbel i Aliksandr akken ad yeḥkem ɣef Yilel Agrakal n wegmuḍ.

Tuṭṭfa n Maṣer (amwan 332 - tafsut 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Abrid yeṭṭef Alikandr seg 332-331 Send talalit n lmasiḥ

Aliksandr yeṭṭef Ɣezza deffir ma yella-d ccwal d yiwen n zbu ameqran yerna yekcem ɣer Maṣer deg Dujembeṛ n 332, yettwaqbel am win ay d-yeslelliyen. Yuɣal d afarεun deg Memfis deg useggas n 331 yerna yesbedd-d Iskenderya. Yerza ɣer urakl n Zeus Ammun di Siwa, d tin i t-id-yesbedden d mmi-s n yillu. Yeɛreḍ ad yessuddes tadbelt tamaṣrit uqbel ad yuɣal ɣer Ugmuḍ (ccerq).

Sdat n yimenɣi n Gaugamela (tafsut n 331 - Tuber 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Aliksandr yezger-d asif n Lfurat deg Yulyu n 331, ma d Tigris deg Ctembeṛ. Yeẓra belli Dariyus yettraǧu-t di Gaugamela s yiwen n lɛesker ameqqran. Ass n 1 Tubeṛ 331, yerbeḥ-d rrbeḥ s lǧehd s lmendad n yiwet n tmenɣiwt n yimnayen. Dariyus yerwel ɣer Madya, yeǧǧa Alixander d bab n Tgelda Tafarsit.

Aḍfar n Dariyus

Akeccum ɣer Babil d Susa (Tuber-Dujember 331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Deffir ma yerbeḥ deg Gaugamela, Aliksandr ikemmel ɣer tama n Babil, yerna Babil tefka-d iman-nnes war ma zbu s lmendad n Mazyus, yellan d aɛessas afarsi aqbur. Imḍebbren n Babilun, ur nḥemmel ara ifarsiyen, msefhamen yid-s, yerna netta yeḍmen-d leqder n wansayen isɣananen(tgemmi n ddin) s lameṛ n lebni n wemkan n tẓallit n Marduk. Yerra isem n Mazyus d agellid n Babil maca ijja din yiwet n tmehla ijehden.

Ikemmel ɣer tama n Susa, yuzen Filuksinus akken ad iεass agerruj meqqren n 50.000 n twiztin n lfeṭṭa. Yefka arraz i Abulits i s-d-fkan tallalt, dɣa yuzen 3000 n n twiztin i Antipater akken ad d-yawi tadrimt i ṭṭraḍ mgal Sparta.

Ugur n Antipater di tmurt n Yunan (331 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Deg Yunan, agellid n Spartan Agis III yessuddes-d tanekra s tallelt n yiqerṣiwen n Kṛiṭa d waṭas n temdinin n Peloponnese. Yeɣleb yiwet n tmehla (corps) tamasidunit yerna yezzi-yas i Megalopolis, maca tuget n Yegrigiyen qqimen d irawsanen, ladɣa deg Atina.

Antipater, mi yella yettḍafar tisunḍiwin n Aliksandr, yemsegra-d gar 35.000 ed 40.000 n yirgazen yernu iqubel Agis ay yesɛan kan 20 000 n yiserdasen. Sparta tettwarna deg Megalopolis, ma d Agis III yettwanɣa. Sparta testeg talwit, yerna isalli n trennawt n Gaugamèles yesseǧhad adabu amasiduni deg Legrig.

Deg lawan-nni kan, ittnerni ccwal gar Antipater d Ulympyas, yemma-s n Aliksandr. tessuter-d tagelda n Epirus deffir ma yemmut gma-s Aliksandr Amezwaru maca tekfa s uḍman n tgelda i mmi-s.

Asizzel di Persida d tmes n Persipolis (Yennayer-Mayu 330 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Aliksandr yedda ɣer Persepolis deg ubrid ageldan. Yebḍa lɛeskeṛ-is : Parmenion yeḍfer abrid agejdan, ma d Aliksandr iɛedda ɣef Persis, yerna yesseɣli-d annuz(yerra-ten ddaw udabu-nnes) ɣef Iksiyen. Yettwaḥbes deg Tewwura Tifaṛsiyin sɣur Ariobarzanes, maca ɣer taggara yekcem ɣer Persepolis deg Yennayer n 330 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Kra n wayyuren sakkin, deg wayyur n mayu, sserɣen tamdint-nni. Tagnit-a tettwafhem ahat d ttaṛ mgal Yifaṛsiyen ɣef tmes n Atina deg 480 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. neɣ am tigawt ur yettwaxemmen ara akken iwata ddaw n tezrirt n yiɣisem(am ccrab) d yiwet n tmeṭṭut tazfit tayunanit, Times-nni walan-tt s yir tamuɣli Yifaṛsiyen, maca tessefreḥ imasiduniyen.

Lmut n Dariyus (anebdu 330 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Dariyus win 3

Darius wis 3 yerwel ɣer Midi, sakkin yeɛreḍ ad yaweḍ ɣer Hirikani s yiwen n lɛesker ameẓyan. Aliksandr iɛedda s tɣawla, yewweḍ ɣer Ikbatana, anda i d-yesla belli Dariyus yerwel s wazal n 9000 n yergazen.

Aliksandr yebḍa iɣallen-nnes : Parmenion yeffeɣ ɣer Hyrcania, ma d netta yeḍfer Dariyus s yiwet n tezmert tawezlant. Deffir yiwet n tikli ɣezzifen, yesla belli Dariyus yettwaxdeɛ yerna yettwaṭṭef sɣur Bissus d yimeddukal-is.

Mi d-yewweḍ dinna, Iskender yufa-d belli Darius nɣan-t yergazen-is. Bissus yessekles iman-nnes d agellid s yisem n Artaxerxes V, maca Aliksandr ikemmel amennuɣ-is akken ad isers adabu-nnes ɣef Tgelda Tafarsit taqburt.

Akkin ɣer Usammar

Inalkamen n tmettant n Dariyus (anebdu 330)

Deffir mi ttwanɣa Dariyus III, Aliksandr yessuter ad yeṭṭef amḍiq-is, yerna yerra tajmilt i ugellid-nni ay yemmuten akken ad yessejhed tazerfa-s ɣer Yifaṛsiyen. Yerra araz i wid i d-itebɛen Darius, gar-asen Artabazus, yerna yemḍel Dariyus di Persipolis. Tihhuga-nni tafaṛsit tedda s lǧehd deg tmuɣli-agi n aliksander, dɣa d aya ay yessisehlen asekcem n yifranen ɣer tgelda-nnes, Aliksandr yeǧǧa ansayen igeldanen imasiduniyen i lfayda n tebzimt(étiquette) tafersit. dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren ccwal gar yimeḍfaren-nnes, yedbda sakkin abḍu n udabu: Hephaistion yuɣal d "chiliarque", Harpale d axeddam n tadrimt.

Annuz n Arya(amwan n 330)

Aliksandr mgal ifarisiyin

Qbel ad yeḍfer Bessus, Aliksandr yessers ddaw-s iɣerfan iɣewwaɣen n Hyrcania d yidurar n Khurāsān. Yesdukkel imsellḥen iqburen n Achaemenid deg yigen-nnes. Netta ijja 6000 n yergazen di Ekbatana s ddaw n Parminiyun. Deffir yiwet n lḥemla tamezwarut deg Arya, yesbedd-d Aliksandr tamdint n Aria (Herat n wass-a). Satibarzanes, ay yettwaḥerzen deg tazwara d anebbaḍ, yekker ɣer tagrawla snat n tikkal uqbel ma yettwanaɣa. Barsaentes, d aɣewwaɣ niḍen, nɣan-t.

Timenɣiwt n Parmeniyun d Filutas (amwan n 330)

Filutas, i yettwardan s txazabit neɣ s tsusmi tammidwant, nɣan-t deffir ma yettwaḥkem fell-as ccṛeɛ. Aliksandr yessuter daɣen ad nɣen baba-s, Parmeniyun, s lemḥadra ɣef wiyaḍ, Tadyant-a tesskanay-d dakken Aliksander ur yesɛi ara taflest meqqren deg iqriben-nnes yernu asebɛed-nnes ɣef tihhugra tamasidunit. Yessuddes lεesker : Axemmem, Crater, Ptolemy d Perdiccas ulin deg tseddart(deg legrad).

Deg uḍfar n Bessus (tagrest 330 – tagrest 329)

Aliksandr yezger-d Arachusya, yessebded-d Iskenderya (Kandahar), sakkin yezger Kuc Hindu, yewweḍ ɣer Baktriya. Bessus, yerwi akal akken ad yeḥbes Aliksander, mačča yettwaxdeɛ sɣur Spitamenes d Uxyartes. Ptolemy yeṭṭef Bessus, syin yettwanɣa deg Ecbatana.

Tuṭṭfa n tsafiwin ɛlayen (tagrest 329 – tafsut 327)

Aliksandr iqubel azbu ijehden deg Sogdian d Bactrian, ladɣa tin n Spitaménès ay igezren iɣallen n masidunya. Aliksandr yerra-d s ljehd, yessedrem Siṛupolis, yesbedd-d Iskenderya Eschatè (Khodjent) yerna yesselwi tamesbanit (manifestation) taserdasit mgal Yisakayen. Deffir waṭas n yimenɣiyen, yuɣ Ruksan, yelli-s n Uksartis, akken ad d-yesdukkel iferranen (élites) idiganin. Yettwaxdeɛ Spitaménès yerna nɣan-t deg tgara n 328. Cleitos yuɣal d anabaḍ n Bactriane, deg wemkan n Artabazus. Aẓdam-nni ifuk s usgunfu n yidigan ineggura n uzbu deg 327.

Tanekra n tmesbaniyin (tagrest 328 – anebdu 327)

Deg yiwet n tmeɣra, Aliksandr yenɣa Cleitos, ameddakel-is d umdakkel-is n tudert-is meṛṛa, s wurrif ameqqran. Tamenɣiwt-a tessebɣas lḥir d ameqran. Aliksandr yeɛreḍ ad yessers asaḍuf(lqanun) afaṛsi ɣef Yimasiduniyen, ladɣa lqanun n proskynesis, maca yemlal-d ccwal seg Callisthenes. Yessekcem 30.000 n yilemẓiyen isyawiyen akken ad ṭṭfen amkan n wid i s-ṛuḥen seg tredsa tamasidunit. Sakkin tella tuffin n unguz(complot) "lǧerḥ n yisebtar" : Sa(sebεa) ttwanɣan. Callistenes, yesɛan tazrirt gar-asen yerna d win yellan d asenqad n Aliksandr, yettwaḥbes yerna yemmut deg Bactra.

Tagara n tikli deg Lhend

Iswiyen n Aliksandr deg Lhend

Lhend tessewham Igrikkiyen, ɣas akken drus ay tt-ssnen. Aliksandr yebɣa ad yaweḍ ɣer lhend, d akal afaṛsi s wudem unṣib seg wasmi ay d-yella Darius Amezwaru, akken ad d-yerr tilisa n Tgelda Taceminidt. Yettwajebd-d daɣen s yiberdan n tnezzut ay yeqqnen Lhend ɣer Taɛraben. Mi ara t-yessuter yiwen n ugellid n tmurt-nni, Taksiles, lemɛawna mgal Purus, Aliksandr yettwali aya d tagnit akken ad yekcem deg temsalt-a. Seg useggas n 329 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, yesbedd-d Iskenderya n Qqaser yerna yessewjed-d tikli-nnes (expédition). Ma yella kra ttwalin d akken yettnadi ad yeḍḍef amaḍal, wiyaḍ ttwalin d akken yettnadi deg tazwara ad yeḥkem ɣef Isuddam n tnezzut n temnaḍt-a.

Aẓdam n Punjab (Anebdu 327 - Anebdu 326 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)

Seg Bactra yesεan yiwet n tredsa d tagtutlayt, Aliksandr yezger Hindu Kush yernu yedda d Taksiles. Iqubel di tazwara Assacenes, sakkin yenṭeg ɣef tɣiwant n Urnus. Syin, yezger Indus, iqubel Purus deg Hydaspes deg yiwen n yimenɣi n yidammen.Yerbeḥ maca iruḥ-as uεudiw-is Bucifalus iwumi yefka tamdint. Yeǧǧa Purus deg udabu, s wakal yettwasnernan. Mi yewweḍ ɣer temdint n Hyfaz, yebɣa ad ikemmel abrid-is ; maca iserdasen-nnes ugin ad ddun ɣer sdat. Dɣa yebna iseflawen, yesburr agrur d ameqqran uqbel ad yuɣal ɣer deffir.

Tuṭṭfa n taɣzut n hindu (Amwan 326 - Tafsut 325)

I wakk-n ad yuɣal ɣer wegmuḍ (lɣerb), Alexander yebna-d yiwet n tanawt yerna yezger-d ɣef Hydaspes sakkin ɣer Hindu. Yemmuger-d iɣerfan yillan ddaw unabaḍ-is, maca ula d iɣewwaɣen, am Ikaṭiyen, Imaliyen neɣ Iksidraken. deg yiwen usutel, yettwajreḥ s waṭas, dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren tugdi deg lɛesker-nnes. Peithon imir-nni yesseɣli-d yiwen n lḥers amuqqran mgal icenga-s. Syin akkin, Aliksandr yewweḍ ɣer Ugaraw Ahendi, Dɣa yesnulfa-d asagen deg Patala.

Tuɣalin iweɛren (Yulyu 325 - Dujember 325)

I lmend n tuɣalin, lɛesker yebḍa : Craterus yeffeɣ-d s webrid n Drangiana, Nearchus yeḍfer-d ilel s tanawt-nnes, ma d Aliksandr yefren abrid ay yesɛan ugar iɣeblan deg uneẓruf n Makran. Iqubel tanekra deg Gedrosia, ixuṣṣ-it wučči deg ubrid, yerna yezger-d yiwen n uneẓruf yuɛran nezzeh anda ay mmuten ugar n 6000 n yergazen, am wakken ay mmuten akk yiɣersiwen. Yemlal d Krater di Karmaniya, syin yeqbel Nearchus di Harmuzia. Aneggaru-a, ɣas ma yella-d yiɛewwiqen n yilel d lexṣaṣ n wamann tissit, yessaweḍ ad yaweḍ ɣer rrif n yilel. Yettwaceggeɛ ɣer Susa akken ad iheggi iman-is i tuɣalin n ugellid.

Dernières années du règne

Tallit n tnekra (taggara n 325 – tazwara n 324)

Mi yezger Hindu yerna yuɣal ɣer Faṛs, Aliksandr yufa-d iman-nnes deg wuguren yetthuzzun tamnekda-s. Deg Bactria, imkariyen igrikiyen fuṛsen iba-ines akken ad snekren yiwet n tagrawla. Deg Maṣer, Cleomenes, ay d-yessers Alexander ɣef uqerru n tedbelt, itekkan u yessexdem yar assexdem adabu-ines, yuɣal yettgen amzun d anabaḍ ay yesɛan azarug (autonomie). Harpalus, yellan d axeznay-is yerna d ameddakel-is aqdim, yerwel si Babil s yiwen n weḥric ameqran s ugerruj n ugellid, mebla ccekk akken ad yerwel si teɣdemt n ugellid. Aliksandr yerra-d akken ilaq: yezger Carmania, yerra-d asaḍuf, iga tarrut mgal inabaḍen yettwacukten s uɣuru, yerna iga-d aɛawed n ussuddes ameqran n tedbelt n tgelda, d uɛawed n yimḍabren n udabu ixuṣṣen.

Tameɣra n Susa (Fuṛaṛ – Meɣres 324)

Deg yiwet n tikli isɛan azamul iǧehden, Aliksandr yessuddes-d yiwet n tmeɣra tameqrant n zzwaǧ deg Susa gar yifesyanen-nnes d tlawin tifarsiyin timeqranin. Netta s timmad-nnes yezwej d Stateira, yelli-s n Darius wis 3, d Parysatis, yelli-s n Artaxerxes wis 3, dɣa s waya ay sdukklen snat-nni n tmiwa n tgelda. 10.000 n yiserdasen iyunaniyen d yimaṣudinyen ay yezweǧen daɣen tilawin n Asya, yal tadukli tedda-d yid-s yiwet n tafzart ay d-yefka Aliksandr. Iswi n tezrawt-a d asnulfu n tdukli n snat n tgemmiwin ed ussebded n tdukli n tgelda. D acu kan, tasertit-a n usdukkel (fusion) tessebɣas-d ccwal daxel n yigen, anda aṭas ay yettwalin zzwaǧ-a d axḍaf n tgemmi tamasidunit.

Tanekra n Upis (tafsut n 324)

Akken kan tekfa tmeɣra n Susa, Aliksandr yenna-d i Upis dakken dakken yella yettazen-d iɣallen-nni iqburen ay yellan ttwajerḥen aṭas neɣ meqqrit aṭas deg leɛmer ɣer Masidunya. Maca aɣtas-a ttwalin-t yiserdasen-nnes d aɛewwel i lfayda n yiserdasen n wegmuḍ (ccerq) i d-ikecmen seg melmi kan. Tebda-d yiwet n tnekra : iserdasen ssuturen-d tuɣalin-nsen s ujemmal, yerna sseknen-d urfan-nsen ɣef tsertit n "usdukkel n yiɣerfan". Aliksandr yerra-d s ccwal : yessuter ad nɣen imḍebbren n tɣiwant-nni, sakkin, yeqqen iman-nnes deg Aɣrem-nnes, yugi ad iẓer iserdasen-nnes imaṣiduniyen. Taggara, Aliksandr yerra-ten ɣer lfayda-nnes, maca taruẓi n tuzzma yellan tura gar-as d yiserdasen-nnes d alqayant.

Tuɣalin ɣer usayes agrigi (tafsut – anebdu n 324)

Aliksandr, ɣas akken yezzi ɣer tama n Ugmuḍ, ur yettu ara timdinin n Yiyunaniyen. Yuzen-d tabrat ay deg yumeṛ ad d-uɣalen yiɣriben isertiyen ɣer temdinin-nsen, d taɣawsa ay yeshuden lmizan asertan deg Yunan yerna d tin ay d-yesnekren ccwal ijehden, ladɣa deg Atina. Deg tallit-nni kan, yella yettḥettim seg Yigrikkiyen tajmilt n Yillu i netta, imi ay yebɣa ad t-id-snen d yiwen n yillu ay yeddren, dɣa d aya ay d-yesnekren lḥir d ccwal. Yuzen-d daɣen Kraterus akken ad yeṭṭef amkan n Antipater, ajiniṛal-is aqdim, d aqerru n Masidunya. Maca Antipater, imi ur yebɣi ara ad yefk adabu, yuzen mmi-s Cassandra ɣer Babil akken ad iqabel ṛṛay-agi. Tamettant n Harpalus, ay yettwaɣen kra kan n wakud deffir ma yewweḍ ɣer Atina, terna-d ɣef tegnit n ccek d ccwal.

Isenfaren ineggura (Anebdu 324 – Tafsut 323)

Ɣas akken llant tɣawsiwin i d-yeglan s ccwal, Aliksandr yettkemmil lebɣi-ines ameqqran. Yebda-d yiwet n tuffɣa n uɛaqeb mgal Cosséens, d aɣref n wedrar ay d-yesnekren ccwal. Syin, yuɣal ɣer Babil, ibɣa ad t-yerr d tamaneɣt n tgelda-ines taɣelnawt. Yettwaqbel s tmagliwin (délegations) seg wakk timnaḍin n Asya akk-d tmura nniḍen, yerna aya yefkad tanagit ɣef wazal-is deg umaḍal akk.La yettheyyi yiwet n tuffɣa d tameqrant ɣer tama Taɛrabt yernu yella yessefray ad yessefqed tama n wegmuḍ n Tefriqt. lweqt-nni kan, ikemmel yesseqdac Ifaṛsiyen deg yigen(taredsa), yerna yesselmad 20.000 n yiserdasen iṛaniyen ilmeẓyen i yimenɣi ɣef leḥsab tamudemt (modèle) amasiduni. Annect-a akk yettcehhid-d ɣef lebɣi-s akken ad d-yesnulfu taɣerma tamaynut, mačči d tagrikkit wala d tin ussamer (tacerqit), maca texleḍ.

Ussan ineggura (Mayu – Yunyu 323)

Deg yiwen n imensi deg 323, Aliksandr teṭṭef-it tawla d tameqrant. Aṭṭan-nni yennerna s tɣawla, yerna ɣas akken llan ttḥaraben fell-as yimejjayen-nnes, yeqqim acḥal n wussan deg usu. Ikemmel yettak-d lewṣayat armi d ass n 4 yunyu, imi yuɣal yessusem. Ass n 10 yunyu 323, di leɛmeṛ-is 32 iseggasen, Iskender yemmut di Babil. Awal-is aneggaru, ɣef akken i d-yenna wansay, ad yili "deg win iǧehden akk" akken ad d-yerr ɣef usteqsi yerzan ɣef win ara t-id-yeḍḍfen. Mi yemmut, ulac aɣawas n umyeḍfer, ijiniṛalen-nnes — Idiadochiyen — kecmen deg yimenɣi n udabu ara icerken tagelda ɣef tmerwin n yiseggasen.

Ssebbat izemren ad ilint deffir n tmettant-is

Tamettant aliwandr tella-d i waṭas n turdiwin :  ssem, leḥzen, aṭṭan. Imazrayen atraren ttaken azal i tiẓri n waṭṭan n Malarya, ahat yewwi-t-id seg wasif n Lfuraṭ. Tiskanin ay d-yettwasfehmen deg yiɣbula iqburen — tawla tameqrant, timuhbelt, asṛuḥu n wawal — ttemcabint d yiwet n talɣa qsiḥen ay izemren ad d-tili sɣur yiwen n Malarya iǧehden aṭas.