Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ

Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ

CW, GF d GF
Anaw	guerre froide (fr) guerre perpétuelle (fr) guerre par procuration (fr) période historique (fr)
Azemz aswasan	1945 –  25 Duǧember 1991
← Trad Tamaḍalant Tis Snat ère post-guerre froide (fr) →
Ansa	Tamrikt talatint Asya Tafriqt Turuft
Amttekki	bloc de l'Est (fr) Bloc de l'Ouest (fr)
Tamentilt	superpuissance (fr)
Issesreg deg	Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt bloc de l'Est (fr) dislocation de l'URSS (fr) réunification allemande (fr) Tadukli Tuṛufit Turuft Usamar
Tasnakudt
	Guerre du Viêt Nam (fr)
	Révolution culturelle (fr)
	Guerre de Corée (fr)
	Conflit frontalier sino-soviétique de 1969 (fr)
	Guerre sino-vietnamienne (fr)
	Crimes du régime khmer rouge (fr)
	Crise de Berlin (fr)
	Crise des missiles de Cuba (fr)
	Invasion de la Tchécoslovaquie par le Pacte de Varsovie (fr)
	Guerre d'Afghanistan (fr)
Igber seg
guerre d'usure (fr) Programme afghan (fr) guerre par procuration (fr) Révolution de Saur (fr) guerre d'Afghanistan (fr)

Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ (s taglizit: Cold War, s tarusit: Холодная война), d tamenziɣt deffir Ṭṭraḍ Amaḍlan Wis Sin, seg 1945 ar 1991, gar Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt, Tadukli Tasuvyatit ed yimsisan-nsen, Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ tella deg tasertit, tadamsa ed tazniwt, aseqdec n yemrigen d win yesεan lḥedd.

Ṭṭraḍ asemmaḍ d awal yura-t i tikelt tamezwarut s umaru aglizi George Orwell, deg umagrad i yeffeɣ-d deg 1945.

Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ d tallit n umennuɣ asertan, d usnaktawi i d-yebdan seld Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin (deg 1945) yerna yekfa s uɣelluy n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg 1991. Fkan-as isem (isem-is) "asemmaḍ" acku ur d-yelli ara d ṭṭrad iẓrilew neɣ d imenɣi srid gar snat n tnezmarin timeqqranin: Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan (IYM) d Tdukli Tasuvyatit (TT).

Iẓuran n Umennuɣ: Tazdukla mgal Tamsihrit

Deg yiwet n tama, tella Marikan d yimsisan-is n utaram, i yellan dduklend ɣer unagraw n tamsihrit , tugdut talibiralit, d uzayez n tlelli tudmawant. Sɛan tamsihrit n ssuq ilelli.

Deg tama nniḍen, tella Tdukli Tasuvyatit d tmura n Wegmuḍ. TT tella tettabaɛ anagraw n tazdukla , s unabaḍ imeslemmes s waṭas, anda akabar amyiwen i d-yettaṭṭafen adabu.

Yal yiwet seg tnezmarin timeqqranin-a tella tettnadi ad tesnerni tazrirt d tesnakta-ines deg umaḍal.

1. Anagraw n Wataram: Tamsihrit d Tugdut Talibiralit

Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan d yimsisan-nsen n Wataram (am Tgelda Yedduklen, Fṛansa, atg.) llan ḍefren anagraw yebnan ɣef:

• Tadamsa: Tamsihrit n ssuq ilelli. Anect-a yebɣa ad yini d akken imdanen d tkebbaniyin n uḥric uslig sɛan azref ad sɛun ayla, ad xedmen tanezzut, yerna ad myezzayen tamsezwert gar-asen. Adabu neɣ awanek ur ikeccem ara aṭas deg tdamsa.
• Tasertit: Tugdut talibiralit. Anagraw-a yebna ɣef tlelli tudmawanin, am tlelli n wawal, tlelli n tɣamsa, d tlelli n usɣan. Llan inagrawan n yikabaren, dɣa lɣaci i d-yefrennan anwa ara ten-inebḍen.
• Iswi: Taggara n Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin, Marikan tella tettwali Tazdukla d amihi ameqqran ɣef tlelli n umaḍal. Iswi ameqqran nsen yella d "aḥbas" n tesnerni n tesnakta tazduklant, ladɣa deg Turuft i yettwaḍerrfen s ṭṭrad.

2. Anagraw n Wegmuḍ: Tazdukla d Unagraw n Ukabar Amyiwen

Isardasen n Tamsisit Taṭlasit d Umatwa n Waṛsu deg turuft (1973)

Tadukli Tasuvyatit d tmura n Wegmuḍ n Turuft i teddukul (i yellan seddaw n tecḍaḍt-is) llan ḍefren anagraw yemgarraden s tidett:

• Tadamsa: Tazdukla, akken i d-tenna tesnakta n Marx d Lenin. Deg unagraw-a, ur telli ara wayla uslig n walalen n ufares (usines, terres...). D adabu i d-yettaṭṭafen kullec s yisem n tmetti. Tadamsa yella usɣiwes sɣur unabaḍ ameslemmes.
• Tasertit: Anagraw n ukabar amyiwen. Ala Akabar Azduklan i yesɛan azref ad yili deg udabu. Ur yelli ara tamsezwert tasertant. Anagraw-a yettusemma daɣen "aɣrudan" acku adabu yella ikeccem deg yal tama n tmeddurt n yemdanen, yerna yella uḥbas ameqqran n tlelli n wawal d uzɣan.
• Iswi: Tadukli Tasuvyatit, s tesnakta-s, tella tettamen d akken tamsihrit d anagraw n wammud yerna ilaq ad teɣli. Iswi-s yella d asnerni n tegrawla tazduklant deg umaḍal, ad seddukel ixeddamen n umaḍal yakk.

Amgired i d-Yeslulen Ṭṭrad

Imenɣi d umgired n tesnakta i d-yebdan uqbel Ṭṭrad Amaḍlan Wis Sin, maca yuɣal d aṣeḥḥan seld 1945.

Aselway Truman yesskanay-d amtawa anaṭlas n Ugafa d yinebgiwen-is deg Uɣlif Uval.

Seg temliliyin n Yalta d Potsdam, Iwunak Yedduklen d Tdukli Tasuvyatit ur msefhamen ara ɣef wamek ara tili Turuft mbeɛd ṭṭrad. Marikan tebɣa timura tilelliyin s tefranin n tugdut. Tadukli Tasuvyatit, i yexsren aṭas n yimdanen, tebɣa ad tesbedd "tamnaḍt n uḥuddu" gar-as d Wegmuḍ n Turuft, s usbeddi n yinabaḍen izduklanen i s-yeddan deg tmura am Pulunya, Hungarya, d Rumanya.

Widak n Wataram walan anect-a d tamsulta d usnerni n tezdukla s yiɣil. Dɣa yal tama tebda tettwali tamaniḍt d amihi ɣef tilin-is. Anect-a i d-yeslulen beṭṭu n Turuft d umaḍal ɣef sin n yiḥricen, d tallit n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Tazzla ɣer Yimrigen Iɣisanen

Yiwet seg tmeẓri timeqranin n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ d "tazzla ɣer leslaḥ," ladɣa imrigen iɣisanen. Seg wasmi i sseqdec Iwunak Yedduklen tibumbtin tiɣisanin deg 1945, Tadukli Tasuvyatit texdem tirmit ines tamezwarut deg 1949.

Anect-a yebda tallit n "tuggdi n uɣisan". Snat n tmura-a wwḍent ɣer tnezmart n ussexṛeb n umaḍal acḥal d tikkelt. Tuggdi-a n ussexṛeb d ayen i d-yeslulen lḥers ameqqran, maca deg yiwet n tama, d ayen i d-iḥebsen ṭṭrad usrid gar-asent.

"Tazzla ɣer Yimrigen Iɣisanen" d timsizzelt tameqqrant i d-yellan gar Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan d Tdukli Tasuvyatit iwakken ad snernin yerna ad afen imrigen iweɛṛen ugar, ladɣa imrigen iɣisanen.

Mačči d tazzla ɣef yimrigen iklasikiyen kan i yellan, maca d tazzla ɣef tknulujit n ussexṛeb ameqqran.

1. Tagara n Uḥkar

Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ yebda s yiwet n tnezmart kan i yesɛan abrid ɣer umrig aɣisan.

• 1945: Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan sseqdacen snat n tbumbtin tiɣisanin ɣef Hiroshima d Nagasaki deg Japun. D nutni i d imezwura yerna d nutni i d imyiwen i yesɛan tanezmart-a tameqqrant. D anect-a i wumi neqqar "aḥkar aɣisan".
• 1949: Tadukli Tasuvyatit, s uɣalli d tmuɣli n tmusniyin-is, tessefɣ-d tabumbt-is tamezwarut. Dɣa yeɣli uḥkar n Marikan. Seg yimir-nni, tebda tazzla n tidett.

2. Tameẓla n Usseḥbes

Ilaq ad nefhem ayɣer i ṣerrfen idrimen ɣef yimrigen-a. Tameẓla tamezwarut d "asseḥbes" neɣ "aṣerheb".

Anamek: Yal tama tella tettnadi ad tesɛu imrigen i yeqqnen iwakken ad teṣerheb tama nniḍen. Tikti-nni tella akka: "Ma tebɣiḍ ad iyi-d-tewteḍ, ilaq ad teẓreḍ belli sɛiɣ ayen s wayes ara k-ssexṛbeɣ ula d kečč, yerna s tarrayt iweɛṛen."

Anect-a yebna ɣef tuggdi. Yal tama tuggad tanezmart n tama nniḍen.

3. Asali n Tnezmart: Seg Tbumbt 'A' ɣer Tbumbt 'H'

Tazzla-a ur teḥbis ara deg tbumbt taɣisant tamenzut (A-Bomb).

• Tabumbt n Uhidṛujin (H-Bomb): Deg 1952, Marikan tessefɣ-d tabumbt "H", i tesɛan tanezmart n ussexṛeb ugar n tbumbt taɣisant n 1945 s waṭas n tikkal.
• 1953: Tadukli Tasuvyatit terra-d, texdem ula d nettat tabumbt-is "H".

Amyezzyi-a yuɣal d "anwa ara yesɛun tabumbt i d-yettawin axeṣṣar ugar."

4. Timsizzelt n umseḍru

Sputnik 1, Abulun 11 La d-yettrusu ɣef wayyur, taɣsert Tallunt Mir

Aṭas n yimrigen ur yettunfaɛ ara ma ur tesɛiḍ ara amek ara ten-tesserwteḍ ɣer umnaḍ (iswi). Dɣa tebda tazzla nniḍen:

• Imrigen Ibalistikiyen : Bdan leqdic ɣef yimrigen i zemren ad awin tiqweṛṛa tiɣisanin si yiwet n temnaḍt neɣ umenẓaw ɣer tayeḍ. D wigi i wumi neqqar "Imrigen Ibalistikiyen Igraklanen" (ICBMs).
• Tuffɣa n Sputnik (1957): Asmi i d-tessefɣ TT "Sputnik 1" (agensas aragmawan amezwaru) ɣer tallunt, anect-a yessexdem Marikan. Mačči kan ɣef tazzla n tallunt, maca lmaɛna-s d akken TT tesɛa tknulujit n yimrigen i zemren ad awḍen srid ɣer wakal n Marikan.

5. Tuggdi n Ussexṛeb Gar-asent

Deg yiseggasen n 1960, snat n tnezmarin-a wwḍent ɣer yiwet n tegnit iɣef ur zmirent ara ad uɣalent ɣer deffir.

Sɛant i sin ayen i yeqqnen n yimrigen iɣisanen iwakken ad ssexṛbent tamaniḍt n yal yiwen acḥal d tikkelt. Anagraw-a n tuggdi yettusemma s Tenglizt "MAD" .

Tameẓla-a, ɣas d tamcumt, d ayen i d-iḥebsen ṭṭrad asrid gar-asent. Yal yiwen yuggad ad yebdu imenɣi acku yessen inalkamen: assexṛeb n umaḍal.

6. Tazɣent n Imrigen n Kuba (1962)

Tawlaft seg igenni n yiwen n usmel n imrigen iɣisanen asuvyati deg Kuba, yeṭṭef-itt yiwen n usafag aɣalli amarikani, 1 wamber 1962.

D anect-a i d akud iweɛṛen akk deg Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ. Asmi i tebɣa TT ad tesbedd imrigen iɣisanen deg Kuba (tama n Marikan), amaḍal yewweḍ ɣer yiri n ṭṭrad aɣisan n tidett. D anect-a i d-yesbeggnen amihi ameqqran n tazzla-a ɣer yimrigen.

7. Inalkamen

Tazzla-a tesɛa inalkamen imeziwiyen:

1. Iṣurdiyen Imeqqranen: Snat n tmura xesṛent idrimen ur nesɛi tilisa ɣef leslaḥ, ayen i d-yesseɛtaben tadamsa-nsent, ladɣa tadamsa tasuvyatit i yeɣlin deg taggara.
2. Tuggdi n Yimir: Imdanen n umaḍal ddren acḥal n yiseggasen seddaw n tuggdi n ṭṭrad aɣisan i zemren ad d-yas deg yal saɛa.
3. Asnerni n Tknulujit: Ɣas d ayen n diri, tazzla-a tewwi-d asnerni ameqqran n tknulujit (am tazzla ɣer tallunt, iselkimen/Net).

Deg taggara, mbeɛd tazɣent n Kuba, bdan yimtawayen am "SALT" iwakken ad ssenqsen ɣef yimrigen-a, maca tazzla-a ur teḥbis ara s tidett armi d taggara n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ.

Amennuɣ ɣef Tallunt d Tknulujit

Amennuɣ mačči d aserdas kan. Yella daɣen "Tazzlan ɣer Tallunt". D anect-a i d-yesbeyynen anwa unagraw i d-yufraren deg tɣawsiwin n tmusni d tussna d tknulujit.

1957: Tadukli Tasuvyatit tessefɣ-d agensa amezwaru, "Sputnik 1".

1961: Yuri Gagarin (Asubyati) yuɣal d amdan amezwaru i d-yezzin ɣef umtiweg n wakal.

1969: Marikan terra-d s tuwwḍa n "Apollo 11", anda Neil Armstrong yersa ɣef Wayyur.

Ṭṭradat s Uwkil d Uɣrab n Berlin

Iwakken ad myaɣen war ma nnuɣen srid, IYM d TT llan ssexdamen "ṭṭradat s uwkil". Llan ttgen tadrimt yerna ttgrn imrigen i yimsisan nsen deg yimenɣan n tmura nniḍen. Amedya:

• Ṭṭrad n Kurya (1950-1953)
• Ṭṭrad n Vyetnam (1955-1975)
• Amennuɣ n Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg Afɣanistan (1979-1989)

Deg Turuft, yebna "Aɣrab n Berlin" deg 1961. Aɣrab-a yebḍa tamdint n Berlin ɣef sin, yerna yuɣal d azamul n beṭṭu n Wegmuḍ (tazdukla) d Wataram (tamsihrit).

Tagara n Ṭṭrad Asemmaḍ

Deg yiseggasen n 1980, Tadukli Tasuvyatit tebda tettidir tizɣatin timeqqranin n tdamsa d tsertit. Tismeskal n "Perestroika" (aɛawed n lebni n tdamsa) d "Glasnost" (tuffɣa ɣer tafat/lfiraq) i d-yewwi Mikhail Gorbachev, ur ssawḍen ara ad sselken anagraw.