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Nana Asma'u

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Talɣa:Infobox Biographie2Nana Asmaɛu neɣ Asma bint shehu Ousman dan Fodio (1793-1864) d tageldunt tafulanit, d tamedyazt, d taselmadt. D yelli-s n win ay d-yesbedden taselṭant n Sokoto, Shehu Ousman dan Fodio ed yiwet seg tlawin-nnes, Maimuna. Nana Asma’u tebda-d anabaḍ (système) n ussegmi i tlawin n Sokoto. Tettwassen daɣen imi tura aṭas n yidlisen d yiḍrisen iseklanen d yimusnawen[1].

Ttwaḥesben-tt aṭas ass-a d amedya (lemtel) n tmeṭṭut tamesnallunt (intellectuelle) ed tmaziɣt[2] deg umezruy n Yinselmen n Tefriqt yerna mazal-itt d amdan yesɛan azal deg ugafa n Nijirya[3]

Tasenudert

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Nana Asmaɛu tlul-d azal n 1793. Ssemman-as Asmaɛu i lmend n usmekti n Asma bint Abu Bakr, yelli-s n umdakkel n Nnbi Muḥemmed, Abu Bakr As-Siddiq. Nana Asma tesɛa gma-s akniwen umi semman Hassan ay yemmuten deg 1817[4]. Tamẓi-nnes teḍra-d deg tallit n ljihad n Ousman dan Fodio (1804-1808), d yiwen n uswir n yimenɣiyen ay d-yellan mgal tgeldiwin n Yiḥusayen. Deg tgara n Jihad, Ousmane dan Fodio yesbedd-d Tasultant n Sokoto, d tagelda (empire) tineslemt ay yesɛan tajumma n 400.000 n yikilumitren (km2), yerna tezga-d deg ugafa n Nijirya n wass-a. Nana Asmaɛu d yelli-s n Uselṭan amezwaru n Sokotu d weltma-s n Uselṭan wis sin, Muḥemmed Bellu. Tezweǧ d Gidadu b. Laima, yellan d tameddakelt d lwazir n Mohamed Bello i d-tesɛa yid-s xemsa warrac.[4]

Nana Asmaɛu tuɣal d tanemhalt n gma-s asmi ay d-yeḍfer baba-tsen Ousman dan Fodio,[5] tettneṣṣaḥ Mohammed Bello d wid ay t-id-yezzin deg wakk tallit n tgelda-nnes armi d asmi ay yemmut deg 1837, am wakken ay tettneṣṣaḥ yessetma-s Maryam d Fatima d tlawin sɣur Ousman dan Fodio, Aïsha d Hawwa. D tidet, seg 1805, tilawin n twacult n lxalifa qqlent sɛant azal meqqren yerna llant tturarent tamlilt tasertit yerna ttgent-d tiɣawsiwin tiseklanin deg Sokoto[6]. Yekker-d deg twacult n yimusnawen ed yimusnawen inselmen, am watmaten-nnes Asmaɛu ay d-yewwin aselmed n Leqran s telqey. Ousman dan Fodio ed wid ay t-id-yeḍfer, ḍefren-d ansay n qadiriyya n Suffis, llan ttgen ccɣel-nsen akken ad bḍun tamussni, ladɣa Sunna, d aḍris ineslem ay d-yettmeslayen ɣef tudert n Nnbi Muḥemmed. Ɣur-sen, almud war aselmed ur yesɛi ara anamek, aya war ccek d yiwen seg yiferdisen ay d-yesskanayen ayɣer Nana Asma'u, ay d-yefrurxen deg tgemmi-a, tefka azal ameqran deg tudert-nnes akk i usselmed n tlawin[7]. Am waṭas n yiɛeggalen n twacult-is, tuɣal daɣen d tameskart n tmedyazt.

Tamyarut d tnesɣamut

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Nana Asma’u tessawal 4 n tutlayin: taɛṛabt, tafulanit, taḥuṣit, d tamaṣ̣eqt yerna tessen idles yettwarun s taɛṛabt ed tmaziɣt[8]. Teṭṭef aṭas n tbaḍniwin s tutlayin-a ed yemḍebbren imeqranen seg temdinin niḍen n txellift ed ula sdat-s.[9] S yisem-nnes d tamesbaṭut tasertit n ccṛeɛ n Tgelda n Sokoto, tga-d aṭas n yiḍrisen ay yesɛan ccɣel-nsen, am tirawin niḍen ay d-ssuffɣen yiɛeggalen n Sokoto, d akken ad qqimen d abrid s talɣa n tmeẓdiyin (archives) i tsuta ay d-yetteddun n yemḍebbren. Sḍis n yixeddimen n Nana Asma, i tura deg tallit n 40 n yiseggasen, wwḍen-aɣ-d. Tessuffeɣ-d lḥir-is seg tmedyezt taɛrabt taqburt am wakken ay d-tessuffeɣ tizlatin tifulaniyin tiɣerfanin, dɣa d aya ay d-yesskanayen dakken ass-a, amur ameqran seg yisefra-nnes[10] ttwarun s taɛṛabt, s tfulanit ed tḥusayt ay yettwarun s yisekkilen n taɛṛabt[6]. Gar yixeddimen n Nana Asma, llant tmucuha n umezruy, tifelwiyin n tmedyazt, tifelwiyin n tmedyazt, tifelwiyin n lḥir d lewṣayat. Ttura-d aṭas n tmedyazin (élégies) aydeg tessemɣer leqdicat d tgemmi n baba-s. Tazlit-is tamezwarut yura-tt deg useggas n 1830, taneggarut deg useggas n 1865[4]. Menɣir tira-nnes taseklant, Nana Asma tessuqel aṭas n yiḍrisen ɣer tutlayin niḍen war ma d taɛṛabt, gar-asen kra ay d-yura gma-s Mohammed Bello am: Kitàb al-Nisha ay d-yura deg 1836[4]. Nnig waya, isefra-nnes ay d-yellan deg tlemmast n ussegmi n ddin ineslem uɣalen d allalen n uselmed n yimenzayen igejdanen n txellaft i yimezdaɣ[11]. Imnadiyen n umezruy ttwalin dakken tira-nnes llant deg-sent s waṭas tgermanin ɣef tedyanin ay d-yellan deg tallit n ufares-nsent. Ɣef umedya (lemtel), deg 1821, tga-d yiwen n usefru s tfulanit umi semman Fa'inna ma'a a'sur yasuran mgal uqerru n Yituragiyen Ibra ay d-yesnekren tasultant-nni yerna tga-d daɣen yiwet n teqsiḍt n tmedyazt s uzwel n Wakar Gewaye ("asikel") ay yerzan ljihad . n baba-s.[11]

Aselmed n tlawin

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Tasertit n ussegmi ay d-yettwawehhan i teqcicin, llant yakan Ousman dan Fodio ay tt-id-yesbedden. Daxel n twacult-is n lmuqedmin inselmen, yemma-s d tmeṭṭut-is llant d tilawin d imusnawen yeɣran[8]. Ousman dan Fodio yeḥseb d akken yessefk ad ttwassiwḍen usselmed ed wazalen n ddin daxel n twacult, ladɣa s tlawin yerna ɣef waya ay yella d aɛessas n usselmed-nsent s usseḍru n wallalen ara ten-yeǧǧen ad ḍefren aselmed[8]. Tilawin tifulaniyin ed tlawin seg tdukli (élite) n temdint, ladɣa tilawin yettwaḥeqren (tilawin yettwaferqen ɣef umedya) ttwaɛerḍent ladɣa akken ad ḍefrent iselmaden-a, Nana Asma u tessekcem-d tilawin-a deg tɣellist (sécurité) ed leqder s lekmal-nnes[12] . Qbel lǧihad-nni, Ousmane dan Fodio yella yesselmad deg tɣiwanin n tnezzut (commerce) n Yiḥusayen, yerna aselmed-nnes ay ḍefren aṭas n medden, yella yeldi imir-nni i tlawin am wakken ay yeldi i yergazen. S rrbeḥ n tḥemliwin n ljihad ay d-yellan deffir 1808, yerna azal ay yettunefken i temsalt n usselmed n tmeṭṭut.


Daxel n tselṭanat, Nana Asmaɛu tella tettkel ɣef usselmed n tlawin. Tella tettḥulfu ladɣa s dduṛ n tlawin deg unabaḍ (lḥukuma) ed yizerfan-nsent daxel n tmetti tinselmit n Sokoto. Armi d aseggas n 1815, tefka-d aselmed deg uxxam-is, anda tezdeɣ nettat d wergaz-is d warraw-is, syin timliliyin ttilint deg uxxam aqbur n Ousmane dan Fodio, anda yella uẓekka-s. Kra kra, aselmed-nnes yewwi-d ccbaḥa d tameqrant yerna aṭas n tlawin seg temdinin ed tuddar niḍen ay d-yusan ɣer Sokoto akken ad lemdent[13]. Nana Asma’u tesnulfa-d sakkin, azal n 1830, yiwen n ugraw n tlawin n yiselmaden umi semman jajiss, d tid ay yettɛeddayen deg wakk timnaḍin n txellaft akken ad sselmednt tilawin deg yixxamen n leqraya[14]. Yal yiwen seg yijajiyen-a yella yettwabna ɣef leqdic n Nana Asma ed yimusnawen niḍen isufiyen[15], yerna mnemoniques-nsen tessefsay-d aḥezzeb [16], Nana Asma tefka i yijajiyen-nni yiwet n tɣawsa n zik ay d-yesskanayen lmuqedmin n Gobir ay d-yellan d aḥeqqi, yerna ttwaqqnen-tt s tɣawsa taberkant[15]. Ijajiyen uɣalen d azamul n Uwanak amaynut, n lqanun amaynut, d uselmed n Lislam ula berra i tmettiyin n tlawin[17], tinselmin neɣ ur nelli d tinselmin[16].


Azal n 1850, tesnulfa-d daɣen amussu n Yan Taru ay d-yesnulfan, “tadukli”, isem-nnes yettmeslay-d ɣef yiwet n terbaɛt n tlawin ay yelmed[18] akk d yiwen yerna ttgent-d yiwet n tdukli n tmeṭṭut yerna iswi-nnes d asselmed ed ussebɣes n tlawin n tgelda n Sokoto[18]. Tilawin-a ilaq-asent ad ssiwḍent s ujemmal ɣer yiselmaden niḍen. Jajiss llan ttgen tikliwin-a n tlawin deg tallit n lḥejj. Tamesbanit n tlawin teddu mebla ma tella-d tmeṭṭut-is, tettcennu yerna tettkemmil deg berra[19]. Amussu n Yan Taru yella yettwaḥrez ladɣa i teqcicin timeẓyanin d tlawin n leɛmer alemmas[20]. Tilawin yezweǧen yesɛan izerfan n twacult ur ttekkant ara, maca ttakent-d lxir sɣur wid izemren ad awḍen din. Nana Asma’u tesseqdac lxir-agi i leqdic-is n lxir. Yan Taru mazal-itent d tiddukla n lḥejj n tlawin ass-a deg Sokoto[21].


Agadar (ansay) amiran

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Tagzemt n Nana Asma'u ur tettwasbedd kan ɣef yixeddimen-nnes iseklanen ed yimusnawen, wanag tettwasbedd daɣen ɣef dduṛ ay turar deg ussebded n wazalen n Tgelda n Sokoto. Ass-a, deg ugafa n Nijirya, tuddsiwin n tlawin tinselmin, iɣerbazen ed yimukan n temliliyin ttawint-d s waṭas isem-nnes. Udem n Nana Asma’u yuɣal-d deg uskasi anagdud ay d-yellan ɣef uskasi ɣef dduṛ n tmeṭṭut deg Lislam deg lqern wis XXe[20]. D nettat ay d asentel n waṭas n tezrawin, ladɣa tin n Jean Boyd deg Weltma n Xalifa: Nana Asmaɛu 1793–1865: Taselmadt, Tamedyazt ed Temḍebbert Taslemt (1989). Ameskar yettwali azal n yiḍrisen-is i yessawḍen ad t-id-sbedden s waṭas n tmuɣliwin n tmeṭṭut deg umezruy afriqi[17]. D nettat daɣen ay d-yellan d asentel n wedlis n Yiwet n Tmeṭṭut Ljihad: Nana Asmaɛu, Tamussnawt ed Tamarut n Beverly B. Mack ed Jean Boyd (2000). Axeddim n Yixeddimen yettwajemɛen n Nana Asma’u, Yelli-s n Usman dan Fodiyo 1793–1864, i d-ssuffɣen Boyd d Mack, yeffeɣ-d deg useggas n 1997[22]. Aḍris seg udlis n Yiḍrisen n Aysha II n Nana Asma yettwasmel deg tmezgunt n tmedyazt Timaynutin n Tefriqt (2019). ) t-id-tessuffeɣ Margaret Busby[23]. Deg 2019 lwali ay yellan d aselway n weɣlif n wakal d tnezduɣt deg Uwanak n Sokoto, Aminu Waziri Tambuwal, yefka-d akal i lebni n tesdawit n Tussniwin Tisnajyanin umi semman Tasdawit n Tussniwin Tisnajyanin n Nana Asma’u deg Sokoto ay d-tesfaydi Tdukli n Sultan[24].

Tizmilin d yimniren

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  1. ↑ Jean Boyd. "The Role of Women as "Agents Religieux" in Sokoto" (in Taglizit). Cite journal requires |journal= (help).
  2. ↑ Azuonye Chukwuma. "Feminist or simply féminine? Reflections on the Works of Nana Asma'u, Nineteenh Century West African Woman Poet, Intellectual, and Social Activist" (in Taglizit). Cite journal requires |journal= (help).
  3. ↑ Tiffany K. Wayne. Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World : A Global Sourcebook and History (in Taglizit). Greenwood. pp. 182–186. ISBN 9780313345807..
  4. ↑ 4,0 4,1 4,2 et 4,3 Jean Boyd. "The Role of Women as "Agents Religieux" in Sokoto" (in Taglizit). Cite journal requires |journal= (help).
  5. ↑ Mary Wren Bvinis. Telling Stories Making Histories : Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate (in Taglizit). Heinemann. ISBN 978-0325070124..
  6. ↑ 6,0 et 6,1 . 2017 https://dailytrust.com/nana-asmau-and-the-yan-taru-movement/. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |accès url= ignored (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
  7. ↑ "Archive copy". 2017. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2024-10-17. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accès url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link).
  8. ↑ 8,0 8,1 et 8,2 Jean Boyd. "The Role of Women as "Agents Religieux" in Sokoto" (in Taglizit). Cite journal requires |journal= (help).
  9. ↑ . 2016 https://muslimheritage.com/ode-to-nana-asmau-voice-and-spirit/. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
  10. ↑ . 2020-05-19 https://www.lallab.org/nana-asmau-ode-au-savoir-partage/. Unknown parameter |prénom= ignored (|first= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |consulté le= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |nom= ignored (|last= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ 11,0 et 11,1 . 2016 https://www.thecable.ng/sokotos-religious-moderation-rich-lesson-troubled-world. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accès url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
  12. ↑ Patricia Mons (2021). Nana Asma U un idéal féminin (in Français). AlBouraq. p. 62.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  13. ↑ Jean Boyd. The Caliph's Sister Nana Asma'u 1793-1865 : Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader (in Taglizit). Routledge. p. 288. ISBN 9780714640679..
  14. ↑ . 2017 https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/517218. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
  15. ↑ 15,0 et 15,1 Paul Naylor. From Rebels to Rulers : Writing légitimacy in the Early Sokoto State (in Taglizit). James Currey. p. 129. ISBN 978-1847012708..
  16. ↑ 16,0 et 16,1 . 2016-10-05 https://www.lallab.org/nana-asmau-lindependance-par-le-savoir/. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |consulté le= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |nom= ignored (|last= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  17. ↑ 17,0 et 17,1 Beverly B. Mack. One Woman’s Jihad: Nana Asma’u, Scholar and Scribe (in Taglizit). Indiana University Press. pp. 1–2..
  18. ↑ 18,0 et 18,1 . 2016 https://tomblog.rip/12-muslim-women-who-are-modern-role-models-thatll-amaze-and-inspire-you/. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
  19. ↑ Jean Boyd. "The Role of Women as "Agents Religieux" in Sokoto" (in Taglizit). Cite journal requires |journal= (help).
  20. ↑ 20,0 et 20,1 Jean Boyd. "The Role of Women as "Agents Religieux" in Sokoto" (in Taglizit). Cite journal requires |journal= (help).
  21. ↑ Jean Boyd. The Contribution of Nana Asma'u Fodio to the Jihadist Mouvement Of Shehu Dan Fodio from 1820 to 1865 (in Taglizit). London Metropolitan University. pp. 123–126..
  22. ↑ https://chnm.gmu.edu/wwh/d/7/wwh.html. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).
  23. ↑ Margaret Busby. New Daughters of Africa : An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent (in Taglizit). Myriad Editions. ISBN 978-1912408009..
  24. ↑ . 2019 https://tribuneonlineng.com/ampeg-partners-bida-poly-on-affordable-housing-for-staff/. Unknown parameter |site= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |accès url= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |langue= ignored (|language= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |auteur= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |titre= ignored (|title= suggested) (help); Missing or empty |title= (help).

Adriraw

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    • Abid, A. (2017). Nana Asma'u : A woman of knowlege in Africa. Récupéré sur Saudigazette: [lire en ligne [archive]]
    • Azuonye, C. (2006). "Feminist or simply féminine? Reflections on the Works of Nana Asma'u, Nineteenh Century West African Woman Poet, Intellectual, and Social Activist", Meridians, pp. 54-77
    • Bivins, M. W. (2007). Telling Stories Making Histories : Women, Words, and Islam in Nineteenth-Century Hausaland and the Sokoto Caliphate, Heinemann.
    • Boyd, J. (1982). The Contribution of Nana Asma'u Fodio to the Jihadist Mouvement Of Shehu Dan Fodio from 1820 to 1865, London Metropolitan University.
    • Boyd, J. (1989). The Caliph's Sister Nana Asma'u 1793-1865 : Teacher, Poet and Islamic Leader, Routledge.
    • Busby, M. (2019). New Daughters of Africa : An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent, Myriad Editions.
    • Daily Trust. (2017). Nana Asma'u and The 'Yan Taru Mouvement. Récupéré sur Daily Trust : [lire en ligne [archive]]
    • Mack, B. B. (s.d.). Women in World History. Récupéré sur Teaching Case Studies: [lire en ligne [archive]]
    • Mack, B. B., & Boyd, J. (2000). One Woman's Jihad : Nana Asma'u, Scholar and scribe, Indiana University Press.
    • Naked History. (2017). Nana Asma'u. Récupéré sur Naked History : [lire en ligne [archive]]
    • Naylor, P. (2021). From Rebels to Rulers : Writing légitimacy in the Early Sokoto State, James Currey.
    • Olakunle, M. (2019). Tambawal allocates land for proposed Nana Asma'u University in Sokoto. Récupéré sur Nigerian Tribune : [lire en ligne [archive]]
    • Sablak, C. (2016). 12 Muslim Women Who ARE Modern Role Models That'll Amaze and Inspire You. Récupéré sur Thought Catalogue : [lire en ligne [archive]]
    • Samuels, N. M. (2016). Ode to Nana Asma'u: Voice and Spirit. Récupéré sur Muslim Heritage : [lire en ligne [archive]]
    • Tambuwal, A. (2016). Sokoto's religious moderation is rich lesson to a troubled world. Récupéré sur The Cable : [lire en ligne [archive]]
    • Wayne, T. K. (2011). Feminist Writings from Ancient Times to the Modern World : A Global Sourcebook and History, Greenwood.
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