Aselkim

iselkimen deg talliyin yemgaraden. ordinateurs dans différentes positions.

Aselkim d tamacint taliktṛunant n usiḍen. Tezmer ad tselkem iseɣzanen. Iseɣzanen deg-sen tingalin i d-yeqqaṛen i usekkar amek ad yeqdec ɣef yisefka umḍinen. Seg yibenkan i d-yesbabbay usekkar iseɣzanen d yisefka i tkatut-ines.

D Charles Babbage, ajenyuṛ si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-yesnulfan di 1822 tikti n umutur n umgired, i usiḍen n yigetfulen n tusnakt. Syin akkin, di 1834, isuffeɣ-d tikti n umutur usliḍ i yesεan akk tulmisin n uselkim. Ma d aselkim atrar, d Alan Turing, amusnak si Tmurt n Lengliz, i d-isersen imenzayen-ines di 1936. D ayen iwumi qqaṛen Tamacint n Turing. Nezmer ad d-nini Turing d ababat n tsenselkimt.

Dɣa aselkim amezwaru, Manchester Mark 1, yeffeɣ-d di Tesdawit n Manchester deg ussegas n 1949. IBM 360 d aselkim amezwaru i yenzan s waṭas. Yeffeɣ-d di 1954. Taẓayt-is tekka nnig 2000 kg, ma d taččaṛt-is tewweḍ ar 3 m3.

Syin akkin, seg usegas ar wayeḍ, aselkim yeƫƫuɣal d aṭuṭaḥ, d afessas, d arurad. Aselkim i nessen ass-a, ur yewwiḍ ara kilu di taẓayt, yerna d arurad 2 imelyunen n tikkal af uselkim amezwaru i d-yeffɣen di 1954.

Ass-a, aselkim yekcem di yal annar n tudert. Yewweḍ-d armi d tilifun i nettawi yid-neɣ. Sya ar zdat, yezmer ad yaweḍ ar daxel n wallaɣ-nneɣ.

Aẓar n Yisem

aselkim amdanan, akked amikṛuscup d tamsiḍent, 1952.ordinateur humain, avec un microscope et une calculatrice, 1952.

Deg tmaziɣt, Aselkim (iselkmen) yusa-d seg umyag 'Selkem' i yesɛan anamek n "exucute, نفذ".

Amezruy d Umhaz n Uselkim: Seg Tfelwit n Usiḍen armi d Tigzi Taragmawant

Aselkim (s teglizit: Computer, s tefransist: Ordinateur), mačči d tamacint i d-ilulen deg yiwen wass. D agmuḍ n wazal n tisutwin n uxemmem, n tusnakt, d tussna. Awal-a "Aselkim" yekka-d seg wamyag "selkem", acku d tamacint yettselkamen tiludna. Maca, uqbel ad naweḍ ɣer yiselkimen imeqqranen n ass-a, yella wahil ɣezzifen n umhaz.

1. Tallit Tamezwarut: Ifecka n Usiḍen (Tallit taqburt armi d Tisut 17)

Zik, uqbel trisiti d tmacinin, imdanen llan xeddmen asiḍen s ifassen-nsen.

Tafelwit n usiḍen (Abaque): D afecku amezwaru i sxedmen icinwaten, iṛumaniyen d waṭas n yiɣerfan akken ad xedmen leḥsab s urured.

Deg tallit-nni, awal "Aselkim" yella yettunefk i yemdanen ixeddmen asiḍen s ifassen-nsen

2. Tallit n Tmacinin Timekkanikiyin (Tisut 17 - 19)

Tikti n usnulfu n tmacint ara ixedmen asiḍen s wudem awurman tebda-d s yimusnawen am:

Blaise Pascal (1642): Isnulfa-d Tamacint n Paskal (Pascaline), d tamacint tamekkanikt tamezwarut i yessawḍen ad teg timernit.

Charles Babbage (1837): Yessumer-d tikti n Tamacint n Tusleṭ. Tamacint-a ur tettwaxdem ara s lekmal-is deg tallit-nni, maca d nettat i d lsas n yiselkimen n ass-a.

Ada Lovelace: D tameṭṭut tamezwarut i yuran ahil i tmacint n Babbage. Ass-a, tettwasemma d tameshilt tamezwarut deg umezruy.

3. Lsas n Tiẓriyin d Tusnakt (Tazwara n Tisut 20)

Uqbel ad ilin yiselkimen ilikṛununen, ilaq ad ttwasersen lsasen n tusnakt d tmeẓla:

Aljibṛ n Bul (Algèbre de Boole): George Boole isnulfa-d anagraw n tusnakt yebnan ɣef sin wazalen kan: Ih (1) d Ala (0). D wa i d lsas n tangalt timisint i yesseqdac uselkim ass-a.

Tamacint n Turing (1936): Alan Turing, amusnaw amuqqran, yessumer-d tiẓri n "Tmacint n Turing". D tamudemt tasnaktant i yesskanen d akken tamacint tezmer ad teg yal alguritm (algorithme / axwerzim) ma yella tesɛa takatut d yisefka.

Tasegda n Von Neumann (1945): John von Neumann yessumer-d tasegda anda ahil d yisefka ttwakelsen deg yiwen wamkan: Takatut. D tasegda-a i mazal nesseqdac deg yiselkimen-nneɣ armi d ass-a.

4. Tallit n Tmacinin Tilikṛunanin Timezwura (1940 - 1950)

Deg tallit n umḍiq wis sin, anagraw n tmacinin tilikṛunanin yebda-d s useqdec n tubabin n trisiti (tubes à vide).

ENIAC (1945): D aselkim ameqqran, yewzen aṭas deg taẓayt, yessutur aṭas n trisiti. Maca yella d aselkim amezwaru i yessawḍen ad yexdem asiḍen s urured ameqqran.

Deg tallit-a, anagraw imisin (0 d 1) yuɣal d lsas n yal tamhelt tasenselkamt.

5. Tallit n Imnenniḍen Yettwaselɣen d Imikṛusekkaren (1960 - 1980)

Asnulfu n uzenbu (aṭṛunzisṭur) deg 1947, d imnenniḍen yettwaselɣen (circuits intégrés) yefkan abrid i tmacinin akken ad uɣalent meẓẓiyit, ad rxisent, yerna ad ilint ɣer yal yiwen.

Amikṛusekkar: Deg 1971, Intel tefka-d amikṛusekkar amezwaru. D allaɣ (CPU) i yezdin akk igmanen n usiḍen deg yiwen n uceṛṛun (puce) ameẓyan.

Aselkim udmawan (PC): Deg 1980, llalen am Apple d IBM fkan i yemdanen iselkimen s wudem amadwan.

Anagraw n Wammud : Lulen-d yinagrawen am MS-DOS, Windows, d Linux, i yessawḍen ad yili Agrudem Amdan-Tamacint fessusen i useqdac.

Arrum d Aseɣẓan: Tasenselkimt tebḍu ɣer sin n yiḥricen: Arrum (igmanen iɣaranen am ugdil, unasiw, asekkar) d Aseɣẓan (ihilen d yinagrawen).

6. Tallit n Internet d Yizeḍwa (1990 - 2010)

Aselkim ur yeqqim ara weḥd-s. S usnulfu n Internet (Azeṭṭa agraɣlan), iselkimen myuqqnen gar-asen.

Iqeddacen d Imsaɣen: Lulen-d yiqeddacen imeqqranen i yettmuddun isefka i yiselkimen n umaḍal.

Azeṭṭa n Tissist (World Wide Web / Web): Tim Berners-Lee isnulfa-d Web, i yerran talɣut tezmer ad ttwakcent s wudem fessusen s yiminigen.

Aselkim n Ufus d Tilifunat: Aselkim yuɣal am uceṛṛun, yezmer ad yili deg ljib n useqdac.

7. Tallit Tatrart: Asigna, Isefka Imeqqranen d Tigzi Taragmawant (2010 - Ass-a)

Ass-a, tasenselkimt tuɣal d tussna i ibeddlen amaḍal s wudem ur nettwaḥsab ara:

Tasenselkimt n Usigna: Isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi adigan, maca deg yiqeddacen inmeqqranen (Asigna / Cloud).

Isefka Iṭṭuqqten (Big Data): Iselkimen imeqqranen zemren ad sferken tasmekta(tanecta) tameqqrant n yisefka am wid ur nettwasemḍen ara.

Tigzi Taragmawant: Tamacint mačči kan tettaselkam tiludna, maca tlemmed seg yisefka. S useqdec n Izeḍwa n Iṛununen d Ulmad Awurman, iselkimen zemren ad arun, ad mmeslayen, yerna ad frun uguren isemlalen. Timudmiwin n Tmeslayt (LLMs ) Am ChatGPT neɣ Claude, i yessawḍen ad mmeslayen tutlayin n yemdanen, am Teqbaylit (s umhaz i la yettilin s yikuṛpisen n tutlayin timecṭaḥ).

Arrum

Arrum d igmanen iɣaranen (physiques) n uselkim i nezmer ad ten-nwali neɣ ad ten-nnal. Gar yigmanen-a, ad naf:

Asekkar (CPU): D allaɣ n uselkim. Netta i yettsekkaren isefka, i yettselkamen tinaḍin, u i yessuffuɣen agmuḍ.

Takatut: D amkan anda yettwaḥerrez usekker i yimal. Tettwabḍu ɣer sin n yigezda:

Takatut tuddirt (RAM): D takatut i yettxeddemen kan mi ara yili uselkim yecɛel. Tettwasefk i usekkar akken ad yessukel isefka s urured.

Takatut tugrist (ROM): D takatut yettwaɣersen, ur tettbeddil ara, tettaǧǧa aselkim ad yekker (amorçage / awel) mi ara tecɛelḍ trisiti ɣer uslkim.

Ibenkan: D ibenkan n wekcam d tuffɣa:

• Anasiw: I usekcem n yisekkilen d wawalen.
• Tamumedt / Taɣerdayt: I usenked d umutti n teḥnaccaṭ ɣef ugdil.
• Agdil: Allal n ubeggeḍ i yisekkilen, tugniwin, d yisnasen.
• Aḍebsi / Tasfift: I uḥraz n isefka i yimal.

Aseɣẓan

Aselkim mebla aseɣẓan, am tmacint mebla ṛṛuḥ. Aseɣẓan d tugna n yihilen d tinaḍin i yettmududen i usekkar amek ara yexdem.

Anagraw n wammud: D aseɣẓan agejday (am Windows, Linux, macOS) i yessefraken arrum, takatut, d yibenkan, u i yeldin tawwurt i yisnasen akken ad xedmen.

Isnasen: D iseɣẓanen i wemdan (aseqdac). Am usekker n weḍris, unuɣ, neɣ imesli.

Ahil: D azrir n tinaḍin yuran s tmeslayt n usihel i uselkim.

Izeḍwa d Internet

Aselkim ma yella weḥd-s ur yesɛi ara azal amuqqran am wass-a. S uzeṭṭa, iselkimen myuqqnen i usemmeskel isefka.

Aqeddac: D aselkim amuqqran, i yettmuddun isefka neɣ tanfiwin i yiselkimen nniḍen (imsaɣen) deg uzeṭṭa.

Iminig: D asnas i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad inig deg yisebtar n Web.

Asigna (Cloud): Ass-a, isefka ur ttwakelsen ara kan deg uḍebsi n uselkim, maca ttwakelsen deg yiqeddacen imeqqranen i wumi nessawel "Asigna".

Taɣellist Tasenselkamt

Deg umaḍal umḍin, isefka d ayen ɣlayen s waṭas. Ilaq ad ten-nḥrez seg tuggziwin.

Awgelhen: D tarrayt n uselket n telɣa ɣer wawal uffir s useqdec n tsarut , akken ur ten-yettwali ara win ur nesɛi ara azref.

Anfafad / Avirus (Virus): D aseɣẓan n ddiri i yettbeddilen tkli uselkim war tafrit n uqeddac, i yettakeren isefka, neɣ i yessewḥalen anagraw.

Tanezgert taɣelsant / aɣrab aɣellsan (Firewall): I uḥraz n uzeṭṭa seg yinekcamen ur nesɛi ara azref.

suanpan (算盘) n Tcinwa. Amaru yettwakalen deg uḍar-a d 6.302.715.408. suapan (算盘) chinois. Le nombre écrit dans cette partie est 6.302.715.408.