Anagraw n wammud
Anagraw n wammud (s teglizit: Operating System) d aseɣẓan adasilan ameqqran i yessefreken arrum n uselkim, yerna yettakken tallalt i yiseɣẓanen d isnasen nniḍen akken ad xedmen. D netta i d agrudem gar useqdac d tmacint. Mebla anagraw n wammud, aselkim ur yezmir ara ad yeg taɣawsa, acku netta i d amehhal i yesdukkulen igmanen akk n uselkim.
Deg Ctembeṛ 2024, Android d anagraw n wammad yettwassnen akk s umur n wulzuz n 46%, yeḍfer-it Microsoft Windows ɣef 26%, iOS ed iPadOS ɣef 18%, macOS ɣef 5%, ed Linux ɣef 1%. Android, iOS, akked iPadOS d inagrawen n wammud aziraz, ma d Windows, macOS, akked Linux d inagrawen n wammud n tnarit. Azuzer Linux d win yesɛan aɣmar deg unnar n iqeddacen d iselkimen n unnig. Tiggayin-nniḍen yemmuzzgen n yinagrawen n wammud ( inagrawen n wammad s wudem uzzig), am yinagrawen yettwaselɣen d inagrawen n wammud n wakud ilaw, llant i waṭas n yisnasen. Llan daɣen yinagrawen n wammad yettwagen ɣef tɣellist. Kra n yinagrawen n wammud sɛan isutren n warum d imeẓyanen(amedya, afraq n Linux afessas). Wiyaḍ zemren ad sɛun isutren n warum d imeqqranen.
Amezruy d Umhaz n Unagraw n Wammud: Seg Tmacinin Timeqwranin alamma d Tigzi Taragmawant
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Anagraw n wammud d agejdi n tsenselkimt n wass-a. D netta i d aseɣẓan adasilan i yessefreken arrum n uselkim, yerna yettakken tallalt i yiseɣẓanen nniḍen akken ad xedmen. Amezruy-is d abrid ɣezzifen i d-yebdan seg iseggasen n 1950, yerna yemhez armi yuɣal d aḥric ur nezmir ara ad neqqim mebla-s deg tudert-nneɣ n yal ass.
1. Isegwasen n 1950-1960: Tazwara d Tmacinin Timeqqranin
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg tazwara, iselkimen llan d tmacinin timeqqranin (Mainframes) i ttwaqeddacen s ufus. Ur llan ara yinagrawen n wammud s unamek n wass-a.
Aselkem s ugemmun (Traitement par lot / Batch processing): Aselkim yella yettxeddim kan yiwen n ukala deg yiwen n wakud. Aseqdac yella yessefk ad yessumer tikarḍiwin ifellan i wakken ad yekcem uselkim.
GM-NAA I/O (1956): D anagraw n wammud amenzu i d-tesnulfa General Motors i IBM 704. Yella yettaǧǧa aselkem n yikalan s sefser ulkim.
2. Isegwasen n 1960: Agetmahil d UNIX
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg iseggasen-a, tebda tezmert n yiselkimen tettnerni, yerna d lulent-d tiktiwin timaynutin:
Agetmahil (Multitasking): Anagraw n wammud yuɣal yezmer ad yessefrek aṭas n yikalan deg yiwen n wakud s useqdec n tunt n wakud (time slice).
UNIX (1969): D anagraw n wammud i d-tesnulfa Bell Labs (Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie). UNIX d aɣbalu n waṭas n yinagrawen n wass-a (Linux, macOS). Yella yettwaxdem s tutlayt C, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yili d amazgay gar yiselkimen yemgaraden.
3. Isegwasen n 1970-1980: Talalit n Uselkim n Ufellaru (PC)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Mi d-kecmen yiselkimen imeẓyanen ɣer yexxamen d tnariyin, llulen-d yinagrawen i yesehlan aseqdec:
CP/M: D anagraw i d-yellan send MS-DOS, yettwaxdem i yiselkimen n 8 ibitten.
MS-DOS (1981): Microsoft tesnulfa-d anagraw-a i IBM PC. Yella yesseqdac tiludna s uḍris kan (ulac Agrudem udlif).
Macintosh d Windows (1984-1985): Apple d Microsoft ssersen-d agrudem s wunuɣen (GUI - Graphical User Interface). Aseqdac yuɣal yesseqdac taɣerdayt d tisfuyla deg umḍiq ma yessenqad s tira kan.
4. Isegwasen n 1990: Azeṭṭa d Linux
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Linux (1991): Linus Torvalds, d anelmad n Finland, yesnulfa-d iɣes n Linux. D anagraw n wammud ilelli s uɣbalu yeldin i yettuɣalen d agejdi n yiqeddacen n Internet akk d yibenken n Android.
Windows 95: Microsoft tessufeɣ-d lqem-a i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg ugrudem n useqdac, s tmernit n "Start Menu" d usefrek n uzegrir (Plug and Play) i yibenken.
5. Isegwasen n 2000: Akud n Uziraz d Uzeṭṭa
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Aselkim n ufus (Smartphone) yuɣal d aḥric ameqqran, yerna inagrawen n wammud ttwaɣawsan ad ilin d ifessasen yerna d iɣellsanen:
iOS (2007) d Android (2008): Inagrawen-a beddlen udem n teɣwalt gar umdan d tmacint. Sseqdacen tignitin d tallalt n wegdil s umaḍes.
Aselkem s wudem n usigna (Cloud Computing): Inagrawen n wammud uɣalen ttedun ɣef yiqeddacen i yellan s wudem anmeggag, yerna aseqdac yezmer ad yekcem ɣer yisefka-is seg yal amkan s useqdec n tuqqna n uzeṭṭa.
6. Ass-a (2026): Tigzi Taragmawant d Taɣellist
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Ass-a, anagraw n wammud ur yettḥaza ara kan asefrek n tkatut d usekkar, maca yuɣal d aḥric n tigzi taragmawant:
Almad Awurman daxel n Unagraw: Windows 11 d macOS Sequoia/Tahoe sseqdacen tigzi taragmawant turriwt i wakken ad ɛiwnen aseqdac deg tira, deg usuddes n yifuyla, d usefrek n tezmert n uselkim.
Taɣellist Tasenselkamt : Anagraw n wammud ass-a yesɛa igmanen n usesteb ibiyumitriyen (udem, aḍad) d umesten mgel twaɣitin s useqdec n yilguritmen i iteddun deg ugilal (background).
Amhaz ɣer Yiɣallen Iberraniyen (Edge Computing): Inagrawen n wammud tura ttwaxedmen deg yibenken izirazen (IoT) am yibenken n tdawsa, anda i laqen tiririyin s wakud ilaw.
Asefrek n Usekkar d Yikalan
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Agejdi n unagraw n wammud netta d asefrek n usekkar. Aselkim yesɛa aṭas n yiseɣẓanen i yebɣan ad xedmen deg yiwen n wakud. Anagraw n wammud yesseqdac tuddsa i waken ad yefk akud i yal akala.
Agetsihel / Agetmahil: Anagraw n wammud yezmer ad yesselkem aṭas n yikalan deg yiwen n wakud, s useqdec n tunt n wakud (time slice) i yal akala.
Amyezwer: Anagraw yettextiri anwa akala i ilaqen ad yekcem s usekkar s useqdec n tazwart. Llan yikalan i yebɣan akud ilaw d wid i yebɣan kan aselkem n tmahilin.
Asefrek n Tkatut
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Takatut d amkan anda ttmagaren isefka d yiseɣẓanen i usefrek s usekkar. Anagraw n wammud yessefrak:
Takatut tuddirt (RAM): Anagraw yettheyyi tallunt i yal akala. Mi ara yekfu ukala, anagraw n wammud yessafaḍ tallunt-nni i yikalan nniḍen.
Takatut tuhlist: Mi ara teččar takatut tuddirt, anagraw n wammud yesseqdac aḍebsi am wakken d takatut, s useqdec n tissubtert. Aya yettaǧǧa iselkimen ad xedmen s yiseɣẓanen imeqwranen ɣas ma takatut tuddirt d tameẓyant.
3. Anagraw n Ifuyla d Tallunt n Weḥraz
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Isefka akk i yuran ɣef yiḍebsiyen ttwassnen s yisem n Ifuyla. Anagraw n wammud yesɛa anagraw n ifuyla i yessefreken:
Tuddsa n yifuyla: Asefrek n Yikaramen akken ad yili usefrek n yifuyla s s wudem n tuddsa d telqayt.
Izerfan n wadduf: Anagraw isbadu anwa aseqdac i yezmiren ad yali, ad yaru, neɣ ad yesselkem afaylu.
Tallunt tilellit: Anagraw yettɛassa tallunt i d-yegran deg uḍebsi, yerna yettaǧǧa aseqdac ad yeg tissubtert (fragmentation/défragmentation) i useɣti n tmellit.
4. Asefrek n Yibenken d Inuḍaf
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Aselkim yesɛa aṭas n yibenken am unasiw, taɣerdayt, tasaggazt, d yibenken n uzeṭṭa (am tkarḍiwt n uẓeṭṭa).
Inuḍaf: I yal ibenk, anagraw n wammud yesra anuḍaf. Anuḍaf d aseɣẓan ameẓyan i yessuqlen tiludna n unagraw n wammud ɣer tutlayt i yefhem warrum n yibenk.
Anekcum / Tuffɣa: Anagraw n wammud yessefrak tuzzna n yisefka gar usekkar d yibenken s useqdec n yikalan n wadduf neɣ DMA (Addaf usrid ɣer tkatut).
5. Taɣellist Tasenselkamt d Tinekkit
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg umaḍal n wass-a, taɣellist d aḥric ameqqran deg unagraw n wammud:
Asefrek n Yimiḍanen: Yal aseqdac yesɛa tinekkit tumḍint d awal uffir.
Amesten: Anagraw n wammud yettḥaza anagraw mgel ivirusen, atɛeddi, d yiseɣẓanen araɣelsanen (malwares).
Asesteb: Aseqdec n tsekkiwin tibiyumitriyin am uḍad neɣ udem i waken ad yeldi aseqdac amiḍan-is.
6. Azeṭṭa d Teɣwalt
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Imi aselkim yeqqen ɣer uzeṭṭa am Internet, anagraw n wammud yesɛa igmanen n teɣwalt:
Ineggafen: Anagraw yesseqdac ineggafen am TCP/IP i waken ad yili umyifham gar yiselkimen d yiqeddacen.
Timellit n Uzeṭṭa: Asefrek n wazrug yesezgaren, asagen, d tansa IP i yal amkan i yeqqnen ɣer uzeṭṭa.
Tawsatin n Yinagrawen n Wammud
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Llan aṭas n tewsatin n yinagrawen n wammud, yal yiwen yettwaxdem i uḥric mus:
I yiselkimen n ufellaru (PC): Am Windows, macOS, d Linux. Ttwaxedmen i tmahilin n yal ass, asihel, d urar.
I yiqeddacen: Am Linux Server neɣ Windows Server. Ttwaxedmen i waken ad qablen aṭas n yimsaɣen deg uzeṭṭa, ad ḥerzen taffa n isefka, yerna ad xedmen 7/7 d 24/24 mebla taruẓi.
I Yibenken Izirazen: Am Android d iOS i yitilifunen, neɣ inagrawen i tkeṛwas d tmacinin n usafag.
Akud Ilaw: Yinagrawen i yebɣan tiririt s wakud ugani iqerben ɣer yilem(ziṛu)nam deg yisafaren n usafag neɣ deg tasenselkimt tamgurant.
Anagraw n Wammud d Tigzi Taragmawant
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Ass-a, tasenselkimt tetteddu s ururad ameqqran. Tigzi taragmawant tuɣal d aḥric daxel n yinagrawen n wammud. Ass-a, anagraw n wammud yezmer ad yissin amek yettextiṛi useqdac, ad yili s wudem ittcaren deg tira, ad yessenqes asekkey n tkatut s yilguritmen n welmad awurman, yerna ad yaf tuccḍiwin send ad d-yili wugur.
Anagraw n wammud mačči kan d aseɣẓan, maca d tamudemt i yessawaḍen aselkim ad yili d amehhal uḥdiq, yerna d amsaɣ ameqwran deg tudert-nneɣ n yal ass.