Adam Smith
 Adam Smith | |
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| Tameddurt | |
| Talalit | Kirkcaldy (fr)  , Yunyu 1723 |
| Taɣlent | Briṭanya Tameqrant |
| Lmut | Idinburg, 17 Yulyu 1790 |
| Ideg n uẓekka | Canongate Kirkyard (fr) |
| Tawacult | |
| Baba-s | Adam Smith |
| Yemma-s | Margaret Douglas |
| Tiɣri | |
| Alma mater | Université de Glasgow (fr) Balliol College (fr) |
| Aswir n teɣri | Legum Doctor (fr) |
| Thesis director | Francis Hutcheson (fr) |
| Tutlayin | Taglizit |
| Amahil | |
| Amahil | économiste (fr) , auteur ou autrice de non-fiction (fr) , afelsuf, amaru, Aselmad n tesdawit, moraliste (fr) , éditeur ou éditrice (fr) d économiste (fr) |
| Ideg n umahil | Skutlanda |
| Imɛellmen | Université d'Édimbourg (fr) Université de Glasgow (fr) (1751 - 1763) |
| Important works | Théorie des sentiments moraux (fr) Recherches sur la nature et les causes de la richesse des nations (fr) |
| Prizes | |
| Influenced by | François Quesnay |
| Membership | Tkebbanit Tageldant Royal Society of Edinburgh (fr) The Select Society (en) The Poker Club (en) |
| Taflest | |
| Asɣan | déisme (fr) |
 | |
Adam Smith (ilul deg yunyu 1723 deg Kirkcaldy – yemmut ass n 17 yulyu 1790 deg Edinburgh) d afelsuf d umsadmas askusi. Yettwaḥsab d yiwen gar yirgazen imeqqranen n Tallit n Tafat n Skusya, yerna d netta i d « Baba n tdamsa tatrart » akked tlibiralit tadamsant.
Amur ameqqran n tmahilt-ines yebna ɣef tesleḍt n wamek tebded tmetti, amek leḥḥun yigadazen (ulzuzen), d wamek i d-tettili tbaɣurt deg yiɣlanen. Sin n yidlisen-is imeqqranen d Tiẓri n Yiḥulfan Imadwanen (1759) akked Tazrawt ɣef Ugama d Yisragen n Tbaɣurt n Yiɣlanen (1776, i yettwassnen s yisem aḥerfi: Tabaɣurt n Yiɣlanen).
1. Tameddurt
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]1.1. Temẓi d Tezrawin
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Adam Smith ilul deg temdint n Kirkcaldy deg tmurt n Skusya. Baba-s (i yesɛan yisem-is daɣen Adam Smith) yella d amsenqad n tedwant, yemmut kra n wayyuren kan uqbel talalit n mmi-s. D yemma-s, Margaret Douglas, i t-id-yessekren.
Deg useggas n 1737, mi yesɛa 14 n yiseggasen deg leɛmer-is, yekcem ɣer Tesdawit n Glasgow iwakken ad iɣer tafelsafit tuzzmant (tamuralit) s ddaw n tmehla n ufelsuf Francis Hutcheson. Deg useggas n 1740, ikemmel tezrawin-ines deg Tesdawit n Oxford (deg Balliol College).
1.2. Tikli Tussnant
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg 1748, yebda yettak-d isaragen deg Edinburgh ɣef tsekla d tesnukyist. Deg 1751, yuɣal d aselmad n tesnukyist deg Tesdawit n Glasgow, sin akin deg 1752, yeṭṭef amkan n uselmad n tflasuft tuzzmant.
Gar 1764 d 1766, yunag ɣer Fransa d Taswist am umɛellem n Buccleuch. Dinna yemlal d yifelsufen d yimsadmasen imeqqranen n tallit-nni, gar-asen Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, François Quesnay, d Anne Robert Jacques Turgot (wid iwumi qqaren Ifizyukraten). Inig-a yefka-as tagnit ad yernu ad yessegri tikta-s ɣef tdamsa.
2. Tiẓriwin d Tikta Tigejdanin
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]2.1. Tiẓri n Yiḥulfan Imadwanen (1759)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg udlis-a (The Theory of Moral Sentiments), Smith yefka-d tamawalt d tesleḍt talqayt ɣef wamek yettxemmim umdan deg tmetti. Yebna tiẓri-ines ɣef tmiḍrant n « tinezt » neɣ « aɣiḍi » (sympathy/empathy): yeqqared d akken amdan, ɣas akken yezmer ad yili d anassaf, yesɛa deg ugama-s lḥir d uɣiḍi i t-yejjan ad iḥulf s lferḥ neɣ s lqeṛḥ n wiyaḍ. D aya i d lsas n teɣdemt d useddu n tmetti.
2.2. Tabaɣurt n Yiɣlanen (1776)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Adlis-a (An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations) yettwaḥsab d lsas iɣef tebna tussna n tdamsa tatrart. Deg-s, Smith yerra mgal tiẓriwin tiqburin n Tmerkantilit (Mercantilisme), i yeqqaren d akken tabaɣurt n tmurt tbedd ɣef wureɣ d uẓref i tesɛa. Smith yessken-d d akken tabaɣurt tekkad seg ufares d umahil n yal ass.
Abeṭṭu n Umahil
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Smith yefka-d amedya mucaɛen ɣef tfabrikt n imessaken: ma yella yiwen n uxeddam weḥd-s ixeddem imessaken, ur yezmir ara ad d-yexdem ula d 20 deg wass; maca ma yella umahil yebḍa ɣef ddeqs n yixeddamen (wa igezzem tanga-s, wa ittceddu, wa yessrusuy aqerruy), zemren ad d-farsen d luluf n imessaken deg wass. Abeṭṭu n umahil yesnernay tafarest d tbaɣurt.
Afus Uffir
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]D yiwet gar tmiḍranin timiranin n Smith. Yeqqared d akken yal amdan mi ara yexdem i lfayda-ines(neɣ ɣef inekniyen-ines) s wudem udmawan, yettawi-d bla ma yeẓra lfayda i tmetti meṛṛa. Am wakken yella yiwen n « wfus uffir » i d-yezzuzuren talwit d useddu yelhan gar yigadazen(ulzuzen) war ma yella wenct-a deffir-s tmurt neɣ awanek.
«Mačči seg lmziya n ugezzar, n win ixeddmen lbirra neɣ umseɣrum(axebbaz) i nettṛaǧu imensi-nneɣ, wanag s telha d useḥbiber i fkan i tanfiwin-nsen(nnfeɛ-nsen).»
Tamlilt n Uwanek
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Ɣas akken yettwaḥsab d bab n ugadez ilelli, Smith ur yugin ara akk Awanek. Yenna-d awanek yessefk fell-as ad iqabel kraḍ n yiswiyen igejdanen:
Astan d tɣellist: Aḥader ɣef tmurt mgal imnekcamen.
Taɣdemt tunsibt: Aḥader ɣef yizerfan gar yiɣermanen.
Lebni d usefrek n wayla azayez: Aṣeggem n yiberdan, taredsa, d uselmed amezwaru, d ayen ur zmiren ara yimdanen ad t-xedmen s lfayda tamsadurt.
3. Tazrirt-is d Tgemmi
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Tikta n Adam Smith d tid i ibeddlen udem n umaḍal atrar. D netta i yessersen lsas i tesnaktiwin titrarin n tdamsa:
D lsas n tlibiralit taklasikit.
Yefka-d amur ameqqran i yimusnawen n tdamsa i d-yusan deffir-s, am David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus, John Stuart Mill, ula d Karl Marks (deg tesleḍt n wazal n umahil).
Adlis-is yuɣal d ttawil deg usnerni n tegrawla tamgurant deg Tgelda Yedduklen d Turuft s umata.
4. Idlisen Igejdanen
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]1759: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (Tiẓri n Yiḥulfan Imadwanen).
1776: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Tabaɣurt n Yiɣlanen)[2].
1795: Essays on Philosophical Subjects (Imagraden ɣef Yisental Ifelsufiyen – yeṭṭef-d uffuɣ deffir tmettant-is).