Tigzi Taragmawant

Tigzi taragmawant neɣ Tigzi n tmacint (IA) d aḥric agejdan deg tsenselkimt i yessegzayen amek ara nefk i tmacinin neɣ i yiselkimen tazmert akken ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yesran tigzi n umdan. Gar tiwuriwin-a, nezmer ad nebder: almad, asissen n wawal d tutlayin, tuffɣa n tigtiwin (tifrat) i wuguren deg yal aḥric, akked tmuɣli d usekfel n tugniwin.

Tigzi Taragmawant (IA): Amezruy, Tiwuriwin d Yinalkamen deg Yimal

Amezruy d Temhazt

Xas akken asugen n tmacinin i yesɛan tazmert n tidmi yella-d zik deg tsekla, aḥric-a n tussna ibedd s wudem unṣib deg yiseggasen n 1950. S tmuɣli ɣer umezruy n tiktut-a, nezmer ad t-nebḍu ɣef kraḍ(tlata) talliyin:

Tallit n usugen: Deg yiseggasen imenza, imusnawen llan ssexdamen iwarzimen isehlen iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n usegzi(ufeham). Tallit-a tebda-d mi d-yebda wemdan yettxemmim amek ara yessers tiḥerci d tegzi-ines deg tmacint. Nezmer ad nebḍu tallit-a ɣef kra n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin:

Alan Turing d Ukayad-is (1950): Send ad d-iban yisem n "Tigzi Taragmawant", amusnaw n tusnakt d tsenselkimt Alan Turing yessers-d yiwen n usteqsi agejdan: "Tzemmer tmacint ad txemmem?". Iwakken ad d-yerr ɣef usteqsi-a, yesnulfa-d ayen umi ssawalen "Akayad n Turing" (Test de Turing). Iswi n ukayad-a d asekfel ma yezmer uselkim ad yurar d umdan s wudem ara yeǧǧen amdan ur yefhim ara ma yettmeslay d tmacint neɣ d amdan nniḍen.
Agraw n Dartmouth (1956) - Anekcum unṣib: D agraw-a i d-yessentun aḥric-a s wudem unṣib. Imusnawen imeqqranen am John McCarthy d Marvin Minsky jemɛen-d akken ad sbedden tasekniremt (terminologie) n tussna-ya tamaynut. D John McCarthy i d-yesnulfan irem-a n "Tigzi Taragmawant" i tikkelt tamezwarut.
Iwarzimen imenza d usegzi: Deg yiseggasen-a imenza, imusnawen llan sxeddamen iwarzimen imenza, yeshel usenked-nsen, iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n usegzi. Ssexdamen-ten iwakken ad ferun tigda tifelsafiyin, ad uraren ccetranǧ, neɣ ad d-suddmen taywalt taḥerfit, am wahil "ELIZA" i d-yettarran awal i yimdanen am wakken d amsujji asnafsan.
Tilisa d "Tagrest n Tegzi": Asugen n yimusnawen n tallit-nni yella meqqer aṭas; llan ttɣilen s ssehala ara d-snulfun timacinin i yesɛan tigzi yettcabin ɣer tin n umdan. Maca, mmlalen-d d tlisa n yimir-nni: iselkimen ur sɛin ara taẓwert n usiḍen iwatan, yernu ulac isefka isemmaden iwakken ad yili wemhaz. Ayagi yewwi-d ɣer tnaqṣit n wallalen d tedrimt i usnerni n unadi-a, d ayen i d-yeglan s tallit n tnezzut i wumi ssawalen "Anegres n Tegzi Taragmawant".

S umata, tallit-a n usugen d akud n wuguren lqayen d iswa imeqqranen. Xas akken tella-d deqs n tmuɣli i wuguren n tegzi, d tallit-a i d-yeṣṣawen abrid i tneflit i d-itebɛen mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen deg yiseggasen i d-idefren.

Tallit n Tezmert n Usiḍen (Iseggasen n 1980 - 2000): Asaki d Tneflit n Yiselkimen: Mi banen iselkimen yelhan d teẓwert n usiḍen tameqqrant, tennerna tegzi taragmawant s waṭas.

Deffir tallit-nni n tegrest n tegzi, ibda-d usirem amaynut deg yiseggasen n 80. Ayen i d-yewwin abeddel-a mačči kan d tiktiwin timaynutin deg tsenselkimt, maca d angaw s timmad-is i yenneflan yernu yeffeɣ-d seg tlisa-ines timezwura.

Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a:

Asnerni n Teẓwert n Usiḍen: Iselkimen uɣalen ǧehden yernu rxeṣen (ṣṣawḍen ɣer yixxamen d tkebbaniyin). Itebɛ-d ayagi "Asaḍuf n Moore", i d-yeqqaren d akken tazmert n yiselkimen tettnerni s waṭas yal sdis d mraw (18) n wayyuren. Ayagi yefka-d afud ameqqran i yimussnawen iwakken ad sseddun iwarzimen ixnazen i wumi ur zmiren ara zik.
Inagrawen Imussnawen : Deg umkan ad nexdem timacinin yesɛan tigzi tamatut am wemdan, imusnawen bdan xeddmen ihallen uzzigen deg yiwen kan n uḥric. Amedya: aḥric n tujjya neɣ n takrura. Fkan-as i tmacint isuḍaf d tmussni lqayen n yimsujjiyen d yimussnawen, dɣa tuɣal tezmer ad d-tefk tifrat i waṭṭanen neɣ i wuguren icudden ɣer taɣult-nni.
Tuɣalin n Yiẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen: Tikti n yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen tella-d zik (deg tallit n usugen), maca llan ḥebsen imi ulac teẓwert n usiḍen iwatan iwakken ad ten-sseddun. Deg yiseggasen n 80 d 90, mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen, bdan ssexdamen tarrayin timaynutin n walmad, dɣa bdan yiẓeḍwa-ya ttarran-d igemmaḍ yelhan, ladɣa deg usekfel n yisekkilen (OCR) am usenqed n tebṛatin n lbusṭa.
Anekcum s Annar n Turart (Deep Blue - 1997): Yiwen seg yineḍruyen imeqqranen d imezruyanen n tallit-a d mi tezmer tmacint n IBM umi ssawalen "Deep Blue" ad ternu alɣuɣ n umaḍal deg turart n ccetranǧ, Garry Kasparov. Tamsudemt-a ur telmid ara weḥd-s, maca tesseqdec taẓwert n usiḍen tameqqrant iwakken ad tessenqad d imelyan n tuddsa deg yiwet n tasint. Ayagi yessebgen-d d akken tmacint tezmer ad teɣleb amdan deg tsertit n uswir aɛlayan.

S umata: Tallit-a mačči d tin i d-yewwin almad aselkiman s wudem-is atrar, maca d tin i d-yessersen azadur(llsas) n wangaw d wuzzal i tallit i d-itebɛen. Imi tesnerna tmacint deg tezmert n usiḍen, teẓẓel abrid iwakken tigzi taragmawant ad tessemres ayen i d-yusan deffir-s: Isefka Imeqqranen (Big Data).

Tallit Tatrart (Seg 2010 ar ass-a): Isefka Imeqqranen d Walmad Lqayen: Deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, s tilin n yisefka imeqqranen (données massive / Big Data) akked wesnulfu n iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen, tuɣal tegzi taragmawant tezmer ad telmed weḥd-s (Almad Aselkiman neɣ Machine Learning).

Tallit-a tbedd ɣef sin n yigejdan imeqqranen i d-yemlalen deg yiwen n wakud: asnerni ageɛmir n yisefka akked tezmert n usiḍen n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU) i d-yefkan afud meqqren i yiselkimen.

Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a:

Aṭuqqet n Yisefka (Big Data): S tneflit n internet, isilkimen n ufus, d yiẓeḍwa inmettiyen, imdanen bdan ssefrakawen isefka s wamḍan ur nesɛi tilisa yal ass. Isefka-ya imeqqranen uɣalen d aseṛɣu i tmacinin iwakken ad lemden s wudem ifazen.
Almad Lqayen (Deep Learning): Imi tura tella teẓwert n usiḍen akked yisefka imeqqranen, imusnawen rran-d iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen s wudem lqayen (s waṭas n tissiwin). Tarrayt-a n walmad aselkiman tewwi-d igemmaḍ igerrzen aṭas, ladɣa deg usekfel n tugniwin d usegzi n tutlayt tagamant.
Tigzi Taragmawant Tasarawt: D aḥric amaynut i d-yufraren s waṭas deg yiseggasen-a ineggura. S useqdec n tmudmin timeqqranin n tutlayt (LLM), tigzi taragmawant tuɣal d asaraw n uḍris, n tugniwin, d tengalt. Tezmer ula ad tserwes taywalt akked wemdan s wudem yessewhamen.
Uguren n Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Tmililɣi: S usemres ameqqran n yisefka udmawanen i walmad n tmudmin-a, yekker-d wugur ameqqran ɣef wamek ara nḥader tudert n tbaḍnit n yimdanen, akked wamek ara nessileɣ iwarzimen war miḥyaf neɣ asɣel.

S umata: Tallit tatrart d asurif ameqqran anda tigzi taragmawant teffeɣ-d seg yinadiyen n tesdawiyin ɣer tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. Tebna ɣef uzadur n wangaw ǧehden d tuddsa n yisefka imeqqranen, yernu la tessewjaday abrid ɣer yimal anda tmacint ad tezmer ad txeddem tiwuriwin ugar.

Amek i tteddu Tegzi Taragmawant?

Akken ad telḥu tamsudemt n tegzi taragmawant, tesra kraḍ n tgejditin:

Isefka: Aseṛɣu n Tegzi Taragmawant

Akken tkerrust tesra i useṛɣu iwakken ad telḥu, Tigzi Taragmawant tesra i yisefka iwakken ad telmed yernu ad tmahel. S war isefka, iwarzimen d tmacinin ur zmiren ad xedmen acemma. Nezmer ad nebḍu tamiḍrant n yisefka ɣef kṛaḍ n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin:

Tiwsitin n Yisefka: Isefka ur llin ara d yiwet n tewsit. Zemren ad ilin d iḍrisen, tugniwin, imesla, inawen n tvidyut, neɣ Tifelwiyin ččurent d izwilen. D isefka-ya i d aselmad amezwaru i yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen.
Taɣara Uqbel Ddeqs: Xas akken tigzi taragmawant tebna ɣef yisefka imeqqranen (Big Data), maca taɣara n yisefka-ya d nettat i d azadur. Ma nsečč i tmacint isefka ixuṣṣen, yesɛan tuccḍiwin neɣ igebren yiwen wudem n usɣel kan, igemmaḍ-is ad ilin ur gerrzen ara. Yella yiwen n wawal agejdan deg tsenselkimt yeqqaren: "Ayen n dir i tessekcmeḍ, d ayen n dir ara d-yeffɣen" (Garbage in, Garbage out).
Asizdeg d Uceṛṛeḍ: Uqbel ad nessiweḍ isefka ɣer tmacint, yessefk ad ttwasizdgen. Imassanen n yisefka ssufuɣen aṭas n wakud iwakken ad kksen tucḍiwin yernu ad ssegmen tuddsa. Tikkwal, isefka sran ad ttwačerḍen. Amedya, ma nebɣa ad neslmed tmacint ad tɛeqqel "aɣyul" deg tugniwin, ilaq ad as-nefk aṭas n tugniwin yettwačerḍen s yisem n uɣyul akken ad tizmirt ad d-tefk asaraw iwatan neɣ ad tserwes ayen i d-twala.
Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Wamdan: Imi amur ameqqran n yisefka-ya ttusdukkulen-d seg yimdanen (internet, inagrawen inmettiyen...), amesten n tudert n tbaḍnit yettuɣal d asurif agejdan. Tura, tuɣal-d d taḍullit iwakken ad nessileɣ iwarzimen s yisefka war ma nessedra lbaḍna neɣ izarfen n wemdan.

Iwarzimen: Amutur n Tegzi Taragmawant

Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu i d-yettfakkan fad i tmacint, iwarzimen d amutur neɣ d allaɣ iselkiman i iseddayen aseṛɣu-nni. War iwarzimen ifazen, isefka d aṭemmu kan ur nesɛi anamek. Nezmer ad nebḍu amahil n yiwarzimen-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin:

Iẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen: Tasegda n yiwarzimen-a tewwi-d asugen-is seg wallaɣ n wemdan. Tcuddu iṛununen iragmawanen deg waṭas n tissiwin. Ayen i d-ikeccmen (isefka) ad iɛeddi seg tissi ɣer tayeḍ, yal yiwet tessalay aswir n tegzi akken ad d-yeffeɣ d asaraw yeddzen yernu yeffeɣ-d akken iwulam.
Almad d Uṣeggem: Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant ur ttwasettfen ara s yisuḍaf udmisen. Ttalmaden s uɛiwed d termit. Yal tikelt mi ara ɛerḍen ad d-fken agmuḍ, ssemsawayen taẓayt/iɣewwaṛen-nsen akken ad sneqsen tuccḍiwin zdat n yisefka n walmad. D anect-a i ten-yettarran d imassanen s wakud.
Timudmin Timeqqranin n Tutlayt (LLM): Iwarzimen-a uzzigen ttwaxedmen s tseddi iwakken ad gzun yernu ad d-fken isemliyen d yiḍrisen. Ssexdamen aṭas n tmusniwin icudden ɣer tsenselkimt d tseqqart iwakken ad d-ẓren d acu n wawal i yessefk ad d-itebɛen wayeḍ s wudem amseɣtu yernu iwulman.
Asaraw n Umaynut: Ayen i d-yessufɣen iwarzimen imaynuten n tegzi taragmawant ɣer tafat, d tizemert-nsen ad d-snulfun ayen ur nelli ara yakan. Mgal iwarzimen iqburen i d-yettaran ɣef tseqsiyin s wayen yellan kan, wigi ssexdamen ayen lemden iwakken ad d-fken tugniwin timaynutin, iḍrisen isnulfuyen, neɣ ula d isemliyen n tengalt tamaynut.

Taẓwert n Usiḍen: Azadur Afekkan n Tegzi Taragmawant

Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu, iwarzimen d amutur, taẓwert n usiḍen d tazmert tafekkant neɣ d lǧehd n tkerrust ara iseddun anect-a akk s urured. War iselkimen iǧehden, almad n tmacint ɣef yisefka imeqqranen ad yaṭṭaf iseggasen deg umkan n kra n wussan. Nezmer ad nsegzi azadur-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a:

Tikaṛdiwin n Udlif (GPU) d Aferdisen Usefser Uzzigen: Zik, iselkimen llan ssexdamen kan iferdisen igejdanen (CPU) i leḥsab. Maca, iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen sran aṭas n leḥsab(asiḍen) fessusen deg yiwet n tasint. D ɣef aya i d-yennulfa useqdec n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU), imi zemrent ad xedment asiḍen amsadaɣ s wudem ifazen. Tura, llant ula d tikarḍiwin i yettwaxedmen i useḍen n tferkiwin tusnakin i tegzi taragmawant (am TPUs).
Asiḍen deg Usigna : Mačči yal amdan neɣ takebbanit ay izemren ad d-sɣen iselkimen-a imeqqranen iɣlayen aṭas. S tsenselkimt n usigna, imusnawen zmiren ad krun taẓwert n usiḍen sɣur tkebbaniyin timeqqranin s wudem anmeggag. Ayagi yerra almad n tmudmin timeqqranin yezmer ad yili sɣur wakk inadiyen war ma sran ad bnun ammas n yisefka-nsen.
Arured d Tmellilt: Taẓwert-a tatrart tessider akud n walmad s waṭas. Ayen yellan yettakk-d agguren zik, tura yezmer ad yettwaxdem deg kra n isragen neɣ wussan. D arured-a i yeǧǧan tigzi taragmawant ad d-teffeɣ seg tezrawin n tesdawiyin ɣer usnas amatu deg tudert-nneɣ n yal ass.
Ugur n Tezmert d Tewnaḍt: Tisnulfa-ya sɛant azal ɣlayen mačči kan deg yidrimen, maca ula deg twennaḍt. Aseddu n wammasen n yisefka yettett aṭas n trisiti yernu yessufuɣ-d aṭas n teẓɣelt. Imi taẓwert n usiḍen tettnerni, ugur n wamek ara nḥader tawnaḍt yettuɣal d asurif ameqqran i yimal n tsenselkimt.

Tadawsa d Tujjya: Tigzi Taragmawant deg Uḥader n Tudert

Asnas n tegzi taragmawant deg yiger n tujjya yettak-d asirem ameqqran iwakken ad nsellek tudert n yimdanen, ad nsider lehlakat, yernu ad nesnerni taɣara n usejji. Nezmer ad nebḍu iseqdacen-a tigejdanin ɣef tneqqiḍin-a:

Asnulfu n Yisafaren Imaynuten: Zik, asufeɣ n usafar (ddwa) amaynut yettaṭṭaf iseggasen d yimelyaren n dulaṛ. Tura, iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant zmiren ad srewsen yernu ad d-snulfun timsuka n tmulekulin timaynutin deg kra n wussan kan. Ayagi yessifsus abrid iwakken ad d-afen isafaren i waṭṭanen iweɛṛen, am kra n twsitin n lkunsir neɣ aṭṭanen imnugaren.
Tasleḍt n Tugniwin n Tujjya: Tigzi taragmawant tessaweḍ ɣer yiwen n uswir aɛlayan deg tɣuri n tugniwin am usanew (X-ray) akked (IRM). Tezmer ad d-tefk tallalt i yimejjayen iwakken ad d-afen tucḍiwin neɣ ticnufin n waṭṭanen deg tseddarin timenza uqbel ad ibin ɣef wemdan, s tseddi ur nezmir ad nessiweḍ s tiṭ n wemdan kan.
Tujjya s Wudem Udmawan: S tesleḍt n yisefka idawsanen akked uzray n waṭṭan n yal amuḍin, timudmin n tegzi taragmawant zmirent ad d-sumrent asafar d usejji iwulmen i yal amdan weḥd-s. Imi yal tafekka temxallaf ɣef tayeḍ, tarrayt-a tettkkes amur ameqqran n wuguren i d-yettasen mi ara fken yiwen n ddwa i medden akk.
Aseddu n Tedbelt d Yisemliyen n Yimuḍan: Allalen-a ssefsusen taɛkumt ɣef yimejjayen d yinfirmiyen. Zmiren ad kksen agzul n wammuden imeqqranen n yisemliyen idawsanen, ad d-arun ineqqisen s wudem awurman, d usegzi n twassna s tɣawla, ayen yeǧǧan amejjay ad iserf akud-is ugar ɣef uqabel n wamuḍin deg umkan n tira.

Tadamsa d Usefti: Tigzi Taragmawant deg Unnar n Tedrimt

Asnas n tegzi taragmawant deg yiger n tdamsa yessaweḍ ad ibeddel wamek i tteddun wulzuzen d wamek i sseftayen yimdanen idrimen-nsen. S tesleḍt n wammuden imeqqranen n yisefka idamsanen, tmacinin tura ttixḍirent, sseddawent asiḍen(leḥsabata), yernu ttɛawanent timetti ad tawi rray iseggmen. Nezmer ad nebḍu amahil-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin:

Tasleḍt n Wulzuz d Usefti Awurman: Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant zmiren ad ssiḍnen inembaḍen d wayen i d-yettḍerrun deg wulzuz n tedrimt s urured ur nezmir ad nettwassen sɣur wemdan. Ttmuqulen ɣer yisefka n zik d wid n tura iwakken ad d-fken rray ɣef tiɣin neɣ azenzi n tigawin deg kra n tasinin, ayen i d-yettarran aṭas n lfayda i tkebbaniyin.
Tawassna n Yimihiten Idamsanen: S useqdec n tawassna talqayant ɣef waddad n tedrimt n tkebbaniyin neɣ n yimdanen, tigzi taragmawant tettɛawan lbankat ad ẓrent ma yella umihi deg uzzuzer n ureṭṭal. Tettwali akk isemliyen icudden ɣer umdan neɣ takebbanit akken ad d-tefk agmuḍ yeddzen ɣef tezmert-is n tririt n udrim.
Amesten mgal Tuffra d Tukerḍa: Inagrawen iragmawanen ttafaren yal tanigawt i d-yettilin deg usigna neɣ deg yiẓeḍwa n lbankat. Ma walan kra n umussu ur nelli ara d amagnu neɣ yeffeɣ i lɛadda, d nutni i d-yettceggiɛen alɣu s tɣawla iwakken ad ḥebsen tuffra uqbel ad teḍru. Ayagi isider aṭas n lexṣara i yimsedduyen.
Asewjed n Tsertit ittcaren: S tesleḍt s wudem ittcaren, timudmin timeqqranin llant d wallal agejdan i tkebbaniyin iwakken ad sɣiwesent imal-nsent. Zmirent ad d-ɣrent amek ara tili tnezzut, ad d-heggint ayen ara yeḥwiǧ wulzuz, yernu ad sneqsent seg yiseɣwan ur nesɛi azal.

Asegmi d Tutlayt: Tigzi Taragmawant i Usnerni n Tmusni d Yidles

Asnas n tegzi taragmawant deg yiger n usegmi d tutlayt yettbeddil s wudem lqayen amek i nesselmad, amek i nlemmed, d wamek i nettḥadar ɣef tgemmi-nneɣ tamutlayt d yedles. Nezmer ad nebḍu iseqdacen-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin:

Almad udmawan d tallelt i yinelmaden: Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant zmiren ad srewsen addad d tikli n yal anelmad iwakken ad as-d-fken isemliyen aselmadanen d temsirin iwulmen aswir-is. Tettɛawan diɣ deg usisef n yiseqsiyen d usegzi n tmiḍranin tiweɛṛanin s tallelt n yimsawalen imusnawen (chatbots) i yettilin gar yifassen n unelmad amzun d aselmad yellan yid-s yal taswiɛt.
Tasuqilt n tutlayin d usideg atiknuluji: Tigzi taragmawant tessaweḍ ɣer yiswiren ɛlayen deg tsuqilt tawurmant gar tutlayin. Uggar n waya, tuɣal d allal agejdan i uḥader d usnerni n tutlayin tiɣelnawin am teqbaylit. S yisenfaren am usnulfu n yifecka n uɛeqqel n yisekkilen (OCR) iwakken ad nessiweḍ ad nsekcem iḍrisen iqburen ɣer tmacint, d usemsasa n tamiwin n yiseɣzanen, tutlayt tkeččem s telqayt deg wamaḍal atrar yernu tessekcam awalen d yirman imaynuten deg tsenselkimt.
Asaraw n ugbur d tmusni tilellit: Timudmin Timeqqranin n Tutlayt (LLM) ttɛawanent aṭas deg tira n yimagraden n tmusni deg tɣeṛɣaṛ yimagraden am Wikipedia, ayen yesnernayen s urured amḍan n yisemliyen yettwarun s tutlayt tayemmatt. Tigzi-ya tezmer ad d-tesnulfu iḍrisen, irimawen n ukayad, d yigzulan iwakken ad tifsus tɣuri ɣef yimdanen.
Anekcum ɣer tmusni i wakk imdanen: S wallalen n tririt n uḍris d imesli (text-to-speech) d tririt n wayen yettwanṭaqen d tira (speech-to-text), tigzi taragmawant tettelli tiwwura n usegmi i yimdanen yesɛan aɛewwiq deg tẓiri neɣ deg tmeẓẓuɣt, neɣ wid ur nessin ara ad ɣren d wamek ara arun, s wakka talmudt ad tili i yal amdan war ma nḥeggar yiwen.