Tertulyan

Tarudemt n Tertulyan n 1584.

Tertulyan (s tlatinit: Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus) d yiwen seg yimusnawen d yimyura imeqqranen n tsut tis snat, yellan d azamul deg umezruy n tsekla n Tafriqt n Ugafa. Ilul-d deg temdint n Qerṭaj (Carthage) ɣer wazal n useggas 155, yerna yemmut ɣer wazal n 220. Yettwassen s waṭas imi d netta i d amenzu i yuran s tlatinit ɣef usɣan amasiḥi, ayen i t-yerren d bab n tsekla tamasiḥit talatinit.

Tudert d Unekcum-is ɣer Tmasiḥit

Tertulyan ilul-d deg yiwet n twacult tabaɣurt. Baba-s yella d aserdas ameqqran deg tredsa(lɛesker) taṛumanit. Deg temẓi-s, yeɣra aṭas n tussniwin, gar-asent:

• Tasnukyist.
• Azref.
• Tafelsafit d tsekla tagrikit-talatinit.

Ixdem d anezraf deg temdint n Roma. Di tazwara, yella d amgetyakuc. Ɣer wazal n useggas 197, yekcem ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi. Yuɣal d anaflas yeqquṛen, yettdafaɛen ɣef Yakuc amasiḥi s ljehd-is d tmusni-s, ladɣa mi iwala tabɣest n yimaɣrasen imasiḥiyen i yqeblen lmut s wudem n yigiten unṣiben n uwanak aṛumani.

Leqdec-is deg Taɣult n Tesnakuca

Deg wayen yerzan tasnakuca, Tertulyan d amasnakuc ameqqran i d-yeǧǧan tiktiwin yeṭṭfen aẓar deg tayankuca n wemḍal utrim. Gar leqdec-is:

• Asnulfu n yirman imaynuten: D netta i d amenzu i d-yesseknen awal latini Trinitas (Tukṛaḍt / Trinité) iwakken ad yessegzi timmadit n Ṛebbi (Baba, Mmi-s, d Ṛṛuḥ Iqedsen). Yessemres irem amaynut iwakken ad ifru aṭas n wuguren inakttiyen.

Asnulfu n yirman imaynuten ɣer Tertulyan d yiwen seg yiḥricen i d-yeǧǧan lǧerra lqayen deg umezruy n tesnakuca. Uqbel-is, tuget n yedlisen imasiḥiyen llan ttwaran s tegrigit, dɣa tutlayt talatinit ur tesɛi ara amawal iwulman iwakken ad d-tessegzi inakttiyen ilsawen n wesɣan amaynut. Iwakken ad ifru ugur-a, Tertulyan ur yeqqim ara kan d asuqqel, maca yuɣal d amesnulfu ameqqran n tesniremt (amawal). Awal yettwasnen aṭas akk i d-yesnulfa d irem n "Trinitas" (Tukṛaḍt / Trinité), i yessexdem iwakken ad yessegzi amek Yakuc, i yellan d amagdaz, yezmer ad yili d yiwen deg tanga, maca s kraḍ n wudmawen neɣ yimdanen. Assemres-is i wawalen-a yefka lsas i tayankuca n tegnawt tutrimt iwakken ad tessebded iberdan-is mgal tiẓeṛyin i d-yewwin tiktiwin n tiḍent.

Rnu ɣer waya, Tertulyan yeddem-d aṭas n wawalen seg taɣult n uzref, imi netta s timmad-is yella d anezraf deg Roma. Ɣef umedya, yessemres awal "Sacramentum", i yellan zik d limin i yettgalla userdas aṛumani, iwakken ad d-yemeslay ɣef yisaragen imasiḥiyen am uɣḍas (baptême). D netta daɣen i d amenzu i d-yebder irem n "Testamentum" (Amtawa / Testament) iwakken ad d-yesbgen amgired gar Wemtawa Aqbur d Wemtawa Amaynut. S tikli-ya n usnulfu n yirman, Tertulyan yessemhaz tutlayt talatinit, yerra-tt d allal yesɛan tawwurt yezmren ad d-teglu s yimyerren n Yakuc d tesnakuca talqayant, yerna yeǧǧa-d tigemmi tameqqrant yeldin abrid i yimusnawen d yimyura i d-itebɛen deffir-s.

• Aḥareb mgal tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent: Yura aṭas n yiḍrisen mgal wid yeffɣen i webrid amasiḥi (am Marcion d Valentin), yerna yefka azal ameqqran i liman yeṣfan.

Deg umezruy n tesnakuca tamasiḥit, aḥareb n Tertulyan mgal tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yiḥricen igejdanen n tudert-is d leqdec-is. Imi asɣan amasiḥi yella d amaynut deg tsut tis snat, aṭas n yimdanen i d-yewwin lefhama nsen i yexulfen lsas n liman aqbur, dɣa Tertulyan yerra-tt d aɣan fell-as ad iḥareb tiktiwin-a, iwumi qqaṛen tiẓeṛyin n unufel (hérésies), s yimru-ines d tmusni-s lqayant. Ayen i d-yemmezlen deg uḥareb-is mgal tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent d asseqdec-is n tarrayin tizerfanin. Imi yella d anezraf deg Roma, yeddem-d iferdisen n uzref aṛumani issekcem-iten deg tesnakuca. Deg wedlis-is yettwasnen "De praescriptione haereticorum" (Ɣef uweṣṣi mgal imesnulfuyen n tiḍent), yessemres yiwen n wawal azerfan, i d-yemmalen tasekkirt i ssekcamen deg ccṛeɛ iwakken ad kksen azref i ucemmat. Yenna-d s wudem alɣawan belli wid iḍefren tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent ur sɛin ara akk aẓayeṛ neɣ azref ad sseqdcen Adlis Iqedsen neɣ ad d-ksen seg-s isallen, axaṭer Adlis-a d ayla unṣib n Tmesgida taṣeḥḥit i t-id-yewerten srid seg yimceggɛen n Ɛisa. S wannect-a, Tertulyan ihudd-asen lsas agejdan n umeslay uqbel ula d asekcem deg umjadel asnakucan.

Yiwen seg yicenga imeqqranen i mgal yura Tertulyan d Marciyun (Marcion). Marciyun yella isseɣzay tikti belli Yakuc n Wemtawa Aqbur (Aṛebbi n wudayen, i yettwali d amesbaṭli yerna d aḥercaw) yemxallaf ɣef Yakuc n Wemtawa Amaynut (Aṛebbi n leḥnana d tayri i d-yessebgen Ɛisa). Iwakken ad isefsex tikerkas-a yerna ad tent-yemḥu seg wallaɣen n yimasiḥiyen, Tertulyan yura semmus(xemsa) n yedlisen iwumi isemma "Adversus Marcionem" (Mgal Marciyun). Yessegza-d deg-sen s telqayt tasnaktant belli Yakuc(illu) d amagdaz, ur yezmir ara ad yili d sin neɣ ad yebḍu. Yessebgen-d amek Amtawa Amaynut d akemmel alami i Wemtawa Aqbur, mačči d anemgal-is, yerna isukkes-d belli tikli n Yakuc tezdi lǧehd d teɣdemt akked tamella d umsuref.

Tasekla d Tira

Tasekla-s temḥaz aṭas, yerna yura ugar n 30 n yedlisen i d-yewwḍen ar ass-a. Aɣanib-is yettwassen s lqewwa d unqis. Adlis-is yettwasnen aṭas d Apologeticus (Astan), anda i ymudda astan ɣef yimasiḥiyen mgal taẓirt n Uwanak aṛumani. Yenna-d deg-s d akken imasiḥiyen d iɣermanen ilhan, ur kkin ara deg yinguzen n tsertit, yerna idamen n yimaɣrasen-nsen d "ifsan i d-yettaken imasiḥiyen imaynuten".

Tira n Tertulyan ur telli ara d tira tasusamt neɣ d tin n uɣerbaz, maca d amjadel aḥmayan n wunnar. Aɣanib-is d win yesɛan lǧehd, azaylal akked tyita yessawḍen srid ɣer wul d wallaɣ. Imi yeɣra tasnukyist yerna yella d anezraf di Roma, yesseqdec allalen meṛṛa n tesnawalt d tesnukyest iwakken ad iḥudd tiktiwin-is. Tira-s teččuṛ d isenfal imeskariyen, arwas imserreḥ, akked wudem n teḍṣa yessewhamen.

Yiwen seg yiseɣwan igejdanen i yeǧǧa deg taɣult n tsekla, d amhaz n tutlayt talatinit s timmad-is. Tertulyan, am akken ttgen yimesnulfuyen n wawalen i yebɣan ad snernin tutlayin-nsen, d netta i d-yesseknen i tikelt tamezwarut aṭas n wawalen i yeqqimen ar ass-a deg tesnakuca d tfelsafit. Yufa-d belli talatinit taqburt ur tesɛi ara awalen lqayen iwakken ad d-tessegzi asɣan amasiḥi, dɣa yesnulfad-d tasniremt tajdidt.

D netta i d-yesnulfan awal "Trinitas" i d-yemmalen belli Yakuc d amagdaz yezdin deg kraḍ(tlata) n wudmawen war beṭṭu. Iwakken ad d-issegzi tikti-ya, yesseqdec irem azerfan d ufelsaf "Persona" (Udem / Personne) akked "Substantia" (Tanga neɣ Tumast). S wusileɣ n yirman-a, Tertulyan yessezgi tiẓeṛyin n uzref arumani akked tfelsafit tastuysit iwakken ad asent-yefk anamek asnakucan amaynut. Tasekla-ines, ihi, d asenfar n usileɣ n tutlayt.

Iḥricen n Yidlisen-is d Twuri-nsen

Tira-ines tbḍa ɣef kraḍ n tewsatin timeqqranin, yal yiwet tesɛa iswi-s:

1. Idlisen n Wustan : D idlisen i yura iwakken ad iḥudd imasiḥiyen mgal asbaṭli n yimenkaden n Roma. Adlis-is yettwasnen aṭas d "Apologeticum", anda yessebgen-d belli imasiḥiyen mačči d iniɣiyen neɣ d iɛdawen n uwanek(ddula), maca d iɣermanen igerrzen. Deg uḍris-a, yesseqdec tarrayin n temḥaddit i isebbden lsas n uzref n wemdan deg tlelli n usɣan(ddin).
2. Idlisen mgal Tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent (La Polémique) : Am wedlis-nni "Mgal Marciyun" neɣ "Ɣef uweṣṣi mgal imesnulfuyen n tiḍent". Deg uḥric-a, tasekla-s tuɣal d allal n tesleḍt d wezɣan. Yebna iḍrisen-is ɣef tesnaktant, issefsex tikerkas s tektiwin n tmeẓla.
3. Idlisen n Tɣara d Tikli (Les traités moraux et pratiques) : Yura aṭas ɣef tudert n yal ass, ɣef tsusmi, ɣef tlaba n tlawin, ɣef ṛṛuḥ d wurfan. Deg yiḍrisen-a, nettaf-d Tertulyan d afelsaf n tudert yettnadin ad iqemmeḍ tikli n wemdan akken ad tili d tin yeṣfan, tebɛed ɣef sseɛr n tudert(ddunit).

Assaɣ-is d Uzref

Imi yella d anezraf, tiktiwin-is tiẓerfanin kcment ula deg tesnakuca-s. Isexdem aṭas n yiferdisen n uzref iwakken ad yessegzi assaɣen yellan gar Umdan d Yakuc. Tertulyan yettwali lmaɛṣeyya am tirmeggit mgal Asaḍuf n Ṛebbi, yerna yessebded tikti n tefgurt deg laxert s wudem azerfan.

Tagara n tudert-is d Lǧerra-s

Di taggara n tudert-is (ɣer wazal n 207), Tertulyan idda d yiwet n tarbaɛt n yimasiḥiyen iwumi qqaṛen "Tamuntanit" (Montanisme), i yellan d agraw yeqquṛen mliḥ, sseḥramen aṭas n tɣawsiwin, yerna ttamnen s lweḥy amaynut. Ɣef wacemma n tiktiwin-is yeqquṛen, ur yettwaḥseb ara d "Agerram" ɣer tmesgida(taglizt) takatulikit, maca tiktiwin-is d tira-s ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren deg temṣukin n tfelsafit tamasiḥit, ladɣa ɣef yimusnawen i d-itebɛen am Ugerram Awgustin (Augustin d'Hippone).