Taɣerma n Qerṭaj

Adeg ideg tella Qarṭaj d tezrirt-is uqbel ṭṭraḍ amenzu n Punic

Taɣerma n Qerṭaj tella d yiwet seg tɣermiwin timeqqranin n umaḍal aqbur, tessenda azal ameqqran deg umezruy n yilel Agrakal. Tebna-tt tmurt n Finiqya deg lqern wis 9 send talalit n Ɛisa, Qerṭaj tuɣal-d d tagelda tusligt tiseddast, tḥekkem ɣef yilel Agrakal azal n kraḍ n leqrun, uqbel ad tt-seɣli Ruma deg useggas 146 send talalit n Ɛisa.

Asnulfu d Iẓuran n Tɣerma

Amezruy n Qerṭaj yebda s yiwet n temhazt n tnezzut tusligt. Ifiniqi seg temdint n Ṣur yekan ɣer tamnaḍt n Tunis deg wayen yettqaraben deg useggas 814 send talalit n Ɛisa. Tumant-agi d ayla d tmacahutt n Didon, tameṭṭut-nni i d-yessulfen tamdint-agi. Seg wasmi i d-tebna, Qerṭaj tella d yiwen n uzaraf n tnezzut tameqqrant deg yilel Agrakal. Adig-is yesεa azal ameqqran imi yella deg tallunt tazayezt gar usammar n Tefriqt d Turuft.

Deg tazwara, Qerṭaj tella d tamnaḍt n tnezzut, maca deg tallit-is, tuɣal-d d tgelda timziregt tesεa tisura-nnes d tsertit-nnes.

Ɣef leḥsab n tmacahutin, d tagellidt Elisa (Dido) i d-yerwlen seg temdint n Ṣur (Tyre) deg Finiqya (Lebnan n tura), i d-ibnan Qerṭaj deg useggas n 814 S.T. (Send Talalit). Isem-is "Qart Hadasht" yebɣa ad d-yini "Tamḍint Tamaynut".

Tnezzut: Iqerṭajiyen llan d imsewlalwen (marins) ifazen. Ḥekmen ɣef iberdan n tnezzut deg yilel.
Asehru (Asemɣer): Sbedden timdinen ɣef yiri n yilel deg Siqilya, Sardinya, Spanya, d teftisin n Tmazɣa.
Imaziɣen: Qerṭaj tella tetteddu s lemɛawna n Yimaziɣen i yellan d iǧerda (lɛesker) d yifellaḥen ɣur-sen.

Tamnekda d Tzrirt Taddukklit

Deg tallit n lqern wis 6 d lqern wis 5 send talalit n Ɛisa, Qerṣaj tesmeɣer tazrirt-nnes ɣef yilel Agrakal meṛṛa. Tesεa aseqqamu ameqqran ɣef tnezzut tagrumit, tessedday isefka d yimrigen d lfetta d kra n tɣawsiwin nniḍen gar Tefriqt d Turuft d tegzirin n yilel Agrakal. Tamusni-nnes deg tnezzut d tikli deg yilel terr-itt d yiwet seg tgeldiwin timeqqranin n yilel-nni.

Qerṭaj tessekcem asedday-innes azayez ɣef waṭas n tegzirin am Siqliya, Sardunya d Qurṣika. Deg Spanya, tesbedd timdinin d isugan n tnezzut i yettseqdacen am idigan n ussaweḍ n tɣawsiwin seg yal tamnaḍt n yilel agrakal.

Imenɣiyen n Punik (Les guerres puniques)

Asmi i d-tebda Ruma tettimɣur, tebɣa ad teḥkem ɣef yilel. D anect-a i d-yewwin 3 n yimenɣiyen imeqqranen i yedu men azal n 100 n iseggasen ger Qerṭaj d Ruma.

Amenɣi Amezwaru (264-241 S.T.): Qerṭaj texṣer Siqilya.

Amenɣi-ya yekka-d azal n 23 n iseggasen. Sebba-ines tameqqrant d Siqilya.

Asebba: Ruma tebda tettwali Qerṭaj d aɣewwiɣ (axṣim) ameqqran ɣef tnezzut, ladɣa imi Qerṭaj teḥkem ɣef tegzirin n Siqilya d Sardinya.
Amek i teḍra:
- Qerṭaj tella teǧhed aṭas deg yilel (lbaṛuḍ n yilel), ma d Ruma teǧhed ɣef lqaɛa.
- Ruma tebna iɣrruba imaynuten, tesnulfa-d yiwen n wallal (le corvus) i sen-yettaken afus ad ɛeddin seg uɣerrabu ɣer wayeḍ akken ad nnaɣen amzun ɣef lqaɛa.
Taggara: Ḥamilqaṛ Barka (Baba-s n Ḥennibaɛl) iqubel Ruma s tebɣest, maca Qerṭaj texṣer deg yilel. Qerṭaj tefka Siqilya i Ruma, terna txelles lxeṭṭiyya tameqqrant.

Amenɣi Wis Sin (218-201 S.T.): D wagi i d amenɣi n Ḥennibaɛl Barka.
Ḥennibaɛl: Yettwassen d yiwen seg yiserdasen imeqqranen deg umezruy. Icedda-d seg Spanya ɣer Ṭṭalyan ɣef lqaɛa, yessexdem ilewtan, yewwi-d rrbeḥ ameqqran deg Cannae (216 S.T.), maca ɣer taggara yeɣli deg Zama (deg Tuns) zdat n Sipyun.
Wagi d amenɣi i d-yeǧǧan later ameqqran, d win i deg d-yeban Ḥennibaɛl Barka.
- Sebba: Ḥennibaɛl yeṭṭef tamdint n Saguntum deg Spanya, yellan d tamdukkelt n Ruma.
- Abrid n Ḥennibaɛl: Deg unbeddal iwakken ad iṛuḥ s yilel, Ḥennibaɛl yerfed lɛesker-is (azal n 40,000 n yiserdasen d yilewtan), icedda-d seg yidurar n Yildukan (les Alpes). D ayen i d-yeǧǧan Ruma tebheḍ.
- Tirennawin:
  - Cannae (216 S.T.): D tamiwta tameqqrant akk. Ḥennibaɛl yessexṛeb lɛesker n Ruma s tḥila (stratégie) n "wazzzi" (encerclement). Ruma texṣer azal n 50,000 n yiserdasen deg yiwen wass.
- Aɣelluy (Zama - 202 S.T.):
  - Sipyun yerra-d ttiya, yeẓdem ɣef Tmazɣa (Tuns).
  - Masensen (Massinissa), i yellan zik d amdukkel n Qerṭaj, yezzi ɣer tama n Ruma. S yiserdasen-is imnayen (cavalerie numide), yefka afus ameqqran i Scipion.
  - Deg Zama, Ḥennibaɛl yettwaɣleb. Qerṭaj tefka akk iɣerruba-ines, teǧǧa Spanya, terna teggul ur tettennaɣ ara ma yella ur tecciwer ara Ruma.
Amenɣi Wis Kraḍ (149-146 S.T.): Ruma tezzi-as-d i temdint n Qerṭaj 3 n iseggasen armi i tt-tessexreb, tewwet-itt s lmelḥ akken ur d-temɣay ara deg-s tudert.

Azal n 50 n iseggasen mbaɛd Zama, Qerṭaj tuɣal-d teǧhed deg tnezzut d tfellaḥt, maca ur tesɛi ara lɛesker.

"Carthago delenda est": Deg Ruma, yiwen n unexxab isem-is Catun (Catun Aqbur) yella yal asmi ara yemmeslay, ifak s tenfalit: "Qerṭaj ilaq ad texlu".
Masensen: Agellid n Nnumidya yella yettakser (yettḥarac) Qerṭaj, yettfukk-as akal cwiṭ, cwiṭ. Qerṭaj terra-as-d awal bla ma tecciwer Ruma. Ruma teufa-d sebba.
Leḥsar (Asɣimi): Ruma tezzi-as-d i temdint n Qerṭaj 3 n iseggasen. Imezdaɣ n Qerṭaj nnuɣen ɣef tudert-nsen armi d ixef.
Taggara (146 S.T.): Sipyun Émilien (mmi-s n mmi-s n Sipyun amezwaru) yekcem tamdint. Yessureɣ-itt (yeḥreq-itt) 17 n wussan. Imezdaɣ i d-yegran uɣalen d aklan. Tamdint-nni tameqqrant tuɣal d iɣed.

D acu i d-yeḍran mbaɛd?

Mi teɣli Qerṭaj, Ruma tebda tkeccem s leqsaḥ ɣer Tmazɣa. Akal n Qerṭaj yuɣal d "Tafriqt Tarumanit" (Africa Proconsularis). D wagi i d allal i d-yeldin abrid i imenɣi ger Yigelliden n Nnumidya (am Yugerten) d Ruma deg iseggasen i d-iteddun.

Taɣerma d Taẓuri Tadelsant

Taɣerma n Qerṭaj mačči d imenɣi d yiserdasen kan. Tella d taɣerma yenernan aṭas deg uḥric n tẓuri (lfen), idles, d tnezzut. Taẓuri n Qerṭaj tella d axaluḍ ger leɛwayed n Yifiniqiyen, Imaziɣen, Imiṣriyen, d Yigrikiyen.

Atan wamek tella tmeddurt tadelsant d tẓuri deg Qerṭaj:

Tasegda

*Naikos n tuburbo majus* deg usalay aɣelnaw n Bardu

Qerṭaj tella tettwassen s lebni-ynes ifazen, ladɣa isugan d yixxamen.

Ileg n Qerṭaj (Les ports): Qerṭaj tesɛa sin n yilsugan yettwassnen aṭas:
- asagen n Tnezzut: D amraḥ meqqren anda d-keccmen iɣerruba n sselɛa.
- asagen Aserdas: Yella deg talɣa n tmedwert (cercle), yezmer ad yejmeɛ azal n 220 n iɣerruba n imenɣi. Deg tlemmast-is, tella tegzirt anda yella usali (amir) n yilel.

Ixxamen: Deg temdint n Qerṭaj, ixxamen llan ɛlayen (sɛan armi d 6 n innagen), bnan s yiẓra imeqqranen.
Tiḥuna: Llan sbeddayen-tent s wudem n Yigrikiyen neɣ Imiṣriyen (am tgejda-nsent).

Taẓuri n Ufexxaṛ d Zjaj

Iqerṭajiyen llan d imussnawen imeqqranen deg usnulfu n dduzan.

Tigelmusin: Xedmen aṭas n tgemusin s ufexxaṛ. Kra deg-sen ccbuhen, kra nniḍen sxilaɛen (am wid n "Grimace"). Tigelmusin-a llan semrasen-ten (ttsexdimen-ten) deg tmeɣriwin n ddin neɣ iwakken ad ssagden cwaṭen.
Zjaj: Llan xeddmen tiqbuciyin d tqareɛtin n zjaj yettfeǧǧiǧen, s yiniten yemgaraden. D nutni i d-yesnulfan tarrayt n "Arekti n Zjaj".
Isɣunen: Xedmen-tent s wureɣ (ddheb) d lfeṭṭa, s tugniwin n yiɣersiwin d yibeɛɛac.