Taɣerma Tagrigit Taqburt

Partinun, d afakan yemmugen i Atina, i d-yezgan ɣef Akrupulis deg Atina, d yiwen seg yizamulen igensasen maḍi n yidles n Yigrigiyen iqburen.

Taɣerma tagrigit d yiwet seg teɣermiwin timeqqranin akk deg umezruy n talsa. Tebda-d deg wakal n Lgrig n tura, seg wakud n 3000 uqbel Ɛisa, tewweḍ ɣer taqacuct-is deg lqern wis 5 d wis 4 uqbel Ɛisa. Taɣerma-ya ur telli d yiwet kan, maca d tagrumma n yiɣerman d tmura yemxalafen s tutlayt d yinsayen, maca msefhamen s tutlayt tagrigit d yidles amadwan.

Laṣel d Tazwara

Amezruy n Lgrig yebda s teɣerma taminuwit deg tegzirt n Krit (2700-1450 uqbel Ɛisa). Iminuwiyen bnan tiɣremtin timeqqranin am Knosos, sɛan tira-nsen yiwen, snulfan-d taẓuri tamesfawt. Syin, tekker-d teɣerma tamisinayt (1600-1100 uqbel Ɛisa) deg wakal ameqqran n Lgrig. Imisinayen d wid i d-yewwin tutlayt tagrigit tamezwarut, bnan tiɣremtin s yiɣraben yesɛan tanezmart am Misina d Tirins.

Deg wakud n 1200 uqbel Ɛisa, teɣli-d teɣerma tamisinayt s sebba n yimenɣi d tarusi n wegdud. Wakud-a yettwassen s yisem n "Tasut Taberkant", anda yenger waṭas n yimusnawen d teẓuri. Maca deg wakud-a daɣen, ibedda umeskar n tɣerma tagrigiyin titrarin.

Anerni d Taɛessast

Tallit Tarkayikt (800-480 uqbel Ɛisa)

Deg tallit-a, krent-d tiɣermin-tiɣerman am Atina, Spart, Kurent d waṭas nniḍen. Yal tamdint tesɛa anagraw-is n tanbaḍt, aɣlif-is, d yiluganen-is. Igrikiyen snulfan-d asekkil agrigi, bdan ttarun idlisen d tmedyazt. Humer yura Ilyad d Udisa, sin n yidlisen imeqqranen n tmedyazt tahendit.

Deg tallit-a daɣen, bdan Igrikiyen ttruḥun ɣer yidisan nniḍen n Illel Agrakal, sbedden timesdagtin deg Teṭṭalyanit Tanẓult, Sisil, Tafriqt Ugafa, d rrif n Illel Aberkan. Timesdagtin-a wwtent tallunt i wesnirem n teɣrma d tutlayt tagrigit.

Tallit Taklasikt (480-323 uqbel Ɛisa)

D tallit n tmanegt n teɣerma tagrigit. Atina tuɣal d ammas n tmusni d teẓuri seddaw Perikles. Deg tallit-a:

• Tebna Akrupul n Atina s Partenon-is aɛeǧǧaǧi
• Ifelsafen imeqqranen am Sukrat, Platun d Aristu snulfan-d timeẓla n tmeẓla tafelsafit
• Imeskaren n umezgun am Eskil, Sufukl d Uripid uran tilufa timeqqranin
• Tugdut tatinawit tif tasedda-s, ɣas ma ur telli tugdut n tidet imi tiqcicin, aklan d yiberraniyen ur sɛin ara azref n tefrant

Deg 431-404 uqbel Ɛisa, tella tṭrad tameqqrant gar Atina d Spart (Aṭrad Apeloponizi), i yesfukken tanezmart n Atina.

Tallit Tahelinistit (323-30 uqbel Ɛisa)

Mi yemmut Liskander Ameqqran deg 323 uqbel Ɛisa, tamnekda-s tebḍa ɣef yineɣlafen-is. Ɣas akken tiɣermin tigrigiyin sɛant kra n tlelli, uɣalent seddaw tanezmart n tgeldiwin tihelinistiyin am Ptulimi deg Maṣer d Selusid deg Asya.

Deg 146 uqbel Ɛisa, Rruman ḥekmen Lgrig. Ɣas akken Lgrig yuɣal d tamnaḍt tarumit, taɣerma tagrigit tkemmel tanernit-is akked Rruman i yeqblen aṭas seg teẓuri-s, tafelsafit-is d yinsayen-is.

Tazrirt ɣef Tsertit

Igrikiyen snulfan-d awal "tugdut" (demokratia) - adabu n wegdud. Atina tesbedd anagraw n tugdut anda irgazen ilellien zemren ad sɣiwsen d wa ad fernen. Anagraw-a yuɣal d lsas i tugdutin timiranin ɣas ma yemxalaf aṭas ɣef tugdut tatinawit tamezwarut.

Imusnawen n tsertit am Platun deg wedlis-is "Tagduda" d Aristu deg "Tasertit" sbedden timeẓla n tnezzut ɣef wamek ilaq ad tili tenbaḍt. Tiktiwin-nsen ɣef taɣdemt, tilelli, d yizerfan n yimezdaɣ mazal ttwaɣrant ar ass-a.

Igrikiyen snulfan-d daɣen tiktiwin n:

• Alugen n uɣdim - yal amdan ilaq ad yili seddaw ulugen
• Azaraf n tilelli tudmawant d tilelli n wegdud

Tazrirt ɣef Tfelsafit

Tafelsafit tagrigit d lsas n tfelsafit tutrimt. Ifelsafen imeqqranen snulfan-d tarrayin n uxemmem ameɣradan d usteqsi ɣef tanga, tilawt d tmeẓla:

Ifelsafen Imenza (Tales, Anaksimandrus, Heraklit) steqsan ɣef tazwara n umeɣrad d tanga n tilawt. Nnan-d belli tilawt yezmer ad tettwafhem s wallaɣ ameɣradan, mačči s iḥulfan kan.

Sukrat (470-399 uqbel Ɛisa) yesbedd tarrayt n usteqsi i wakken ad yaweḍ ɣer tidet. Yenna-d "Tussna tebda s ufhem belli ur neẓri ara". Yemmut imi ḥekmen fell-as s tmettant ɣef sebba n uselmed n yilmeẓyen.

Platun (428-348 uqbel Ɛisa) yesbedd Akademi, yura ɣef tugna n tiktiwin tineblalen, tugdut taneblalt, d unadi ɣef tidet d taɣdemt.

Aristu (384-322 uqbel Ɛisa) yesbedd timeẓla n umeẓla, tussna tagamant, d waṭas n tmusniwin nniḍen. Yura ɣef yal taɣult seg tesnimant ar teẓuri.

Tisdawin Tifelsafiyin am Istusiyen (Zinun) d Ibikuriyen (Epikur) snulfan-d tarrayin n tudert d uxemmem i yeṭṭfen ar tallit tarumit d tanaṣranit.

Tazrirt ɣef Yidlisen

Tasekla tagrigit tuɣal d lsas n tasekla tutrimt:

Tamedyazt Tagrigit: Humer s Ilyad d Udisa yesbedd amedya n tmedyazt tagrigit. Idlisen-a ḥekkun ɣef yimensiyen, agama d tilawt n yimdanen, ttwaɣran deg yal tallit.

Amezgun: Igrikiyen snulfan-d amezgun. Amezgun atraǧidi (Eskil, Sofokl) yettawi-d teqsiḍin n yimensiyen d yimdanen mgal taɣdemt. Amezgun aḍsan (Aristufan) yesseqdac taḍsa i wakken ad yezged tametti.

Amezruy: Hirudut d Tusidid sbedden tarrayt n tira n umezruy s usersi d tesnazaraft n teɣbula.

Tamedyazt Talirikt: Imeddayen am Safo d Pindar snulfan-d talɣiwin timaynutin n tmedyazt tudmawant.

Tagara

Taɣerma tagrigit teǧǧa-d tiremt ur nettu deg umezruy n talsa. Seg tugdut d tfelsafit ar teẓuri d yidlisen, Igrikiyen sbedden tisasin i teɣrma tutrimt. Tutlayt tagrigit tuɣal d tutlayt n tmusni deg tallit tahelinistit d tarumit. Tidmi n Lgrig tuɣal d lsas i Tidmi n Turuft.

Tazrit n Lgrig tban deg yal tamurt n Illel Agrakal d beṛṛa-s. Seg tibniqin n Ruma ar timeskiyin n Tferranṣa, seg tallit n teglest taɛrabt ar Tidmi n Turuft, tiktiwin d teẓuriwin tigrigiyin mazal-itent ttidirent ass-a, ssekcament ayen akk yellan d amedya n tmusni, taɣdemt d ccbaḥa deg umaḍal atrar.