Septimyus Severus

Septimyus Severus
Septimyus Severus
	Amenkad Septimyus Severus
Akunsul arumani
Amenkad arumani
légat d'Auguste pro préteur de Pannonie supérieure (fr)
Asenatuṛ arumani aqbur
tribun de la plèbe (fr)
questeur (fr)
consul suffect (fr)
Apṛetur
légat de la légion IV Scythica (fr)
Tameddurt
Isem-is ummid	Lucius Septimius Severus
Talalit	Leptis Magna (fr) , 146 (Grégorien)
Taɣlent	Ruma n zik
Lmut	Eboracum (fr) , 4 Fuṛaṛ 211
Ideg n uẓekka	château Saint-Ange (fr)
Tamentilt n tmettant	isragen igamanen
Tawacult
Baba-s	Publius Septimius Geta
Yemma-s	Fulvia Pia
Tissulya akked	Paccia Marciana (en) (175 - 186); Julia Domna (fr) (187 - 211)
Arraw-is	view Septimia Major (en) ; Septimia Minor (en) ; Karakalla; Publius Septimius Geta (fr) ;
Atmaten-is d yissetma-s	Publius Septimius Geta (fr) d Septimia Octavilla (en)
Tawsit	Sévères (fr)
Asegmi
Tutlayin	Talatint; phénicien (fr) ; grec ancien (fr)
Amahil
Amahil	asertay, aserdas d empereur (fr)
Taflest
Asɣan	religion de la Rome antique (fr)

Lusyus Septimyus Severus (145 – 211 S.Ɛ.) d yiwen seg yimenkaden imeqranen i ibeddlen

udem d unagraw n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. D netta i d amenzu i d-yekkan seg Tefriqt n Ugafa (s yiziɣer alibi-apunig) i yulin ɣer ukersi n udabu aṛumi. Yerna d netta i d amsebdad n twacult tageldant n Yisiviriyen.

Tanbaḍt-ines, seg useggas n 193 ar 211 S.Ɛ., tewwi-d isniflen d yiseggamen lqayen deg tasredsa (lɛesker), deg uzref (lqanun), d tedbelt. S tnekkra-ines, yessufeɣ tamenkda seg tallit n Principatus (anda asqamu n yimɣaren yella d amteddu) ɣer tallit n udabu amserdas lqayen.

1. Aẓar, Talalit d Temẓi-ines

Talalit deg Leptis Magna

Ilul Septimyus Severus ass n 11 deg Yebrir n useggas 145 (neɣ 146) S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Leptis Magna (deg tmurt n Libiya n tura). Tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, tebna ɣef yiri n Yilel Agrakal deg temnaḍt n Tripolitania.

Aẓar n twacult

Baba-s: Ism-is Publius Septimius Geta, yekka-d seg yiẓuran ilibiyen-ipuniyen (imaziɣen-ifiniqiyen) yesɛan ayla d ccan ameqran deg temnaḍt. Twacult-ines tella teṭṭef tiɣermi taṛumit acḥal d tasuta send talalit-is.

Yemma-s: Ism-is Fulvia Pia, tekka-d seg twacult taṭalyanit-taṛumit n watelsan (gens Fulvia).

Asgmi d tutlayin

Severus yelmed tutlayt tapunigt, talatinit, d tegrikt. Ɣas akken yelmed tasekla d lqanun deg Ruma d Atina, imuzrayen n tallit-nni (am Cassius Dion) nnan-d d akken yella yessawal talatinit s yiwet n aɣdebbu tafriqit i d-yettbanen ar taggara n tudert-is.

2. Abrid Asertan d Umserdas (Cursus Honorum)

Send ad yaweḍ ɣer udabu unnig, Septimyus Severus yekfa akk talliyin n usedmer asertan aṛumi s tallelt n umenkad Mark Urel:

Akcam ɣer Usqamu n Yimɣaren (SINA): Yekcem d aɛeggal deg useggas n 170 S.Ɛ.

Isurifen imezwura: Yeṭṭef tamassit n kwaystur (quaestor) deg Ruma d Baetica (Spanya), sakin d aṭribun n ipliben deg 176 S.Ɛ.

Tanbaḍt n temnaḍin: Yuɣal d afritran (praetor) deg 178 S.Ɛ., syin d anebbaḍ n Gallia Lugdunensis (Fransa), n Sisilya, d Pannonia Superior (ɣef wasif n Danub) deg useggas n 191 S.Ɛ.[1].

Deg Panunya, Severus yefka tamawt meqqren i tseddarin n yiserdasen, yella yeẓra amek ay tteddun iserdasen n tlisa d wayen ttnadin, d ayen i as-yeldin abrid ɣer tezmert tamuqqrant.

3. Aseggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden (193 S.Ɛ.) d Tuzzya ɣer Unbaḍ

Deg taggara n useggas 192 S.Ɛ., yemmut umenkad Commodus. Deg useggas 193 S.Ɛ.—i yettwasnen deg umezruy s Useggas n Semmus n Yimenkaden—tallit n tezɣent d ummenuɣ ɣef udabu:

Amenkad Pertinax yeṭṭef leḥkem kra n wagguren kan send ad t-nɣen yimḍebbren n tɛessast.

Iɛessasen-nni zzenzen akersi n udabu deg "ssuq" i win ara d-yefken aṭas n tedrimt; dɣa yuɣ-it umarkanti Didius Julianus.

Iserdasen n Danub ugin aya. Ass n 9 Yebrir 193 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Carnuntum, berrḥen s Septimyus Severus d amenkad.

┌──────────────────────────────┐
                │ Aseggas n 193 S.Ɛ.           │
                │ Assider(aɣelluy) n Didius Julianus    │
                └──────────────┬───────────────┘
                               │
            ┌──────────────────┴──────────────────┐
            ▼                                     ▼
┌───────────────────────┐             ┌───────────────────────┐
│ Amenɣi n Issus (194)  │             │ Amenɣi n Lugdunum     │
│ Mgal Pescennius Niger │             │ (197) mgal Albinus    │
└───────────────────────┘             └───────────────────────┘

Severus yuzzel s tazzla tameqqrant ɣer temdint n Ruma. Didius Julianus yetwanɣa send ad d-yaweḍ Severus. Iwakken ad yeṭṭef anbaḍ akken iwata, yennuɣ mgal sin n yimsizwren:

Pescennius Niger (deg Ugmuḍ): Yernat deg umenɣi n Cyzicus, Nicaea, d Issus (194 S.Ɛ.).

Clodius Albinus (deg Utaram): Yernat deg umenɣi aneggaru n Lugdunum (Lyon) deg useggas n 197 S.Ɛ., i yellan d yiwen seg yimenɣan imeqranen akk gar Yiṛumaniyen.

4. Iseggamen d Isniflen Imserdasen d Yidblanen

Tanbaḍt n Septimyus Severus tbeddel lsas n uwanak aṛumi.

Isniflen n Tasredsa (Iserdasen)

Afsax n Tɛessast Tapriturit: Yefsax taɛessast taqburt i yellan teččur kan d iṭalyaniyen, yebna-tt-id s yiserdasen iḥiriyen i d-yextar seg tlisa n Danub d Tefriqt.

Tirbbaɛ timaynutin: Yesnulfa-d kraḍt n tseddarin timaynutiw (Legio I, II, d III Parthica). Yiwet deg-sent yessers-itt ɣer tama n Ruma (Castra Albana) i useḥbiber fell-as.

Tidrimin d Tsulya(Zwaǧ): Yerna deg texlaṣṣin n yiserdasen (solde) s wazal n 33% ar 50%, yerna yefka-yasen azref ad zewǧen skud llan deg uheggi n lɛesker (d ayen yellan d amgadal send-is).

Isniflen n Tedbelt d Uzref

Asenqes n tezmert n Usqamu: Yekkes aṭas n tezmert i Usqamu n Yimɣaren (Sina), yerr-a adabu gar yifassen n yimḍebbren imserdasen d yinefrayen neɣ imsaḍufen.

Asnerni n tussna n uzref: Yesseqdec imusnawen imeqranen n lqanun aṛumi, gar-asen Papinien (Aemilius Papinianus, i d-yekkan ula d netta seg Tefriqt neɣ Surya), Ulpien, d Paulus.

Tadamsa d Txezna: Yebḍa tadamsa gar txezna n uwanak (aerarium/fiscus) d tbaɣurt tusligt n umenkad d twacult-is (res privata).

5. Tuffɣiwin n Tredsa d Usehrew n Tlisa

 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
   │             TUFFƔIWIN N TREDSA N SEVERUS                    │
   ├──────────────────────────────┬──────────────────────────────┤
   │ 1. TUFFƔA n Mezubuṭamya      │ Aserɣi n Ctesiphon (197) d   │
   │    (197 - 198 S.Ɛ.)          │ tmerniwt n Mesopotamya.      │
   ├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
   │ 2. TUFFƔA n Tefriqt          │ Asebded n Limes Tripolitanus │
   │    (202 - 203 S.Ɛ.)          │ d lebni n Gholaia/Bu Njem.   │
   ├──────────────────────────────┼──────────────────────────────┤
   │ 3. TUFFƔA n Kaledunya        │ Aɛawed n lebni n Uɣrab n     │
   │    (208 - 211 S.Ɛ.)          │ Hadrian d umenɣi di Scotland │
   └──────────────────────────────┴──────────────────────────────┘

Tuffɣa n Mezubuṭamya (197–198 S.Ɛ.): Yennuɣ mgal Tmenkda Tapartit, yesreɣ tamanaɣt-nsen Ctesiphon. Tamnaḍt n Mezubuṭamya tuɣal d tamnaḍt taṛumit tamaynut.

Tuffɣa n Tefriqt (202–203 S.Ɛ.): Yessuddes talisa n Tefriqt n Ugafa (Limes Tripolitanus) mgal tgeldiwin timaziɣin n unẓul (am Yigaramanten). Yebna igruren n tredsa(lɛesker) deg Gholaia (Bu Njem) d Ghadames. Yerra tamdint-is Leptis Magna d tamnaḍt tamirant s lebni n yisebdaden, tagenzi, d usagen ameqran.

Tuffɣa n Briṭanya (208–211 S.Ɛ.): Yuli ɣer tgzirt n Briṭanya (Legliz) d warraw-is iwakken ad iḥareb mgal leɛṛac n Kaledunya (Caledonia, deg Skutlanda n tura). Dinna iɛawed asebded d useǧhed n Uɣrab n Hadriyan.

6. Tawacult d Temsalt n Wukus

Julia Domna

Severus yuɣ tislit-is tis snat Julia Domna deg useggas n 187 S.Ɛ., d yelli-s n uqessis ameqran n tecbalt n yiṭij(seg usɣan Ilagabal n temnaḍt n surya n wass-a) deg temdint n Emesa (Homs, deg Surya). Julia Domna tella d tamusnawt yeɣran aṭas, tella tessebded igrawen n ifelsufen, imedyazen d yimussnawen deg Ruma, yerna tesɛa tazrirt meqqren deg tsertit n umenkad.

Arraw-is: Karakalla d Geta

Tesɛa-d yid-s sin n warrac:

Karakalla (Lucius Septimius Bassianus / Antoninus).

Publius Septimius Geta.

Severus yessuli sin-a n warraw-is ɣer umkan n Augustus iwakken ad nbeḍen lwaḥid deffir-s. Maca yella gar-asen yiwen n wurfan d cceḥna tameqqrant ur nerkid.

7. Tamettant

Tamettant deg Eboracum (211 S.Ɛ.)

Yemmut Septimyus Severus ass n 4 deg Furar n useggas 211 S.Ɛ. deg temdint n Eboracum (York, deg Briṭanya) deg leɛmer-is 65 n yiseggasen. Send ad yemmet, yefka i sin n warraw-is yiwen n uwellah yeqqimen deg umezruy:

"Ddukklet gar-awen, Ili-ken am iserdasen, Ili-ken d imakkayen, u Ḥeqret wiyaḍ."

(« Concordes estote, milites locupletate, ceteros contemnite »)

Deffir tmettant-ines, Karakalla yenɣa gma-s Geta deg 212 S.Ɛ. iwakken ad yeṭṭef adabu i yimani-s, sakin yefka tiɣeṛmi taṛumanit i akk iɣermanen ilelliyen n tmenkda (Anaḍ n Karakalla).