Rust (Tutlayt Usihel)
 Rust | |
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tutlayt n usihel, langage de programmation fonctionnel (fr)  , langage de programmation multi-paradigme (fr) , langage impératif (fr) , langage de programmation système (fr) , aseɣẓan ilelli n uɣbalu yeldin d langage compilé (fr) | |
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| Isefka | |
| Azemz n ubeddi d unulfu | 2006 d 23 Yulyu 2006 |
| Yettusemma ɣef | Pucciniales (fr) |
| Développé par (fr) | Mozilla (mul) , Graydon Hoare (mul) d fondation Rust (fr) |
| Azemz n usuffeɣ | 7 Yulyu 2010 d 16 Yunyu 2010 |
| Distinction reçue (fr) | Programming Languages Software Award (en) |
| Mascotte (fr) | Ferris (mul) |
| Amesnirem neɣ amesnulfu | Graydon Hoare (mul) |
| Objectif du projet ou de la mission (fr) | memory safety (en) , performances (fr) d fearless concurrency (en) |
| Conçu par (fr) | Graydon Hoare (mul) |
| Anagraw n wammud | multiplateforme (fr) |
| Akufi n tengalt taɣbalut | https://github.com/rust-lang/rust |
| Identifiant de version logicielle (fr) | 1.99.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 0.10, 0.11.0, 0.12.0, 1.0.0, 1.1.0, 1.2.0, 1.3.0, 1.4.0, 1.5.0, 1.6.0, 1.7.0, 1.8.0, 1.9.0, 1.10.0, 1.11.0, 1.12.0, 1.12.1, 1.13.0, 1.14.0, 1.15.0, 1.15.1, 1.16.0, 1.17.0, 1.18.0, 1.19.0, 1.20.0, 1.21.0, 1.22.0, 1.22.1, 1.23.0, 1.24.0, 1.24.1, 1.25.0, 1.26.0, 1.26.1, 1.26.2, 1.27.0, 1.27.1, 1.27.2, 1.28.0, 1.29.0, 1.29.1, 1.29.2, 1.30.0, 1.30.1, 1.31.0, 1.31.1, 1.32.0, 1.33.0, 1.34.0, 1.34.1, 1.34.2, 1.35.0, 1.36.0, 1.37.0, 1.38.0, 1.39.0, 1.40.0, 1.41.0, 1.41.1, 1.42.0, 1.43.0, 1.43.1, 1.44.0, 1.44.1, 1.45.0, 1.45.1, 1.45.2, 1.46.0, 1.47.0, 1.48.0, 1.49.0, 1.50.0, 1.51.0, 1.52.0, 1.52.1, 1.53.0, 1.54.0, 1.55.0, 1.56.0, 1.56.1, 1.57.0, 1.58.0, 1.58.1, 1.59.0, 1.60.0, 1.61.0, 1.62.0, 1.62.1, 1.63.0, 1.64.0, 1.65.0, 1.66.0, 1.66.1, 1.67.0, 1.67.1, 1.68.0, 1.68.1, 1.68.2, 1.69.0, 1.70.0, 1.71.0, 1.71.1, 1.72.0, 1.72.1, 1.73.0, 1.74.0, 1.74.1, 1.75.0, 1.76.0, 1.77.0, 1.77.1, 1.77.2, 1.78.0, 1.79.0, 1.80.0, 1.80.1, 1.81.0, 1.82.0, 1.83.0, 1.84.0, 1.84.1, 1.85.0, 1.85.1, 1.86.0, 1.87.0, 1.88.0, 1.89.0, 1.90.0, 1.91.0, 1.91.1, 1.92.0, 1.93.0, 1.94.0, 1.94.1, 1.95, 1.96, 1.96.1, 1.97.0, 1.97.1, 1.98.0 d 1.98.1 |
| Asmel web unṣib | rust-lang.org |
| Ablug unṣib | https://blog.rust-lang.org/ |
| Forum officiel (fr) | https://users.rust-lang.org/ d https://rust-lang.zulipchat.com/ |
| Hashtag (mul) | rustlang |
| Licence (fr) | licence Apache 2.0 (fr) d licence MIT (fr) |
| Addad n yizerfan n umeskar | sous droit d'auteur (fr) |
| Illal-itt | Rustacean (en) |
| Yettwasemres s | rustc (fr) |
| Système de typage (fr) | inférence de types (fr) , système nominatif de types (fr) , typage statique (fr) , typage fort (fr) d linear typing (en) |
| PyPI trove classifier (en) | Programming Language :: Rust |
| Adresse officielle de démonstration (fr) | https://play.rust-lang.org/ |
| URL n tummant n Mastodon | https://social.rust-lang.org |
| Extension de fichier (fr) | rs d rlib |
Rust d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant, tettwasnulfad i uselkim d yinagrawen n wammud. Tettwassen s temellit, taɣellist n tkatut , d uselkem amsadaɣ d timzizzelt. Rust ur tesseqdac ara amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector), maca tseqdac anagraw n "warḍal" (borrow checker) i usenqed n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, i wakken ad teḍmen ur ttilint ara tuccḍiwin deg usefrek n tkatut.
Tutlayt-a yesnulfa-tt-id Graydon Hoare deg Mozilla deg useggas n 2006, maca teffeɣ-d i medden deg 2010. Lqem amezwaru urkid 1.0 yeffeɣ-d deg 2015. Tura, tettwasefrek sɣur "Rust Foundation". Rust d aseɣẓan n uɣbalu yeldin, u aṭas n yimessihelin i yettmahalen fell-as deg umaḍal.
Amazray
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Asenfar n Rust yebda deg useggas n 2006 sɣur Graydon Hoare, i yellan d amessihel deg Mozilla. Yebɣa ad yesnulfu tameslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni. Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, yerna tefka-yas afus.
Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden. Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid, i d-yeḍmen dakken tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yieqman. Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan "Rust Foundation" i wakken ad ṭṭfen taɣellist d tneflit n tmeslayt-a war ma qqimen ɣer afus n yiwen neɣ n yiwet taṛmist kan.
⚙️ Tulmisin tigejdanin
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]1. Taɣellist n tkatut
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg tmeslayin am C neɣ C++, amessihel yesɛa tamasit ɣef usefrek n tkatut (aḥeṛṛi d uslelli n tkatut). Ma tella tuccḍa, anagraw yezmer ad yeɣli neɣ ad yekcem deg wuguren n tɣellist.
Rust ur yesseqdac ara Amsizdeg n tkatut (Garbage Collector) am Java neɣ Python, i wakken ur yettḥaz ara tamellit . Deg wadeg n waya, Rust yseqdac Amsenqad n urḍal (Borrow Checker) deg wakud n usefsu. Amsenqad-a yettsenqad ilugan n "amli" (ownership) d "arḍal" (borrowing), ur yettaǧǧa ara tangalt ad tɛeddi ma yella kra n wugur n tkatut.
2. Tamellit
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Rust tettwasnulfad i wakken ad temcabi ɣer C d C++ deg temellit. Teseqdac isegdan n "Zero-cost abstractions" (tamadwant war tasqamit), anda tamadwant i d-yettwanan deg usihel ur terna ara cciɛa neɣ taẓayt deg uselkem n wahil.
3. Amyezwer d Uselkem Amsadaɣ
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Aselkem amsadaɣ yeshel s waṭas deg Rust. Anagraw n "Ownership" yettḥaz daɣen amyezwer (concurrence), i wakken ur ttilint ara "Data races" (amyezwer ɣef yisefka gar yikalen ifessasen / threads). Ma yella sin yikalen ifessasen bɣan ad rran ɣer yiwen umutti deg yiwen wakud, Asefsay ad yagi tangalt-nni.
🧩 Taseddast d Yinawen n Usihel
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Rust d tameslayt taget-inaw (multi-paradigme), tseqdac aṭas n yinawen:
Asihel Amesɣan (Programmation Fonctionnelle): Rust tseqdac tasɣent n usnirem, map, filter, d tewsit n Option akked Result i usefrek n tuccḍiwin war ma tseqdac try/catch.
Asihel Anaḍ (Programmation Impérative): Teseqdac tineddicin am for, while, d loop.
Asihel yerran ɣer tɣawsa (Orienté Objet): Rust ur tesɛi ara "Tiserkam" am Java, maca tseqdac Structs (timṣukin) d Traits i wakken ad tessewseɛ tawuri.
Amedya n tengalt
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]// Ahil amezwaru deg Rust
fn main() {
// Asbadu n umutti (Variable)
let isem: &str = "Aqbayli";
// Asiggez n wawal (Impression)
println!("Azul fell-ak, a {}!", isem);
// Asefrek n tebdarin akked tfelwiyin (Gestion des listes/tableaux)
let imḍanen = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let timernit: i32 = imḍanen.iter().sum();
println!("Timernit n yimḍanen: {}", timernit);
}
🛠️ Tawennaṭ d Yifecka
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Tawennaṭ n Rust tettwassen s yifecka-s igerrzen i d-yusan yid-s:
Cargo: D afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen (package manager) d afecku n usali (build tool). S Cargo, amessihel yezmer ad d-yessali, ad isenqed, yerna ad yaf isefka (tiglin/iḍaraɛen) s tɣawla.
Rustc: D asefsay n Rust, i yettarun tangalt ɣer tutlayt n tmacint.
Crates.io: D timkarḍiyin neɣ d amkan anda i ttwaznen yikemmusen n Rust, am npm deg JavaScript neɣ pip deg Python.
Rust Analyzer: D afecku i tallelt n usihel (IDE support) i yettmuddun tallelt i yimessihilen deg VSCode d yifecka nniḍen.
🌍 Tajṛut n useqdec
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Rust tettwaseqdec deg waṭas n yiḥricen n tsenselkimt tatrart:
Inagrawen n Wammud:
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Linux Kernel: Linus Torvalds yeqbel Rust d tameslayt tis snat deg uɣbalu n yiɣes Linux (deffir C).
Redox: D anagraw n wammud i yuran s Rust seg tazwara.
Ifecka n Izirig n Tladna: Aṭas n yifecka am ripgrep (grep atrar), bat (cat atrar), d alacritty (terminal) yuran s Rust.
Isnasen n Web: S useqdec n yifecka am Actix neɣ Axum, d uselkem ɣer WebAssembly (Wasm) i wakken isnasen ad leḥḥun deg yiminigen s temellit tameqqrant.
Imuturen n Uraren: Am Bevy, i yellan d afecku n usnulfu n wuraren am Unreal Engine neɣ Unity, maca s Rust.
Tadrimt tawgelhent d uzrar n yiḥedran: Aṭas n tɣeṛɣaṛ n crypto am Solana yuran s Rust i temellit-ines.
Amezruy d Umhaz n Rust d Wazal-is deg Tsenselkimt
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Rust d tameslayt n usihel taɣarant i d-yellan deg useggas n 2006, yesnulfa-tt Graydon Hoare mi yella yettmahal deg Mozilla. Tameslayt-a tettwassen s temellit-is tameqqrant, taɣellist n tkatut, d uselkem amsadaɣ. Seg wasmi i d-teffeɣ ar ass-a, Rust tezmert ad tbeddel amezruy n tsenselkimt, yerna tuɣal d yiwen seg yifecka igejdanen deg usnulfu n yiseɣẓanen itraren.
1. Tazwara: Asnulfu d Tmuɣli Tamezwarut (2006–2010)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg useggas n 2006, Graydon Hoare, amessihel deg Mozilla, yebda yettmahal ɣef yiwet n tmeslayt n usihel tamaynut. Iswi-ines amezwaru yella d asnulfu n tmeslayt ara yesɛun tamellit n C++ maca war tuccḍiwin n tkatut i d-yettilin s waṭas deg tmeslayin-nni n zik.
Deg tallit-nni, tasenselkimt tella tetteddu s tmeslayin am C d C++ deg inagrawen n wammud d yiseɣẓanen imeqqranen. Maca tuccḍiwin n tkatut (am useqdec n tkatut yemmuten, neɣ tuṭṭfa ɣa n tkatut ur nettwaf ara) llant d ugur ameqqran i d-yessawḍen ar uɣelluy n yinagrawen d tɣellist.
Mozilla teɛqel azal n usenfar-a deg 2009, tefka-yas afus d tedrimt. Deg 2010, teffeɣ-d talɣa tamezwarut i medden, yerna deg useggas-nni kan, Rust tebda tettwassen gar yimessihelen.
2. Tallit n Usnulfu d Ubeddel (2010–2015)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Gar 2010 d 2015, Rust tella deg tallit n ubeddel d usnerni. Aṭas n tɣawsiwin i yettwabedlen deg tmeslayt:
Anagraw n warḍal (Ownership): Yettwasnulfu-d amenzay n "amli" d "urḍal" (borrowing), i yettḥazen taɣellist n tkatut deg wakud n usefsu, war ma yesseqdac amsizdeg n tkatut (garbage collector).
Amsenqad n warḍal (Borrow Checker): D afecku i yettsenqaden yal tangalt send ad tettwasfeḍ, ur yettaǧǧa ara tuccḍiwin n tkatut ad ɛeddint.
Taseddast tamaynut: Taseddast n Rust tettwabeddel aṭas, tebda tettemcabi ɣer C++ maca tesɛa tilmusin timaynutin.
Cargo: Yettwasnulfu-d Cargo, afecku n usefrek n yikemmusen d usali n yiseɣẓanen, i yerran asihel s Rust fessus yerna yettwaḍfar.
Deg 2015, yeffeɣ-d lqem 1.0 i yellan d lqem urkid. Aya yella d tazwara n tallit tamaynut: seg wass-nni, tangalt ur tettbeddil ara s waṭas gar yilqem, yerna imessihelen zmren ad bnun isnasen-nsen ɣef llsas urkid.
3. Tallit n Gemmu (2015–2020)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Seg 2015 ar 2020, Rust tebda tettimɣur s waṭas:
Tuddsa Rust: Deg 2021, Mozilla, AWS, Google, Microsoft, d Huawei snulfan-d "Rust Foundation".
Tawennaṭ n yifecka: Terna-d tawennaṭ n Rust s waṭas n yikemmusen (libraries) i yal aḥric: web, anagrawen n wammud, uraren, tussna n yisefka, d wayen nniḍen.
Ismersen imeqqranen: Tikebbaniyin timeqqranin am Mozilla (Firefox), Cloudflare, Dropbox, d Discord bdant sseqdacent Rust deg yiseɣẓanen-nsent.
Iɣes n Linux: Linus Torvalds yeqbel Rust d tameslayt tis snat deg uɣbalu n Linux, deffir C. Aya yella d azal ameqqran i Rust deg umaḍal n tsenselkimt.
4. Tallit Tatrart: Rust deg Yal Aḥric (2020–Ass-a)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Ass-a, Rust tella deg yal aḥric n tsenselkimt:
Anagrawen n Wammud
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Rust tettwaseqdec deg usnulfu n yinagrawen n wammud am Redox, yerna deg uɣbalu n Linux. Taɣellist n tkatut i d-ttmuddu Rust tettɛawan deg usenqes n tuccḍiwin d tɣellist.
Asnas n Web
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]S yifecka am Actix, Axum, d WebAssembly, Rust tezmer ad tessewseɛ isnasen n web s temellit tameqqrant. Aṭas n yismal n web bdan sseqdacent Rust i uɣbalu-nsen.
Tigzi Taragmawant (AI)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg tallit n tigzi taragmawant, Rust tezmer ad tessewseɣ isnasen n ulmad n tmacint s temellit tameqqrant. Iḥricen am tokenizers n HuggingFace yuran s Rust.
Taɣellist Tasenselkamt
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Imi Rust ur tesɛi ara tuccḍiwin n tkatut, tezmer ad ttaḥrez iseɣẓanen n tɣellist s wudem ufrir. Aṭas n yifecka n tɣellist bdan sseqdacent Rust.
Uraren d Udlif
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Ifecka am Bevy d wiyiḍ bdan sseqdacent Rust deg usnulfu n wuraren n yisensa, imi tamellit-is tcuba ɣer C++ maca war tuccḍiwin-is.