Mark Urel

Mark Urel
Mark Urel
	Amenkad Mark Urel.
Amenkad arumani
Akunsul arumani
Asenatuṛ arumani aqbur
questeur (fr)
Tameddurt
Isem-is ummid	Marcus Catilius Severus Annius Verus
Talalit	Roma, 26 Yebrir 121
Taɣlent	Ruma n zik
Axxam-is	Roma
Lmut	Vindobona (fr) , 17 Meɣres 180
Ideg n uẓekka	château Saint-Ange (fr)
Tamentilt n tmettant	isragen igamanen (Tarka)
Tawacult
Baba-s	Marcus Annius Verus, Antuninus Piyus
Yemma-s	Domitia Lucilla
Tissulya akked	Faustine la Jeune (fr)
Abusin	Ceionia Fabia (fr)
Arraw-is	view Commode (fr) ; Marcus Annius Verus Caesar (fr) ; Annia Aurelia Galeria Faustina (fr) ; Fadilla (fr) ; Lucille (fr) ; Annia Cornificia Faustina la jeune (fr) ; Vibia Aurelia Sabina (fr) ; Titus Aurelius Fulvus Antoninus (fr) ; Domitia Faustina (fr) ;
Atmaten-is d yissetma-s	Annia Cornificia Faustina l'aînée (fr)
Tawacult	view Malemnius (en) (Imeru);
Tawsit	Antonins (fr) ; Aurelies (en) ; Antonins (fr)
Asegmi
Tutlayin	Talatint; grec ancien (fr)
Iselmaden	Alexandros de Cotiaion (fr) ; Hérode Atticus (fr) ; Fronton (fr) ; Junius Rusticus (fr) ; Gnaeus Claudius Severus Arabianus (fr)
Amahil
Amahil	asertay, afelsuf, amaru, monarque (fr) d empereur (fr)
Imahilen ixataren	Pensées pour moi-même (fr)
Taɛeggalt	Cinq bons empereurs (fr)
Amussu	stoïcisme (fr)
Taflest
Asɣan	religion de la Rome antique (fr)

Mark Urel d yiwen seg yimenkaden i yettwassnen nezzeh deg umezruy n Tamenkda

Taṛumant. Ilul deg useggas 121, yettuneḥsab d aneggaru gar wid iwumi qqaren "Semmus n Imenkaden Igerrzen", yerna d yiwen gar yimusnawen d yiflusufen imeqqranen n tfelsafit n Testuysit, yemmut deg useggas 180. Yella d amnekad seg 161 ar 180. Tallit-is tella gar talwit taṛumant d tazɣent n tilisa, gar tfelsafit d umgaru, gar tadbelt d tmettant n waṭas n yemdanen.

Tudert-is tamezwarut

Mark Urel ilul deg Ṛuma. Isem-is ummid Mark Urel Anṭunin( neɣ s tlatinit: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus). Yekka-d seg tawacult tameqqrant yesɛan lḥeṛma deg tmetti taṛumant. Amenkad Hadriyan yextar-t-id zik, yefka-yas amkan deg usbeddi n tmenkda. Anṭunin Piyus yewwi-t-id ɣer twacult-is s usmemmi, yesselmed-as tadbelt, yessuddes-as abrid ɣer ukersii n tmenkda.

Mark Urel yelmed ɣer yiselmaden yesɛan tussna d wazal n tallit-nni. Yelmed tasekla, tutlayin, tasertit, akked tfelsafit. Tafelsafit tasṭuwit tekcem ɣer wallaɣ-is, tesselmed-as belli amdan ilaq ad yidir s wudem umeẓɣan, s tuẓulin, s ṣṣber, akked s uqbal n wayen ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel.

Tanbaḍt-is d usbeddi n tmenkda

Deg useggas 161, mi yemmut Anṭunin Piyus, Mark Urel yuɣal d amnekad. Ur yebɣi ara ad yeḥkem i yiman-is kan, yessbedd Lusius Virus d amnekad akked-s. Sin-nni ḥekmen ɣef Tamenkda Taṛumant, maca Mark Urel yella d win yesɛan ṛṛay ameqqran akked tmussni n tsertit.

Tallit n tnbaḍt n umenkad Mark Urel (161–180 S.Ɛ.) tella d tin yeddren amedya ameqqran n wussisan deg tudsa d usnerni n tedamsa d teɣdemt deg agensu n Umenkud Aṛumani. Ɣas akken ccwal n beṛṛa am umgaru mgal Yiparṭiyen d Yiǧermaniyen wwin adras ameqqran deg umezruy-is, amenkad yessefti aṭas n tzemmar deg uḥraz n wurkad n daxel, aselḥi n isaḍufen, d ufus n tallalt i yiɣermanen deg lawan n twaɣiyin.

Deg tazwara n tnbaḍt-is deg useggas n 161 S.Ɛ., Mark Urel yexdem takti tamaynut deg umezruy aṛumani: yefren gma-s s usmemmi, Lusyus Virus (Lucius Verus), akken ad ilin d imenkaden i sin s tzemmar yellan s wudem n tagada. D tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy i deg yebḍa udabu unṣib gar sin n yemdanen iwumi fkan azwel n Augustus. Ɣas akken Mark Urel yella yesɛa adabu amezwaru d usrid deg tlufa timeqqranin, tasertit-a tessaweḍ ad tqeṛṛeɛ tawaɣit n umennuɣ n daxel yerzan lweṛt n udabu. Sin-a n yimenkaden xedmen s umtawa d tdukli alamma d tamettant n Lusyus Virus deg useggas n 169 S.Ɛ., mi d-yufa Mark Urel iman-is d anebbaḍ awḥid n tmenkda.

Mi yemmut Lusyus Virus, Mark Urel yeqqim d amnekad i yiman-is. Yella yettnadi ad yili d amdan n teɣdemt, mačči d amnakad n ṭṭrad. Yefka azal i usenqed n tadbelt, i uqader n iṣuḍaf, akked umesten n tilisa n tmenkda.

Tterka Tanṭunint

Yiwet gar tedyanin tixatarin i iḥuzen agensu n tmenkda d tterka i d-yewwin iserdasen imedranen iṛumaniyen seg umgaru n Ugmuḍ deg useggas n 165 S.Ɛ. Tterka-a, iwumi qqaren Tterka TanṬunint, tessenggar aṭas n yiɣermanen d iserdasen deg yal tamnaḍt, ayen i d-yeglan s uɣelluy ameqqran deg tedamsa d ufaras (gar 5 ar 10 i yettwanɣan seg waṭṭan-agi).

Iwakken ad yefru tazɣent-a n tadrimt war ma yerna tiwsiwin ɣef uɣref, Mark Urel yexdem tigawt iweɛṛen: yesseqdec agerruj n tmenkda yerna yezzenz-iten deg ulzuzen (leswaq) n Ṛuma akk ayla d tɣawsiwin tunṣiben n tmenkda, tisenslin n wareɣ(dheb), d yisebdaden n wareɣ d lfeṭṭa n tgemmi taṛumanit. S waya, yessaweḍ ad d-yerr tadrimt i tenbaḍt d usiref n yigellilen war ma i nnal tadamsa n uɣerman.

Imgura d tilisa n tmenkda

Tallit n Mark Urel ur telli ara d tallit n talwit kan. Deg usammer, yella umgaru mgal Iparṭiyen. Deg ugafa, llan imenɣiyen mgal Iǧermaniyen, Imarkumanen, akked Ikwaḍiyen, ɣer yiri n wasif n Danub. Mark Urel yedda s timmad-is ɣer yiri n tilisa, yesselḥa iserdasen, u yeḥrez imukan yellan ɣer yiri n tlisa.

Imgura-agi ssaɣlayen aṭas n yemdanen, ssalayen tiwsi, ssnernayen aɣilif n tmetti. Maca Mark Urel yella yettnadi ad yesbedd talwit, ad yeḥrez tilisa, u ad yeḥrez tamenkda seg inṭagen n yimenzaɣen. Deg tmuɣli n tsertit, yella yefhem belli Tamenkda Taṛumant teḥwaǧ aserdas iǧehden, maca daɣen tadbelt ifazen.

Deg useggas n 175 S.Ɛ., tella-d yiwet n tnekra taxatart deg ugmuḍ, mi d-yefleɣ uselway n yiserdasen n dina Avidiyus Kasyus (Avidius Cassius) i yebɣan ad yeṭṭefɣ adabu acku tewweḍ-d talɣut dakken Mark Urel yemmut. Ɣas akken tanbaḍt n Mark Urel tella d tin iǧehden, tanekra-a ur d-tegli ara s umgaru aɣarim n daxel deg uɣlan.

Mi yemmut Kasyus s ɣur iserdasen-is, Mark Urel ur yeddim ara ttar. S tmust-is tastuysit d usuref, yegdel akk aḥbas neɣ anɣa n wid ittekkin deg tnekra-nni, yerna yesserɣ akk tibratin d isemlan n Kasyus war ma yeɣra-ten, akken ur d-yettili ara awehhi neɣ ttar mgal yisennaturen d yinelmaden-is deg Ṛuma.