Lucretia
Lucretia | |
|---|---|
 Lucretya sɣur Artemisia Gentileschi, (Los Angeles)
Lucretia, Artemisia Gentileschi, azal n useggas 1627 | |
| Temmut | 510 Send Ɛisa |
| Tamentilt n tmettant | Anɣiman |
| Yettwassen | Ssebba n usseɣli n n tgelda n Ṛuman |
| Tameṭṭut n | Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus |
| Baba-s | Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus |
Ɣef leḥsab n wansay aṛumani, Lucretia (/luːˈkriːʃə/ , Latin: [ ⁇ ʊˈkreːtia]; temmut azal n 510 Uqbel n Lmasiḥ), s teglizit Lucrece, d tameṭṭut n tgelda deg Ṛuma taqdimt. Sextus Tarquinius (Tarquin), mmi-s n ugellid, yeɛra u itɛedda s tuzuft ɣef Lucretia, yerna s deffir-s, s tmenɣiwt-nnes ay d-yesnekren tanekra i d-yesdermen tagelda n Ṛuman yerna d aya ay yessawḍen ɣer ubeddel n unabaḍ n Ṛuman seg tegeldit ɣer tegduda.[1] Deffir mi iεedda Tarquin ɣef yiseɣ n Lucretia, ajajiḥ n wurfan yella-d ɣef ttawilat n tmenɣiwt d tarrayin-nni n baba-s n Tarquin, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, agellid-nni ineggura n Ṛuma. D ayen i d-yewwin, tiwaculin yettwassnen sbeddent-d tagduda, nehṛent tawacult tageldant meqqren n Tarquin seg Ruma, dɣa ḥuddent tagduda mgal asekcem n Etruskan d tlatinit.[1]
Ulac iɣbula atraren ɣef Lucretia d temsalt-is n Tarquin. Timsal ɣef Lucretia, amek d melmi iɛedda s tuzuft fell-as Tarquin, amek tenɣa iman-is, d ayen i d-yeǧǧan u i d-yeglan s beddu n tazwara n Tagduda n Ṛuman, d ayen i d-yenna uselmed n unmezray n Ṛuman Livy d Dionysius d Halicarnassus n Umezray n Gric-Ruman, azal n 500 n yiseggasen sakkin. Iɣbula isnawanen ɣef usbedd n tegduda, ttεawaden-d ineḍruyen igejdanen n teqsiṭ n Lucretia, ɣas akken imiḍanen mgaraden acemma gar inmezrayen. D ttbut i d-yemmalen tilin umezruy n yiwet n tmeṭṭut isem-is Lucretia d yiwet n tedyant i yuraren aḥric d axatar deg usfel n tgelda. Maca, Ɣef leḥsab n yiɣbula atraren, tamacahut n Lucretia tettwaḥseb d aḥric seg tasnemyit taṛumanit. Am win yetεeddan ɣef tlawin tisabiyin, taqsiṭ n Lucretia tettak-d asegzi i ubeddel umezruy deg Ruma s uεawed n tekriṭ mgal tilawin sɣur yergazen.
Tameddurt tamezwarut d tissulya(zzwaǧ)
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Lucretia tella d yelli-s n uneflus(lqaḍi) Spurius Lucretius, u tella tmeṭṭut n Lusyus Tarquinius Collatinus. Zzwaǧ yellan gar Lucretia d Collatinus iban-d d tadukli tarumanit tanuktut, imi Lucretia d Collatinus llan mbudden s teflest gar-asen. Ɣef akken i d-yenna Livy, Lucretia tella d tin i d-yufraren deg "taɣawsa d tezdeg d ccbaḥa", am yilugan iṛumiyen. Mi yella urgaz-is deg umennuɣ, Lucretia ad teqqim deg uxxam, ad tedɛu i tuɣalin-is tuɣlist. Am Livy, tamuɣli n Dionysius ɣef Lucretia tebḍa-tt ɣef tlawin nniḍen n Ṛuman deg yiwet n teqsiṭ yerzan irgazen-nni i d-yettuɣalen s axxam seg umennuɣ. Aneqqis neɣ taqsiḍt tbeddu s uqemmer gar warraw n Tarquinius d wid i ten-ilan qqarben-ten, Brutus d Collatinus. Irgazen ttnaɣen ɣef tin seg tlawin-nsen i d- yufraren mliḥ iccuban sophrosyne, d yiwet n tikti tanuktut ifazen n tuzzma d taggagt. Irgazen-nni qqlen ɣer uxxam ad d-afen tilawin-nni ttmeslayen gar-asent, akken i ilaq deg umeslay. S umgired, ufan Lucretia deg uxxam weḥd-s, tettmahal(texdem) taḍuft-nnes s tsusmi. imyura iṛumiyen Livy d Dionysius rran Lucretia d amedya tamudemt i teqcicin tiṛumaniyin.[2]
Atɛeddi azufan fell-as
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]
Akken i ttεeddin ineḍruyen n teqsiṭ-nni s tɣawla, azemz-nni ideg itεedda Tarquin ɣef Lucretia ahat d aseggas amezwaru n fasti. Dionysius n Halicarnasse yesbedd aseggas-a "deg tazwara n Ulimpiyad wis 68 ... Isagoras yella d arkun aseggasan deg Atina"; dɣa 508/507 send talalit n Lmasiḥ. Ɣef leḥsab n Dionysius, Lucretia temmut ihi deg useggas n 508 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Azemz-a yiqreb ɣer wayen i msefhamen yemnadiyen niḍen n umezruy; d acu kan, aseggas-nni s tidet d win ay izemren ad yettwasqerdec deg yiwen n wakud n wazal n semmus(xemsa) n yiseggasen.
Mi yella yettekka deg usɣim n temdint n Ardea, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, agellid aneggaru n Ruma, yuzen mmi-s, Tarquin, ɣer yiwent n tuɣḍaṭ taserdast ɣer Collatia. Tarquin yettwaqbel s lfeṛḥ d ameqqran deg wexxam n unebbaḍ, d axxam n Lucius Tarquinius Collatinus, mmi-s n ɛemmi-s n ugellid, Arruns Tarquinius, yellan d anebbaḍ aqbur n Collatia yerna d amezwaru seg Tarquinii Collatini. Spurius Lucretius, baba-s n Lucretia, tameṭṭut n Collatinus, yerna d aselway n Ruma,[3] yeḍmen akken mmi-s n ugellid ad yettwaḥseb d inebgi deg uswir n tṣeddart-is.
Deg yiwet n tentala n tmacahut,[4] Tarquin d Collatinus, deg yiwet n tmeɣra n ccrab, deg tgara n wass, llan ttmeslayen ɣef lxir d tuẓult n tlawin armi ay d-yefka Collatinus iman-nnes akken ad yefru askasi-nni. Akken ad yexdem aya, yessumer-d ad yeddu ɣer wexxam-is akken ad iẓer Lucretia. Mi d-wwḍen, tella tẓeṭṭ d tqeddacin-nnes. Tefka-as tmeɣra tazdayt n trennawt, yerna Collatinus yenna-asen ad qqimen, maca imir-a, uɣalen ɣer ugrur.[5]
Deg yiḍ, yekcem Tarquin ɣer texxamt n yiḍes n Lucretia, yeɛedda s tɣawla i waklan(iqeddacen n Lucretia) yeṭṭsen ɣef tewwurt-is. Mi d-tekker, yessken-as iman-nnes yerna yefka-as sin n yiberdan: ad tt-iεeddi s tazuft fell-as yerna ad tuɣal d tameṭṭut-nnes u d tgellidt ay d-yetteddun, neɣ ad tt-ineɣ netta d yiwen seg yiqeddacen-nnes, ad yerr tifekkiwin-nni deg yiwen n wemkan, yerna ad d-yini d akken yeṭṭef-itt tetteddu ad texdem uzuf meqqren (ẓer tuzuft deg Ruma taqburt i tmuɣli tarumit ɣer tuzuft). Deg teqsiṭ-nni tamlellayt, yuɣal-d seg ugrur kra n wussan umbaɛd akked yiwen n umeddakel akken ad yawi Collatinus ɣef tinnubga-s akken ad yerzu, ad t-awin ɣer texxamt n yinebgawen. Yekcem ɣer texxamt n Lucretia mi tella teẓẓel akken d taεeryant deg wusu-ines, yebda yessirid aεebbuḍ-is s waman, d anct-a i tt-id-yessakin. Tarquin yeεreḍ ad iqenneε Lucretia d akken ilaq ad tili yid-s, s useqdec n "yal askasi izemren ad yesεu tazrirt ɣef wul n tmeṭṭut." D acu kan, Lucretia tella teṭṭef iman-is deg umekdi-ines ɣer urgaz-is, ula mi Tarquin yeggez tudert-is d yiseɣ-is, deg tgara, itɛedda s tuzuft fell-as.
Anɣiman
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Asatal awezlan
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Azrug-agi yemmal-d lḥif d tmenɣiwt n Lucrece, yiwet n tlemẓit tarumanit i ɣef itεedda s tazuft fell-as mmi-s n ugellid Tarquin. Kraḍ-nni n yinmezrayen iqburen — Dionysius n Halicarnassus, Livy (Livy) d Dio Cassius (Dio) — ttmeslayen-d ɣef tedyant-a s umgarad deg uɣanib d usnulfu yellan deg tmacahut. maca s yiwen n wemseḍfer kan : awehhi d ubeggen n wanɣa-nni, asuter n ttar, imiren, anɣiman i d-igellan s twaɣit d uḥulfu n uɛaqeb mgal Tarquins.
Tamacahut ɣef leḥsab n yal ameskar
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Dionysius n Halicarnassus
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu].jpg)
Deg uḍris n Dionysius n Halicarnassus, ass-nni i d-iteddun Lucretia telsa lqecc aberkan, truḥ ɣer wexxam n baba-s di Ruma, tessers iman-is deg umkan n tmeṭṭut-nni yettsutrun, tettru zdat baba-s d wergaz-is. Tessuter ad d-tessefhem iman-nnes yerna teḥettem-d ad d-tessiwel i yinagan uqbel ma tenna-asen-d ɣef utɛeddi-nnes azufan fell-as. Mi d-tenna d akken Tarquin i teɛadda fell-as, tessuter seg-sen ad d-rren ttaṛ, yiwet n tɣawsa ur nezmir ad tt-nɣunzu acku tella tettmeslay d unezzarfu(lqaḍi) d uneflus agejdan ameqqran n Ṛuma. Mi llan irgazen-nni ttmeslayen ɣef ubrid ilaqen n tigawt, Lucretia tessufeɣ-d yiwen ujenwi yeffren, twet iman-is deg wul. Temmut deg yifassen n baba-s, ma d tilawin yellan dinna sḥasfent ɣef tmettant-is. Ɣef leḥsab n Dionysius, "tadyant-a ay yessewhamen teɣli-d ɣef Yiṛumyen ay yellan din s lxuf d wurfana, dɣa sɣuyyen akk s yiwet n taɣect, qqaren-d axir-asen ad mmten alef n tmettant i lmend n wemḥaddi ɣef tlelli-nsen wala ad sɛeddin ccwal am wa ay d-ttgen yiɣermanen."
Deg tmuɣli n "Livy"
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Di lqem n livy, Lucretia txeddem s tɣawla yerna s talwit, tegzem-itt ur tettruḥ ara ɣer Ruma, maca deg umkan-is tessuter ad d-awin baba-s d wergaz-is, tessuter-asen ad d-awin yiwen umeddakel yal yiwen akken ad yili d anagi.Wid yettwafernen d Publius Valerius Publicola seg Ruma d Lucius Junius Brutus seg wegrir n Ardea. Mi d-ufan yergazen-nni Lucretia deg texxamt-nnes, asefhem-nnes ɣef utɛeddi-nnes n Tarquin yessaweḍ irgazen-nni ad d-inin d akken "d allaɣ ay d-yesnulfan ddnub, maci d tafekka, yerna anda ur yelli ara weqbal d lebɣi gar-asen, ur yelli ara ccṛeɛ mgal-nsen.", Mi tessuter ttaṛ, deg wakud aydeg irgazen-nni llan ttmeslayen ɣef temsalt-a — « Gullen s wawal d akken win ixeddmen atɛeddi-agi azufan ur yettɛeṭṭil ara ad yettwaɛaqeb » —Lucretia tejbed-d ajenwi, tewwet-it s deg wul-is.
Deg tmuɣli n "Dio"
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Deg tmuɣli n Dio, asuter n Lucretia i lmend n ttaṛ d winna : « U, deg wakud aydeg nekk (imi nekk d tameṭṭut) ad xedmeɣ s tɣawsa ay iyi-iwulmen : kenwi, ma tellam d irgazen, yerna ma yella tḥemmlem tilawin-nwen d warraw-nwen, ssutret-d ttaṛ s yisem-inu yerna ssufɣet tilelli-nwen s yiman-nwen yerna sseknet-d i yiɣermanen d acu n ṣṣenf n yirgazen ay tellam ! Teḍfer awal-is mi d-tger ajenwi deg yidmaren-is yerna temmut s tɣawla.
Tagrawla
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Taseqqamut-nni tagrawliwt tamaynut tessuli tafekka-nni mm yidammen n Lucretia ɣer unmager Aṛumi anda teqqim deg uskan d asmekti n lbaṭel ay d-yellan. Deg wemyager-nni, aseqqamu-a yesla i ccwal mgal Tarquins yerna yebda aheyyi n tredsa i lmend n tukksa n tgelda. Brutus "iger-iten-id ad tgen am yergazen d Yiṛumyen yerna ad d-awin imrigen mgal yiɛdawen-nsen ur nesɛi lḥeqq" i lmend n tmettant n tmeṭṭut ay yesɛan lḥeqq. Tiwwura n Ruma ttwaqqnent sɣur iserdasen imaynuten n tegrawla yerna ttwaceggɛen-d ugar akken ad ɛassen Collatia. Ar tura llan ttnejmaɛen-d lɣaci deg useqqamu; tilin n yineflusen(yimajistraten) gar yigrawliwen teǧǧa-ten deg lḥal yelhan.
Brutus yella d Tribune n Celeres, d lbiru n kra n leεwayed isɣananen, yerna d aya ay t-yefkan, s yisem-nnes d amajistrat, tazmert tanaẓrit akken ad d-yessiwel i Kuri(curiae), d tuddsa n twaculin timarkantiyin ay sseqdacen ladɣa i lmend n ussebded n usaḍuf(lqanun) n ugellid. Yessawel-iten-id deg wemkan-nni kan, yerna yerra lɣaci-nni d agraw n lqanun yesɛan tazmert, u yebda yettmeslay-asen-d deg yiwen seg yinaw-nni ay d-yellan s wazal-nnes ugar yerna d win ay d-yellan s lfayda n Ruma taqburt.
Yebda-d mi d-yekcef belli udem-is am akken d amehbul neɣ d ungif, d aɣawas kan i yemmug akken ad t-iḥudd mgal agellid amcum. Iger-d aṭas n tirdayin mgal agellid d twacult-nnes : atɛeddi azufan n Tarquin ɣef Lucretia, ay ttwalin medden akk teffak-s deg tmezgunt n unmagar, aɛetteb n ugellid, axeddim n lḥeṛs n yiplebeyen deg yiɣeẓran n Ruma. Deg wawal-is, iger-d tamawt belli Superbus yusa-d ɣer leḥkem s tmenɣiwt n Servius Tullius, baba n tmeṭṭut-is, yellan deffir n ugellid aneggaru n Ruma. "Yessuter s lḥir irebbiten d imḥaddiyen n yimawlan yettwanɣan." Yessumer-d ɣef tmeṭṭut n ugellid Tullia, tella deg tilawt deg Ruma yerna ahat d tin ay iḍefren tidyanin i d-itteddun seg ssṛaya-s ɣer tama n unmager. Mi twala iman-is d iswi ameqqran, terwel seg ufrag s tugdi n tudert-is, truḥ ɣer ugrur n Ardea.
Brutus yeldi-d askasi ɣef ṣṣenf n udabu ay yessefk ad tesɛu Ruma, d askasi aydeg ay d-mmeslayen aṭas n yipatriciyen. Deg uskasi, yessumer-d agdal n Tarquins seg wakk akal n Ruma d ussemres n yiwen n interrex ara d-yessuffɣen imajistraten imaynuten ad d-yessuddes tafrant n usebdi.
Ggten-d talɣa n unabaḍ s talɣa tagdudant aydeg ara ilin sin n yiqenṣulen deg wemkan n ugellid ara d-yesbedden lebɣi n yiwen n useqqamu n Usinat aristukraṭit. Aya yella-d d amatar n leɛḍil arma xemmemen ɣef yifatusen s wugar n lemḥadra. Brutus yeǧǧa akk azref n ukersi-nni n tgelda. Deg yiseggasen ay d-yeddan, bḍant tzemmar n ugellid gar imajistraten yemgerraden ay yettwafernen.
Afran aneggaru n Kuri(curiae) yewwi-d tamendawt n tgara. Spurius Lukretiyus yettwafren s tɣawla d imḍebber n tmehla (interrex); yella d aqeṛṛu n temdint yakan. Yessumer-d Brutus d Collatinus d sin n yiqenṣulen imezwura yerna afran-nni sqedcen-t-id yikuriyen (curiae). Imi ay ḥwajen ad sɛun aqbal n yimezdaɣ s lekmal-nsen, refden Lucretia deg yizenqan, ssawlen i yiplebiyen ɣer yiwet n tejmaεt tazerfant deg unmager. Mi wwḍen din, slan i yiwen n yinaw n tmenḍawt n Brutus. Yebda:
Deg wayen yerzan Tarquinius ula d netta ur d-yewwi ara tanaya s insayen d isuḍaf n lejdud-nneɣ, ula d netta, seg wasmi ay tt-id-yewwi – akken yebɣu yili lḥal amek i t-id-yewwi(tanaya) – ur tt-yesseqdac ara s yiseɣ ,neɣ s wudem agelldan, maca yezger deg lbaṭel u iɛedda tilas n umaḍal. nεewwel ad s-nekkes tazmert-is, d ayen i ilaq ad nexdem seg zik, maca nexdem-it imi tura i ɣ-tettunefk tegnit yelhan. Yerna nessawel-awen-d akk, ay yiplebiyen, Akken ad aɣ-d-ḍefrem, sakkin ad nessuter lemɛawna-nwen akken ad naweḍ ɣer tlelli i tmurt-nneɣ ....
Tella-d tefranin timatuyin, dɣa terbeḥ tefranin ilmend n tegduda. Aya yekfa tagelda. dɣa deg ussan-nni n tefranin, Lucretia mazal-itt tettwassken deg wemyager.
Inalkamen n tmendawt n tedyant-a d akken fukken leḥkem n ugellid-nni aneditary ; d acu kan, syin d imnukal llan d imḍebbren n tidet s yisem kan. d acu kan, imenkaden ay d-yellan sakkin llan d imḍebbren ikemlen deg wakk-n, ala isem. Ansay-a amendawan yegdel ama i Julius Caesar, ama i Octavien Augustus ad qeblen taɛkemt (crown); deg wemkan-nnes, deg umkan-nnes, terra-ten tmara ad d-sseɣlin aṭas n tnariyin tigdudanin ɣef umdan-nsen akken ad ḥudden adabu amagdez. Wid i ten-yewwin ama deg Ruma, ama deg Qsenṭina, ṭṭfen ansay-a deg tumast, yerna amkan n Ugellid Aṛumi Aqbur n Lalman yeqqim d ayen ay d-yettwafernen, maci d ayen ay d-yettwasnekren (s lwert)– armi ay yettwakkes deg Yimenɣiyen n Napuliyun, ugar n 2300 n yiseggasen sakkin.