Kupriyan

Tarudemt s wudem usuneɣ n Kupriyan.

Kupriyan (neɣ Kupriyanus) d yiwen seg yimasnakucen imeqqranen n tmasiḥit n zik deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Ilul-d gar yiseggasen n 200 d 210 S.Ɛ. deg tama n Kartaj, yemmut d amaɣras deg useggas n 258. D win yefkan azal ameqqran i umezruy n tsekla d tesnakuca tamasihit n tallit tarumanit, yerna yeǧǧa-d aṭas n yiḍrisen d tebratin i d-isbeggnen amek tella tmetti d wesɣan deg lqern wis kraḍ.

Tudert-is

• Talalit d Usinen: Kupriyan ilul-d deg yiwet n twacult tamerkantit, d tagetyakuct (païenne). Deg temẓi-s, yeɣra tasnukyest d uzref, yella d amennay yettwassnen aṭas deg Kartaj. Uqbel ad yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit, yella yettziyar ifakanen n Rruman, yettidir tudert n yimarkantiyen.

Talalit-is teḍra-d deg temnaḍt n Kartaj, i yellan d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin yerna d tigensasin n Umenkad Aruman deg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tawacult-is, imi tesɛa ccan d yisem ameqqran deg tmetti tarumanit, tefka-as tagnit iwatan akken ad yidir tudert n rreḥba d tbaɣur, yerna tewwi-t ɣer wiberdan n tussna d tɣuri lqayen.

Deg temẓi-s, Kupriyan(neɣ Cyprian s tfranṣist) yesɛedda asinen-is deg yiɣerbazen ifazen akk n tallit-nni. Yefka lwelha-s s umata ɣer tesnukyest akked uzref, sin n yiḥricen i d-yettaken amkan ɛlayen i wemdan deg tsertit d tmetti. S tlatinit, i yellan d tutlayt idelsan d tutlayt n udabu n Kartaj deg lqern wis kraḍ, yelmed amek ara iseddu awal, amek ara yessewjed inawen yelhan, d wamek ara issekcem iman-is deg tlufa n teɣdemt.

S usinen-a lqayen, yuɣal d amestan (abugaṭu) d umennay ameqqran i yettqadaren aṭas yemdanen. Yella yettekkay s wudem uzzig deg yisaragen d tzeɣwa n usenqed, yettḥadar ɣef yizerfan n yimarkantiyen d wid yesɛan adabu. Tussna-s deg wawal tessaweḍ-it ad yesɛu amkan d ameqqran gar yimawlan n tsertit n Kartaj, yerna isem-is yeffeɣ-d deg yal amkan n temdint.

Send(Uqbel) anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi, Kupriyan yella yettidir akken tebɣa tmetti-s tagetyakuct. Yella yettekkay deg tfaskiwin d wansayen n Rruman, yettzuru ifakanen akken ad issefel i yikucen-nsen. Tudert-is tella tbedd ɣef zzhu, ayla d wazal amettan, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yidir i kra n yiseggasen d amdan yesɛan akk tiɣbula n ddunit, mebla ma yesḥassef ɣef wayen i t-irajan deg yimal s tmasiḥit i ibeddlen udem n tudert-is s lekmal.

• Anekcum ɣer Tmasiḥit: Deg useggas n 246, yekcem ɣer tmasiḥit s ufus n yiwen uqessis isem-is Caecilianus. Ibeddel tudert-is s lekmal: yefka ayla-s d tbaɣurin-is i yigellilen, yuɣal yettidir s teqneɛt d tẓallit.

Tudert n Kupriyan tebded deg tazwara ɣef zzhu, ayla d ccan, maca deg daxel-is yella iḥuss s kra n lexṣaṣ d uɣurru n ddunit tarumanit i yettidiren deg-s. Ɣas akken yesɛa idrimen d wemkan ɛlayen deg tmetti n Kartaj, ur yufi ara talwit n wul, yerna iwala amek iruḥ wazal n tɣellist d tezdeg deg tsertit d wansayen n Rruman. D tagnit-a n ccekk d usteqsi i t-yeǧǧan ad yemlil d yiwen n uqessis amasiḥi awessar isem-is Caecilianus. Amdan-a yesɛa-d tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tiktiwin n Kupriyan, yessaweḍ ad as-yegzem ccekk, ad t-issekcem ɣer ubrid n liman amaynut. Deg useggas n 246 S.Ɛ., Cyprian yewwi-d taɣtest ara ibeddlen amecwar n tudert-is s lekmal: yeǧǧa asɣan-is agetyakuc (païen) yerna yekcem ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi.

Anekcum-is ɣer tmasiḥit ur yelli ara kan d awal yettwanṭeqen, maca d tigawt lqayen i yeswehmen akk imdanen i t-yessnen deg Kartaj. Akken kan yeqbel asirred (aɣḍas deg waman), Kupriyan yexdem ayen ur yebni yiwen fell-as: yezzenz ayla-s meṛṛa, tiferkiwin-is d tbaɣurin-is, yerna yefka idrimen-nni i yigellilen d wid yeḥwaǧen. Ayagi yessenɛet-d liman-is ameqqran d teqneɛt-is, imi yefren ad yidir ddaw n yisuraf n cceḥḥa d tẓallit, mebla zzhu d tmenɣiwt n zik. S leqder i uqessis-nni i t-iwellhen, yerna isem n "Caecilius" ɣer yisem-is anaṣli, yuɣal yettusemma s tlatinit Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus.

Seg tama n usinen d tektiwin, Kupriyan yezzi iman-is ɣef yidlisen d tsekla n yifakanen n Rruman i yella yeqqar d iseggasen, yuɣal yerra lwelha-s s lǧehd ɣer tɣuri n Yedlisen Iqedsen d tkatayin n tmasiḥit n tallit-nni. Yeqqel d anelmad wuzzig n Tertullien (Tertullianus), yiwen seg yimasnakucen (théologiens) imezwura n Tefriqt n Ugafa, i wumi yella yeqqar s leqder "Aselmad". Uɣal-a ɣer tɣuri d ubeddel n tikli-s rran-t d amdan yeṣfan, i yettwaqadren aṭas gar yimasiḥiyen n temnaḍt, ayen i as-yelldin abrid akken ad t-fernen d amasay ameqqran n teklizt n Kartaj kra n yiseggasen kan seld anekcum-is.

• Amasay n Teklizt: Kra n yiseggasen kan seld anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amaynut (deg 248), yettwafren d amasay ameqqran n teklizt n Kartaj s yisem n tegmat d yinaflasen.

Kra n wakud kan seld anekcum-is ɣer wesɣan amaynut, Kupriyan yufa iman-is deg yiwen n wemkan ɛlayen aṭas ur yebni fell-as. Lǧehd n liman-is, tikli-s yeṣfan, d tmusni-s lqayen ssawḍen-t ad isebgen iman-is d amdan i d-yufraren gar yinaflasen. Deg useggas n 248 S.Ɛ., asmi yemmut umasay ameqqran n Kartaj, agdud amasiḥi akked tuget n yiqessisen franen Kupriyan akken ad yeṭṭef asɣim-nni. Ɣas akken ayagi yella d ayen issewhamen imi ur iɛeṭṭel ara deg tmasiḥit (d amaynut deg wesɣan), tayri n wegdud d tzemmar-is deg usegzi n wawal rran-t d amasay ameqqran n teklizt n Kartaj s wudem unsib.

Maca, asali-ines ɣer wemkan-a ur yelli ara mebla uguren, imi yegla-d s wawal d nneqma. Yiwet n terbaɛt n yiqessisen iqdimen, i d-yewwin nnig n wul amek ara d-yufrar wemdan i d-ikecmen iḍelli kan ɣer wesɣan akken ad ten-iḥkem, bdan ttmagaren-t-id yerna ugin udabu-s. Ɣas akken yella uɣilif-a daxel n teklizt, Kupriyan yessebgen-d s tazzla lhiba-s d tsertit-is i yebnan ɣef tdukli. S tmusni n uzref i d-yewwi seg temẓi-s d tzemmar-is deg uheggi n yinawen, yessaweḍ ad iseddu lumuṛ n teklizt s tarrayt yelhan. Yefka azal ameqqran i tdukli gar yinaflasen, ḥader ɣef yilugan n tẓallit, yerna yessewseɛ tallalt i yigellilen d wid i d-tewwet lmeḥna, ayen i t-yessawḍen ad yuɣal d aqerru aḥeqqani i yettwaqadren deg Tefriqt n Ugafa meṛṛa.

Deg useggas n 250 S.Ɛ., tiwawin rkant fell-as mi d-tekka yiwet n tiḥersi tameqqrant sɣur umenkad aṛumani Decius. Aṭas n yimasiḥiyen i yettwanɣan neɣ i yettwaḥebbsen acku ugin ad sseflen i yikucen n Rruman. Deg tallit-a n ddiq, Kupriyan yewwi-d yiwet n taɣtest mgal-is amzun yessawlen i ccwal: yerwel seg Kartaj, yeffer iman-is akken ur t-tettaṭṭaf ara udabu arumani. Aṭas i t-ilumen ɣef waya, nnan-d iwacu yeffer d netta d amasay, maca netta yessegza-d d akken taɣtest-is d tin i d-yekkan seg yiwen uweḥḥi (tamuɣli seg usugen). Yenna-d yexdem ayagi akken ad ikemmel ad iseddu teknisa s tebratin deg wakud n wuguren, acku lmut-is imiren tella ad tḥaz s teknisa. S tuffra-s, iqqim yettaru-d tibratin i yiqessisen d yinaflasen, yettwellih-iten amek ara ssuksen iman-nsen d wamek ara ṭṭfen deg liman-nsen ɣas akken tuɣ-iten teswiɛt qessiḥet.

• Tiḥersi d Lmut-is: Deg tallit n umenkad arumani Decius (250), tebda-d tiḥersi tameqqrant mgal imasiḥiyen. Kupriyan yerwel seg temdint akken ad iḥader ɣef teklizt d yinaflasen-is s tuffra. Ayagi yegla-d s wugur ameqqran ɣef wid yeǧǧan asɣan-nsen akken ad sseflen i yikucen irumaniyen. Deg useggas n 258, ddaw lḥekma n umenkad Valerian, ḥekmen fell-as s lmut, nɣan-t s tkuba(agestur), yuɣal d amaɣras.

Tallit taneggarut n tudert n Kupriyan n Kartaj teččur d lmeḥna d ujeṛṛeb n teflest(liman), imi temyagar d tiḥersi qessiḥet i d-isbedd umenkad aṛumani Valerian. Deg useggas n 257 S.Ɛ., amenkad-a yefka-d anaḍ amaynut i d-yessuturen deg yimasayen meṛṛa n teglizt tamesiḥit ad qadren ansayen n udabu aṛumani, ad ẓuren ifakanen n Rruman akken ad sseflen i yikucen-nsen. Kupriyan, imi d amasay ameqqran yerna s liman-is ur nettembibbi, yugi s wudem n teflest ad ixdem ayagi neɣ ad issefel i wayen iwala d isanamen. Ɣef ugin-is, aduba yessufeɣ-it seg temdint n Kartaj s lɣerba ɣer yiwet n temnaḍt isem-is Curubis (Qurba n tura, ɣer yiri n yilel). Ɣas akken yella d abeṛṛani deg wemkan-nni, ikemmel ad iḥader ɣef teɣri n teklizit-is; yeqqim yettaru-d tibratin i yinaflasen d wid yettwaḥebbsen, isseǧhad wulawen-nsen akken ad qablen taswiɛt s sṣbeṛ d tdukli.

Maca, taswiɛt terwi ugar deg useggas n 258 S.Ɛ., asmi d-yefka Valerian anaḍ wis sin, i yellan yewɛeṛ ugar n umezwaru. Yenna-d d akken imasayen, iqessisen d yiqerrazen (diacres) i yugin ifakanen n Rruman tewwi-d ad ttwanɣen ɣef ddemma, am wakken i d-iḥettem ɣef yimasiḥiyen yesɛan ccan ad ttwekksen seg udabu yerna ad ttwakksent tbaɣurin-nsen. Kupriyan rran-t-id s lḥif ɣer Kartaj akken ad isɛeddi asenqed neɣ azmeẓ sdat n umasay ameqqran (proconsul) Galerius Maximus. Azmeẓ-a amezrayan yeqqim-d deg ccfawat n umezruy: lḥakem isuter-as s nneqma ad ixdem ansayen n teglest tarumanit neɣ ad iqbel lmut, Kupriyan yerra-as-d s tewzel d lḥeqq: "Ur xeddmeɣ ara." S wawal-a, ladabu yefka taɣtest n lmut mgal-is s usawen n tkuba (agestur). Iṭij n teqneɛt yeflali-d deg wudem n Kupriyan i d-yerren kan s yiwet n tefyirt: "Ad yettubarek Yakuc" (Deo gratias).

Ass n 14 deg ctember 258, wwin Kupriyan ɣer wemkan n tmenɣiwt deg yiwet n tẓegwa n Kartaj. Agdud ameqqran n yimasiḥiyen d yinaflasen-is nnejmaɛen-d akken ad walin amasay-nsen i tikkelt taneggarut yerna ad t-qadren. S tegmat d iḥulfan lqayen, iweṣṣa akken ad fken 25 n twiztin n wureɣ(ddheb) i win ara s-igezmen aqerru, d aselmed aneggaru n wul yessnen tajmilt ɣas i weɛdaw-is. Zdat n tkuba, inaflasen-is sersen-d isebniyen d lkettan ɣer lqaɛa akken ad d-jemɛen idammen-is d asfel iqedsen i umezruy. S wegzam n uqerruy-is, Kupriyan yuɣal d amaɣras ameqqran amezwaru deg tekliza n Tefriqt n Ugafa, yerna teqqim-d tmeddurt-is, s uḥader-is ɣef tdukli n wesɣan d tebɣest-is sdat n lmut, d tafat d tneɣruft i tsutwin i d-itebɛen.

Tiktiwin-is d Tesnakuca (Tussna deg uḥric n usɣan)

Tiktiwin n Kupriyan rẓant aṭas n yiḥricen deg umezruy n wesɣan, ladɣa ayen yeɛnan asuddes n teklizt d wassaɣen gar yinaflasen:

• Tadukli n Teknisa: Tikti-s tagejdant tella ɣef tdukli n wesɣan. Iwala d akken taknisa tewwi-d ad tili d yiwet, ur tebḍi ara. Yenna-d awal-is yettwassnen aṭas deg umezruy: "Ur yezmir ara ad yesɛu Yakuc d ababat, win ur nesɛi ara taknisa d tayemmat."
• Ugur n wid yeɣlin (Lapsi): Deg tallit n tiḥersi, aṭas n yimasiḥiyen i yexdmen asfel deg yifakanen n Rruman akken ad menɛen ɣef tudert-nsen. Mi tɛedda ccda, bɣan ad d-uɣalen ɣer teklizt. Cyprian yufa-d yiwen wugur ameqqran: amek ara teg taknisa yid-sen? Yessebded-d tarrayt talemmast: wid yeɣlin deg ubekkaḍ tewwi-d ad stutben (ad ndmen), ad sɛeddin akud n tatubt uqbel ad d-uɣalen ɣer tdukli tamesɣant, war amdel fell-asen tiwwura s lekmal.
• Aɣrudan mgal Tilelli Taglizant: Kupriyan yella yettḥadar ɣef tilelli n yimasayen n teklizt deg temnaḍin-nsen. Yella mgal usnas n udabu aɣrudan n Ruma ɣef tekliziwin n Tefriqt n Ugafa, ladɣa deg temsalt n ucehhed d wusirred n wid d-yekkan seg tɣerfiwin(sectes) tyettwaɛzlen. Iwala d akken imasayen n teklizt sɛan tagada gar-asen.
• Asfel n Tẓallit: Iwala d akken taẓallit n temlilit (Eucharistie) d amedya n usfel n Ɛisa, d aḥric agejdan deg tezmart taruḥanit n yinaflasen.

Leqdec-is d Yidlisen-is

Cyprian yura aṭas n yiḍrisen s tlatinit, d tutlayt idelsan n tallit-nni deg Kartaj. Leqdec-is yebna ɣef uḥader n wesɣan d uwellih n yinaflasen:

• De unitate ecclesiae (Ɣef tdukli n teklizt): D aḍris-is axatar akk. Deg-s i d-yessegza amek ara d-tili tdukli gar yimasnakucen d yimasiḥiyen, d wamek ara ḥadren ɣef tdukli n wesɣan mgal beṭṭu.
• De lapsis (Ɣef wid yeɣlin): D aḍris anda i d-yefka tifrat i wugur n wid yeffɣen i wesɣan deg tallit n tiḥersi, d wamek ara d-uɣalen s tgerẓawt (repentir).
• De dominica oratione (Ɣef tẓallit n Massi-nneɣ): D aḍris i d-yessegzayen azal n tẓallit n "Babat-nneɣ" d wamek i d-tettak tazmert i wanaflas deg talliyin n lmeḥna.
• Tibratin (Épîtres): Yeǧǧa-d ammud n wugar n 80 n tebratin. Tibratin-a d agerruj i wid yettnadin ɣef umezruy n tsekla d tmetti n Tefriqt n Ugafa n lqern wis 3, imi skanayent-d s telqayt amek llan ttidiren, amek ttemsefhamen, d wuguren i d-ttmagaren.