Humer

Homerus s tegrigit taqburt. Humer d amedyaz agrigi. Af akken ttaawaden d netta i yuran ilyad d Udisa.

Humer d yiwen seg yimedyazen imeqqranen i d-yefɣen deg umezruy n yedles amaḍlan. D netta i yuran sin n yidlisen imazwaren n tsekla tagrigit, Ilyad akked Udisa, i yeqqimen d tussna ɣef tsekla n yimensayen n Turuft. Amek i d-nnan imusnawen, tigawt-ines tesɛa tazrirt meqqren ɣef tɣerma tagrigit, ɣef tfelsuft, ɣef tsekla, ɣef tmussni n yedles deg yal tama n umaḍal.

Isem-ines s tegrigit taqdimt d Ὅμηρος (Homēros), anamek-ines d "inaw" neɣ "win yettɛawaden". Amezruy-ines yeččur s tuttra akked wugur, acku ur nessin ara s tidet ayen yerzan tudert-ines. Aṭas n yemsenfal gar yimusnawen ɣef lweqt ideg yedder, ɣef wadeg ideg ilul, ula ɣef tamsalt ma yella d yiwen n umdan neɣ d aṭas n yimedyazen. Ahat akka i d-teqqim tuttra n Humer (la question homérique) d yiwet seg tuttratin timeqqranin n umezruy n tsekla.

Tudert akked Wasatal Amezruyan

Amek i d-ssawalen yimira isallen-nni i d-yeggran, Humer yedder gar lqern wis 8 d wis 7 send talalit n Ɛisa. Aṭas n tɣiwanin tigrigiyin qqarent d akken nettat seg tamurt-a ideg ilul, ama d Izmir (Smyrne), ama d Xiyus, ama d Kulufun, ama d tiyaḍ. Llan wid i d-yeqqaren d akken netta d aderɣal seg temzi-s, neɣ d akken yedrɣel deg tudert-ines imi yelḥa di leɛmar.

Deg wakud-nni, Tamurt n lagrig teffeɣ-d deg lqern aberkan (les siècles obscurs) i d-yeḍfaren tawaɣit n tɣerma n Misinas. Imdanen bdan ttawin-d awal ɣef yimenziwen-nsen, ttawin-d imyiten akked tqessidin ɣef igelliden-nni i yellan send ass-nni. Humer yekcem deg umennuɣ-agi n tmedyazt s tmuɣli tamaynut, yessemgerred gar usefru d waddayen n umezruy(tilawt).

Deg leɛwayed tiglizyin, llan "aoidoi" (iɛeṭṭaren) i yettawin timedyazin deg tzeqqa n yigelliden, ttwaxelṣen akken ad awin-d tigawt n yineḍruyen d tmaɣriwin timeqqranen n ugellid. Humer, s wudem ufrir neɣ s wudem n tgrumma n yimedyazen, yura-d sin n yidlisen yeččuren s tidet, s tmussni ɣef wamek i ttidiren yimdanen, ɣef wamek i ttnaɣen, ɣef wamek i d-ttwalin iṭij akked wakal.

Ilyad: Asefru n Imenɣi d Tmanegt

Ilyad d asefru ameqqran, yegber 15.693 n yiḍrisen, yebḍa ɣef 24 n yikabaren. Isem-ines yekka-d seg "Ilion", isem nniḍen n temdint n Ṭruwada. Awal-ines d amenɣi gar Yigrigiyin akked Yiṭruwadiyen i yeṭṭfen 10 n yiseggasen.

Maca, asefru-yagi ur d-yettawi ara amenɣi meṛṛa. Humer yefren kan 51 wussan seg useggas wis 10, yessers-d tidmi-s ɣef umenɣi n Axil (Achilles) d Agamemnun. Seg tazwara, yenna-d: "Awi-d awal, a tayawalt n Musa, ɣef urured n Axil..."

Axil d asaḍ ameqqran, mmi-s n Pilus d Tetis, yesɛa tanezmart ur nettwassen ara gar yimdanen. Agamemnun d agellid n Misinas, d netta i d uqerruy n yiɣallen igrigiyin. Amenɣi-nsen yebda mi ara yekkes Agamemnun i Axil tayawalt-ines, Brizis. Axil yugi ad yekcem deg yimenɣiyen, yeqqim kan s iman-is.

Seg wass-nni, tigawt tesɛedda-d tilufa meqqren: tawaɣit n Yigrigiyin, tiyita n yiṭruwadiyen, tamettat n Patruklus, tuɣalin n Axil ɣer yimenɣi, tamettat n Hektur. Yal agatu deg usefru-yagi yesɛa anamek d amenzay i yeṭṭfen deg-s.

Humer yessekned-d deg Ilyad amek i tettidir taɣdemt, amek i tettuɣal tmanegt d lmut, amek i yezmer urgazt ad yili d asaḍ ula ma yesɛa ifassen n walugen n yimdanen. Axil yessen d akken ad yemmet zik, maca yefren tmanegt ɣef tudert.

Udisa: Asefru n Tuɣalin d Tizelgi

Udisa d asefru wis sin, yegber 12.109 n yiḍrisen, yebḍa ula d netta ɣef 24 n yikabaren. Isem-ines yekka-d seg Udisyus (Odysseus neɣ Ulysses), agellid n Itak, win iɛeddan 10 n yiseggasen deg ubrid n tuɣalin ɣer tmurt-is.

Ma d Ilyad yella-d d asefru n yimenɣi, Udisa d asefru n tizelgi, n tussaft, n turda. Udisyus, s tugdi-s d tmussni-s, yekcem deg waṭas n wuguren: ɣer Kiklupen, ɣer Kirke, ɣer Kalipsu, ɣer yixxujaḍ n Sila d Xaribdis, alamma d asmi i d-yewweḍ ɣer tmurt-is.

Deg tmurt-ines, tawaɣit nniḍen tettaṛǧu-t. Aṭas n yirgazen bɣan ad awin tameṭṭut-is, Penelup, imi tugi ad teqqel d akken Udisyus yemmut. Mmi-s, Telemak, yettnaɣ akken ad iseddu taxxamt n baba-s.

Humer yessekned-d deg Udisa tugdi tameɣradt. Udisyus ur yelli ara d asaḍ n tanezmart am Axil, maca d asaḍ n tmussni, n tfekka, n usebded deg wudem n wuguren. Penelup ula d nettat d tutlayt n uzbu, tettaṛǧu argaz-is 20 n yiseggasen.

Asefru-yagi yesɛa tamuɣli tamaynut ɣef yimdanen: ulac win yezgellun, ulac win ur nesɛi ara tugdi-s neɣ tawaɣit-is. Ula d iṭij yesɛa-t-id d abrid iwumi qqaren, d amussu deg tallunt n wakud.

Aɣanib Aseklan n Humer

Humer yesseqdac aɣanib imezgi deg tira-s i yettusemman "epitheton ornans" (asefru iseɛɛan). Yal asaḍ neɣ tiṭij yesɛa azwel-is: Axil d "azdar n yiḍarren", Udisyus d "ameksa n waṭas n wuguren", Hera d "tin yesɛan allen am tit n tafunast", ilel d "awraɣ am zzit n wudi".

Tasekla-yagi tessexdam daɣen tutlayt tasnillest i d-yettaken talɣa n yimeslayen n leɛwayed. Humer yettawi-d imyiten i d-yessawalen tirmitin n yimenziwen, s wawal i yettwaḥeṛṛen deg waṭas n lqern. Ayen i d-yettaken i tmedyazt-is tanezmart n wakud, acku tettuɣal d tamsawit n tmetti meṛṛa.

Deg tama nniḍen, Humer yessen ad yessexdem tikkas (les comparaisons épiques). Mi ara yebɣu ad d-yessefhem ayen meqqren, yettawi-d tikkas seg tudert n yal ass: seg igelliwen, seg yizurar, seg ilel, seg tegrest d unebdu. S wudem-agi, yessawaḍ tidmi tameɣradt ɣer yiwellihen n yimdanen ifessasen.

Tazrirt ɣef Tɣerma n Yigrigiyin

Ilyad akked Udisa d nnutni i d tussna n ussegmi deg Tegrigt taqdimt. Yal aqcic agrigiri yesselmed-iten, yessen-iten s wul. D seg-sen i d-yekker usqamu n timlilɣi, n tuẓult, n tɣara n urgaz amegdez.

Ifelsufen igrigiyin, am Aflutun d Aristu, sawlen-d ɣef Humer deg yiktaben-nsen. Aflutun yenna-d, s wudem n uzɣan, d akken imedyazen ttawin-d tigawt n yimyiten, yesɛa ugur ɣef tɣerma. Maca ula d netta yessen tanezmart n Humer, yessexdam-it deg waṭas n yimukan.

Aristu, deg udlis-is Tazrawt n Tmedyazt (Poétique), yessbed Humer d aqerru n tmedyazt tamegdazt. Yenna-d d akken Humer yessen ad yefren seg umezruy ayen i d-yettagin ɣer usefru, yessen ad yeg seg-s tadumṣukt i yesɛan azwara, alemmas, d tagara.

Deg yiseggasen imaynuten, tasekla n Humer tesɛa tazrirt ɣef yimyura imeqqranen n Turuft: Virgil deg tlatinit yura Iniyad s uɣanib n Humer, Dante deg tṭalyant yesɛa-t d ameskay deg Tamdyazt Taɣlayt, ula d yiktaben imaynuten am Ulysses n James Joyce d tikti ɣef Udisa.

Tuttra n Humer

Seg lqern wis 18, imusnawen bdan ttseqsayen ɣef tidet n Humer. Ma yella d yiwen n umdan i d-yuran Ilyad d Udisa? Ma d tiyaḍ n leɛwayed n wemɣiwen i d-ttwajemɛent deg yiwen n wass?

Amaswaḍ ameqqran deg tuttra-yagi d Friedrich August Wolf, i d-yefɣen deg 1795 s udlis "Prolegomena ad Homerum". Netta yenna-d d akken sin n yisefra d tagrumma n tmedyazin yemgaraden, i d-ttwaseddun s yimi aṭas n lqern, qbel ma d-ttwakellsen deg ussan n Pizistrat deg Atina.

Imusnawen nniḍen, am Milman Parry d Albert Lord deg lqern wis 20, gufsen-d d akken tasekla n Humer d tasekla n yimi, ur telli ara d tira. Tinfaliyin i d-nenna am epitheton ornans d allalen i sseqdacen yimedyazen n yimi akken ad walin ayen ad d-inin. Ayen i d-yessefhamen amek i zemren yisefra imeqqranen akka ad d-ttwaseddun s yimi seg tasut ɣer tayeḍ.

Ass-a, aṭas n yimusnawen ttawin-d tamuɣli talemmast: Humer ahat d yiwen n umedyaz neɣ d tigrumma meẓẓiyen n yimedyazen, maca tasekla i d-yeggran d tayeffust tameqqrant i d-yessersen ilugan n tmedyazt deg umaḍal meṛṛa.

Tagara

Humer, ula ma ur nessin ara tidet n tudert-is, yeqqim d tutlayt n tiɣri tameqqrant deg umezruy n yedles. Ilyad d Udisa d sin n yiɣerbazen i yesseknen tiẓri n yimenziwen ɣef tudert, ɣef lmut, ɣef tmanegt, ɣef tayri, ɣef tugdi, ɣef uzbu. D imdanen yecban nutni i d-yesseknen d akken tasekla tezmer ad tessiweḍ ɣer tmuɣli n yimdanen meṛṛa, ama d imaziɣen, ama d igrigiyin, ama d wiyaḍ, acku tidmi n umdan d yiwet deg yal amkan.

S yisefra-yagi, Humer yefka-d i yigrigiyin tussna n yiman-nsen, yessers-d ilugan n tsekla i yeqqimen alamma d ass-a. Ula ma yewwi-d awal ɣef yigrigiyin, anamek n wawal-is yezger iẓuran n tmura, yewweḍ-d ɣer yal tɣerma i d-yesɛan tamuɣli ɣef yimdanen d wamek i ttidiren.