Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ilul deg 1 Yulyu 1646 deg temdint n Leipzig (Lalman), yemmut deg 14 Wember 1716 deg Hanovre. D afelsaf, d amusnaw n tusnakt, d amesnilsan, d anezraf, d amezray, yerna d amesnawal. Yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg "yimusnawen imeɣradiyen" ineggura imi ixeddem deg waṭas n yeḥricen n tmusni, ur yeḥbis ara kan deg yiwet n taɣult. Tafelsafit-is d tussna-ines ǧǧan-d later lqayen deg tidmi n lqern wis 17 d wis 18.

Tusnakt: Lsas n Wesiḍen d Unagraw Imisin

Deg taɣult n tusnakt, Leibniz yeǧǧa-d ayen i d-yessufɣen ismawen imeqqranen.

Asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid : Leibniz, s timmad-is yerna s wudem ilelli ɣef Isaac Newton, yesnulfa-d asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid. D netta i d-yeskernen izamulen (notations) i nesseqdac ar ass-a deg tusnakt, am uzamul n weɣred "∫" d uzamul n wezellum "d".

Asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid d yiwen seg yiḥricen igejdanen akk deg tesnakt tatrart, yerna d asenfel ameqqran i d-yewwi Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ɣer taɣult-a. Ɣas akken llan yimusnawen uqbel-is i inudan ɣef tɣawsiwin icuban ɣer waya, Leibniz yessaweḍ ad d-yessebded lsas n wesiḍen-a d unagraw ikemlen gar iseggasen 1675 d 1686, s wudem ilelli ɣef wayen i yexdem Isaac Newton deg tmurt n Legliz. Asiḍen-a yebna ɣef sin n yimezgan igejdanen i yettafken tifrat i yisteqsiyen i d-teǧǧa tenzeggit taqburt: amek ara neḥseb arurad n ubeddel n yiwet n tɣawsa deg yal akud, d wamek ara neḥseb tajumma yellan seddaw n wudmawen ur nesɛi ara talɣa isehlen.

Iwakken ad yefru uguren-a, Leibniz yessers-d tikti n "tmeẓyanin maḍi" neɣ imneḍriyen(asiḍen amneḍri). Yebda yetxemmim ɣef yimdanen am wakken d tiɣawsiwin timecṭaḥ aṭas, i yebdan ttemlilin wway-gar-asen. Seg tama, asiḍen aneẓlay iwulem i wesiḍen n tsaksart n wudem deg yiwen n wazag(taneqqiḍt), ayen i d-yemmalen amek i tbeddil tesɣunt. Seg tama nniḍen, asiḍen aɣrid ixeddem iwakken ad d-yegmer neɣ ad isemkel tiɣawsiwin-nni timecṭaḥ maḍi akken ad d-yaf tajumma tamatut. Leibniz yefhem daɣen assay lqayen yellan gar sin n yiḥricen-a; yefhem belli azellum d weɣred d snat n temhalin yemgaraden, yiwet d anemgal n tayeḍ, ayen iwumi neqqar ass-a Amenzay Agejdan n Wesiḍen.

Ayen i yeǧǧan asiḍen n Leibniz ad yernu ɣef win n Newton yerna ad yettwaseqdec s waṭas ar ass-a, d izamulen (notations) i d-yesnulfa. Leibniz yella d amesnawal yerna d amesnilsan i yefkan azal ameqqran i tmeslayt d yizamulen iwakken ad sifsusen axemmem d uselkem n temhalin. I weɣred, yesnulfa-d azamul ∫, i d-yekkan seg usekkil "S" aɣezzfan n wawal alatini "Summa" (tagrumma neɣ asdukkel), imi aɣred deg llsas-is d asdukkel n yigzumen imecṭaḥ. Ma ɣef wesiḍen aneẓlay, yesnulfa-d azamul d i d-yemmalen "amgired". S wakka, aseqdec n tirẓi dx/dy iwakken ad d-yemmal azellum n umutti "y" ɣef umutti "x" yuɣal d allal fessusen aṭas deg uselkem n temhalin n tesnakt s wudem usrid yerna isehlen i tɣuri.

Amseḍfer ɣef wazal n usnulfu n wesiḍen-a yeǧǧa-d amennuɣ ameqqran deg umezruy n tussna gar Leibniz d Newton. Newton yesnulfa-d tiktiwin-is uqbel (ayen iwumi isemma "fluxions"), maca yesseqdac izamulen imrayen(uxnizen) am "x" (tinqqiṭ nnig n usekkil), yerna ur d-yessufeɣ ara isemliyen n umahil-is s wudem unṣib ɣef zik. Leibniz, s tmuɣli-ines lqayent ɣer tmeẓla d yizamulen, yessufeɣ-d imagraden-is imezwura ɣef wesiḍen aneẓlay deg useggas n 1684 d wesiḍen aɣrid deg 1686 deg uɣmis n tussna i yettwassnen "Acta Eruditorum". Ɣas akken wid yellan d isemmaden n Newton rran-t d amakar, amezruy yeḥkem-d belli yal yiwen deg-sen yesnulfa-d asiḍen s wudem ilelli.

Asiḍen aneẓlay d uɣrid i d-yesnulfa Leibniz d netta i d lsas n tfizikt tatrart d tmuɣliyin n tejniyuṛit. S war asiḍen-a, tili ur nezmir ara ad nefhem tinezzi n yitran, amussu n waman, neɣ ad d-nesnulfu isemliyen ussnanen d tmacinin titrarin i nessemras ass-a. Izamulen n Leibniz dduklen d idles n tesnakt yerna sskanayen-d amek tikti tafeckawt tzemmer ad tuɣal d allal imsed deg ufus n talsawt iwakken ad tfehem amaḍal.

Anagraw Imisin : Leibniz d netta i d-yessersen llsas n unagraw amḍin imisin, i yebnan ɣef yizwilen 0 d 1. Anagraw-a d netta i d llsas n tsenselkimt tatrart d wamek i ttmahlen yiselkimen n wass-a.
Aljibṛ imzireg : Ixeddem daɣen ɣef isirawen d yimguccalen iwakken ad d-yefk tifrat i tegda timzirgin.

Tafelsafit d Tmeẓla

Leibniz yella d yiwen seg yifelsafen irmeɣẓanen imeqqranen n tallit-is.

Timunadin (Les Monades) : Deg udlis-is "Monadologie", Leibniz yessegza-d belli ameɣraḍ yebna ɣef tayunin tiḥerfiyin ur nettwabḍa ara, i wumi isemma "Timunadin". Yal tamunadt tgemmer daxel-is tugna n umeɣraḍ meṛṛa, yerna txeddem s "amtawa i d-yettwaheggan yakan" i d-yesrus Yakuc.
Amenzay n Ssebba Iwatan : Yessers-d amenzay-a i d-yeqqaren belli "ulac ayen i d-yettilin mebla ssebba", meḥsub yal taɣawsa neɣ tadyant tesɛa anamek d ssebba ussnan i tt-id-yewwin.
Asirem d "Wamaḍal Yifen wiyaḍ": Leibniz yettwali belli ɣas yella cceṛ deg ddunit, amaḍal-agi i deg nettidir d netta i yifen akk imaḍalen-nniḍen i yezmer Yakuc ad ten-id-yexleq.
Deg tmeẓla, yebɣa ad yesnulfu "Tameslayt Tameɣradit" s wacu i nezmer ad nefk tifrat i wuguren s wesiḍen n tmeẓla.

Tameṭafizikt d Tfelsafit

Tiẓri n Tmunadin: Ɣer Leibniz, ameɣraḍ ur yebni ara ɣef tenga tamagnut, maca yebna ɣef yiferdisen imenza, i d-yemmalen ur d-nettban ara s tiṭ, ur nettubḍu ara, iwumi isemma "Timunadin". Yal tamunadt d tayunt tasnimant yerna d lemri n umaḍal s timmad-is.
Amtawa yezwaren yakan: Ɣer Leibniz, timunadin ur sɛint ara assaɣ gar-asent, ur ttemyagant ara. Maca, d Rebbi i tent-id-yessuddsen yakan seg tazwara akken ad ddunt ɣef yiwen n wasurif. D anect-a i d-yettgen amtawa ummid, am sin n temrilin i yettuseggmen ɣef yiwen n wakud.
Ameɣraḍ yufraren: Deg tẓri n "Theodicée", Leibniz yettwali d akken Rebbi yeffer ameɣraḍ yufraren gar yimeɣraḍen akk i yezmer ad yexleq. Ameɣraḍ-a d win yesɛan ugar n tneflit, cbaḥa d uslugen, ɣas akken yella wayen n dir deg-s. Ayen dir-nni yella kan iwakken ad d-yili wayen yelhan d ameqqran.

Tasengama d Ttiknulujit

Tazmert tamuddirit (Vis viva neɣ Force vive) : Mgal René Descartes i yellan yeqqar belli d amussu (quantité de mouvement) i d lsas, Leibniz yenna-d belli d "tazmert" i d sser n tɣawsiwin, d ayen i d-yessersen lsas n tfizikt n dinamik d uḥader n tezmert.
Allalen d tmacinin : Leibniz ur yelli ara kan d amusnaw n teẓri (théoricien), maca d amesnulfu. Yesnulfa-d yiwet n tmacint n wesiḍen i izemren ad tger tkuzt (4) n temhalin n leḥsab. Daɣen, ixeddem ɣef waṭas n tmacinin-nniḍen am yimuturen d wallalen n unadi deg lminat.

Iḥricen nniḍen n Tussna

Tasnakalt d Tesnudert : Yella d amezwaru i ixemmem ɣef umezruy n tegnit, yerna yenna-d belli tagnit(lqaɛa) tella deg waddad n wuẓɣal yefsin deg tazwara. Yella daɣen iseqdac mikṛuskup akken ad inadi ɣef tudert tafrarayt d yibzizen.
Amezruy d Tsnilest : Yexdem daɣen am umezray n twacult n Brunswick, yerna inadi deg uẓar n wawalen d temhazt n tutlayin n wamaḍal.
Taɣdemt d Uzref : S tɣuri-ines tamezwarut deg uzref, yefka-d tamuɣli tamaynut i uslugn d usegzi n yisuḍaf, yerna yeqdec am umazraf d unmahal asertan.

Taggrayt

S umata, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz d aɣbalu ur nfennu n tmusni. Tiktiwin-is, ama deg tusnakt (asiḍen, anagraw imisin), ama deg tfelsafit d tmeẓla, ssewseɛent ibriden n tussna tatrart. Ɣas yella yettidir deg lqern wis 17, tamuɣli-ines teffeɣ-d ɣer yimal, yerna inalkamen n umahil-is mazal ttidiren yid-nneɣ ar ass-a ladɣa deg tsenselkimt.