Epikur

Epikur

Epikur (s tegrikkit Ἐπίκουρος / Epíkouros) d afelsuf agrigi, ilul deg taggara n useggas n 342 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. neɣ tazwara n 341 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. yemmut deg useggas n 270 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. D netta i d amsbeddi, deg useggas n 306 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, n tbikurit, yiwen seg yiɣerbazen n tfelsafit igerrzen akk n tallit taqburt.

Aɣerbaz n Epicurus qqaren-as tikwal Tibḥirt ɣef ljal n wemkan-nnes, berra i leṣwar n Atina, anda yezdeɣ d twacult-is d yemdukal-is n yinelmaden, llant deg-sent, qlilet aṭas deg tallit-nni, tilawin d yiqeddacen(aklan), seg yiseggasen n 306-307 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.

Tafelsuft n Epikur(Epicurus) tebna di tazwara ɣef tiẓri n tfizikt, s waṭas i d-yekkan seg tfizikt n Democritus :ayen akk yellan deg-s d ibelkimen yettembiwilen deg yilem s yimussuyen igacuranen. Yettalas kullec ad d-yemlil d yibelkimen, ula d illuten ur nettmettat, ur d-cliεen deg lumuṛ n umdan. Tarwiḥt d aḥric kan seg tfekka, llan deg-s ula d ibelkimen i yettemsefraqen ar lmut n tfekka n umdan. Ulac tudert deffir lmut, ulac tawenza, ulac iswi. tbikurit d tangawt taradikalit.

“Tadfi,” i d-yenna Epikur, “d amenzay d taggara n tudert yesɛan tumert (I Menoeceus, 129).” Maca akken ad tesɛuḍ kra n tidfiwin s talwit, ilaq-ak di tazwara talwit n wallaɣ, ataraxia (ur yelli ara ccwal). Ur ilaq ara ad nugad irebbiten : llan berra n ddunit yerna ur ɣ-ḥemmlen ara, ur sɛin la ayen ara ten-nẓall neɣ ad ten-neggad. Ur ilaq ara ad nugad lmut imi ur telli d kra : ulac i wid yeddren imi ddren, ulac i wid yemmuten imi ur ten-mazal ara ddren neɣ sɛan iḥulfan. Ilaq imir-nni ad neḥbes lḥif n tfekka yerna akken ad nexdem aya, ad nefren gar tidfiwin yellan : kra seg-sen lebɣi n tmanegt, tazmert, tabaɣurt, leḥmala) zemren ad d-awin aqraḥ ugar wayen yelhan. Axiṛ ihi ad teǧǧeḍ tadfiwin ur nesεi lmeεna u ad textireḍ tadfiwin tigamanin iwumi yeshel ad tqennεeḍ (I Menoeceus, 130) yerna anda ur ten-tețțagad ara aṭas lemḥayen d lqeṛḥ. Tabikurit tessawel ar uswir amctuh akk deg tadfi tasnaktayt. Lemḥadra temmug i ufran, i yiman, ma tuzzma ɣef wayen yeɛnan wiyaḍ.

Tadukli d azal agejdan n tbikurit. Tawacult daɣen tesɛa azal meqqren.Tadfi am akken tesla Epicure, d tadfi i yebḍan. "Tudert tamerbuḥt" tesεa tadukli, d tin i d lfayda tameqqrant i tzemni.

Tafelsuft n Tpikurit tella, ɣer yidis n Stoicism, d tafelsuft ay ḥemmlen yimezdaɣen yeɣran n Rrum n Tegduda ed Tgelda armi d lqern wis 3. Ciceron yettcetki deg Tusculanes (IV,3) belli “Ipikuriyen ṭṭfen akk Ṭṭalyan”.

Deg lqern wis 3, Diogenes Laertius, ur yeffer ara lḥir-nnes, yefka-as yiwen n yixef s lekmal-nnes deg wedlis-nnes yettwassnen n Tudert, Tasreḍt d Tefyar n Yifelsafen Imeqranen. Ixef-a yebda-d s tudert n Epicurus, d wagi i d tanagit kann insɛa n tmeddurt-is s wazal-is, d asefhem agejdan n tmusni-ines, umuɣ n leqdicat-is igejdanen (ugar n rebɛin n yizwal) yerna nnig waya, 4 n yiḍrisen inaṣliyen n Epikur i d-yura Diogenes s lekmal-nsen i lmend n tfelsafit-is : tabṛaț i Hiṛudutus (tafizikt), tabrat n Pythocles (tiɣawsiwin n yigenni), tabrat i Menoeceus (temlilɣi) d 40 n "tmaneɣt Maxims".

Seg leqdic-nnes ameqran n Epicurus, ulac d acu ay d-yeqqimen anagar 81 n Tefyar n Vatican ay d-yettwafernen deg yiwen n wedlis n Vatican ay d-yeffɣen deg lqern wis 14 yerna war ccek ur llint akk d tid-nnes. tapikurit, d imasiḥiyen i tt-yettwalin d azamul n ukkelax d usenger yuklal ad t-hudden, i d-yessebganen kraḍ n tewtilin:

ur d-yecliɛ deg illuten (yuɣal deg lqern Ve d arnaflas yeffren), tangawt d tmettant n terwiḥt. Dante yessers akk ifelsafen iyunaniyen deg Limbo, ala Epikur yellan deg twinest tis 6 n ǧahennama yettwaḥerzen i yihertiyen. Inelmaden-is atnan deg ugenses aɣerfan <I yilfen n epikur>(tameslayt tekka-d seg yefyar mucaεen n Ifasus n Horace), d irgazen ay d-yeɣlin kan deg lfeṛḥ n tfekka (ass-a mazal-it d apikuri s unamek , d win yeddren akken yelha).

Yerna s lsas, s lmendad n unelmad-nnes, amedyaz Lucretius (94 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ? - 54 qbel talalit n Lmasiḥ?), ameskar n De rerum natura (Ɣef ugama n tɣawsiwin), ay d-ufan yiwen n udlis-nnes deg Lalman deg 1417 deg tafejrit n Tleslalit(Renaissance), ay nessin tafelsuft n Epikur.

Azal n 150-170 seld talalit n Ɛisa, yekcem-d apikuri Diogene n Oenoanda, yexdem yiwen usagen agigan n 80 m deg teɣzi d 4 m εlayen ɣef Agora n temdint n Oinoanda, iḍrisen n Epikur d yipikuryen-iḍen (am netta) i d aɣbalu amuqran n yisallen ɣef tsiḍent deg Asya tamctuḥt deg lqern wis 2.

Azal n 1750, di Herculanum, deg uxxam n Papyrus, tufa-d yiwet n temkarḍit n tfelsafit yesɛan azal, deg yiwet n tama d tin i d-yesfaydin seg lkarbun, seg tama nniḍen d tin i d-yettwaḥerzen s tasuffut n uburkan Vesuvius deg useggas n 79, ideg yella uxeddim agejdan n Epicurus, Agama, deg 37 n yidlisen, yal wa yesεa teɣzi n upirus i d-yemmalen azal n εecra n yisunaḍ deg teẓrigt tatrart. Aɛiwed n lebni-a n yidlisen a, ay yellan d yuɛar aṭas yerna yessefk aṭas n leqdic, mazal-it la yettkemmil.

Tameddurt

Tudert d usegmi n Ipikur

Ipikur ilul-d di Samus. Baba-s, Neoklis, d akliruk di Samus, d win yesɛan tamurt tamecṭuḥt deg tmurt-a. Ipikur d aɣerman n Atena. Ixdem axeddim n yifiben(ilemẓiyen) asmi yesɛa 18 n yiseggasen, send ad iruḥ ad imlil baba-s di Kolofun, di ugafa n Samus, deg useggas 323 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yeqqim din armi d aseggas 321 send talalit n Ɛisa, anda yeɣra ɣer Nusifan. Yeḍfer abrid ɣer Mitilin anda i yebda aselmed. Tafelsuft-is tegla-d s ccwal (maca yemlal anelmad-is d unekcum-is Ermak) daɣen yeffeɣ s tɣawla ɣer Lampsak anda i yedder seg 310 armi d 306 send talalit n Ɛisa. Din i yemlal Kolotis, Mitrodor d Idomini n Lampsak i t-yeḍfaren ɣer Atena.

Deg useggas 306 send talalit n Ɛisa, mi yesɛa 35 n yiseggasen, yusa-d ad yezdeɣ di Atena i d-yefkan Dimitrius Poliyurkitis, daɣen yuɣ tibḥirt s 80 n lmin; aɣerbaz n Tibḥirt yuɣal d ammas n tezrawin n yipikuriyen. Yeqqim din armi d tamettant-is. Deg tallit-a taneggarut i yura aṭas n yidlisen-is d tebṛatin-is. D yiwen seg wid yuran aṭas deg tallit taqburt (azal n 300 n yidlisen) akked Krisip (ugar n 700). Inelmaden-is d: Hirodot (yesɛa isem am umezruy), Piṭuklis, Ermak n Mitilin, Mitrodor n Kyu, Poliyin n Lampsak, Liyunti n Lampsak, Ṭimista, Liyunṭiyun, Kolotis d Apolonidis.

Ipikur yemmut deg useggas 270 send talalit n Ɛisa mi yesɛa 72 n yiseggasen. Tamacahut n tmettant-is yefka-tt-id Diyujin.

Tudert i yedder deg tibḥirt-ines tella d tamecṭuḥt daɣen d tafessast; d amečč-imɣanaɣen kan(itett ɣas akken deg ufermaj). Ɣef leḥsab n Diyuklis, i d-yedder Diyujin Layiris, "yiwen n lkas n ccṛab yekfa-t, daɣen isew aman axiṛ". Maca tibḥirt-ines tuɣal d amkan n yir axeddim, maca tikta am tigi d tid n lekdeb, ladɣa mi ara nẓer tamyekkant n yifelsafen deg usexser n wiyaḍ. Tugna n Ipikur tuɣal d tin n win ur yettamnen ara di Ṛebbi, Horas yessexdem-as isem n "ilef".

Iḥemmel tafelsuft zik, asmi yesɛa 14 n yiseggasen ɣef leḥsab n Diyujin Layiris, asmi di tnagit n Hisyud, yesteqsa aselmad-is ansi i d-yekka uhetwir(chaos) amezwaru seg wacu i d-ffɣen yakk tiɣawsiwin i d-yura umaru deg wedlis-is "Tiyuguni". Tiririyin n uselmad-is ur t-qenɛent ara, daɣen yebɣa ad yexdem tafelsuft s timmad-is war amwali - ɣef waya i t-rgmen syin. Maca yeɣra ɣer waṭas n yiselmaden n Iɣerbazen yemgaraden:

• taplaṭunit: Praksifan d Pamfil, n aɣerbaz taperipatitikt n Tiyufrast;
• Nusifan d Nusisid, n yibelkimen.

Tafelsuft-is tettak azal i uqenneɛ (s wayen tesɛiḍ, s wamek i tḥulfuḍ, s wamḍiq-ik deg tmetti) daɣen tudert akked yimeddukal deg tumert ur nettbeddil ara. Tettekka s jjhed mgal taplaṭunit daɣen s lmizan mgal tiẓri n Arisṭu (kra n yiḥricen skanent-aɣ-d Ipikur d Ameɣri s tnefsit n uneggaru-a). Ma d tafelsuft taṭumit n Ipikur mačči d anɣal kan n tin n Dimukrit: Ipikur ibeddel kra n tektiwin n Dimukrit daɣen yerna tikti meqqren n "klinamin" (wali ddaw-a ixef ɣef tfizikt n Ipikur). Ipikur yewwi s lbaṭel adlis n Dimukrit ɣef "waṭumizm". Ɣef leḥsab n Diyujin Layiris, yefka-yas i Dimukrit isem n "Lirokrit" (win yettnuzun tilwit neɣ win yettemyekkaten ɣef tuccḍiwin).

Awadem d tazrirt n uxemmem n Epicurus

Ipikur (Épicure) yerna-d tafelsuft-is deg akud ideg llan wuguren, anda ijeneralen n Leksander ttnaɣen ɣef tgelda-s. Zdat n wussan ur nerkid ara, ur nuklal ara, ur yeṭṭif ara tiririyin ɣer leqraya n wakud-nni, yerna-d anagraw i yeǧǧan imdanen ur ttidiren ara s tuggdi, ladɣa tuggdi n irebbi d tmettant.

Yella fell-as ad yennaɣ mgal kra n yinelmaden-is, wid yeṭṭfen taɣuri n Ipikur d asumer n tadfi(plaisir) war talast. Maca, imi akk ayen yelhan d tadfi akk d lferḥ, ayagi ur d-yesskan ara d akken ilaq ad neddem ayen nebɣa neɣ ad nḍefṛer lferḥ kan: mačči akk tadfi neɣ lferḥ d ayen yelhan, daɣen ilaq ad nesɛu talast akken ur nettuɣal ara d isemgan n kra n yiswiren, ayen ara d-yeglu s waṭṭanen d wuguren.

Ayagi i d-yeǧǧan abrid i thegga d usḥissef n iɣarbazen-nniḍen, ladɣa tin n Uxxam n Tewwurt. Am win i yeẓran tafelsuft-agi kan s tmuɣli n tadfi d lferḥ.

Ipikur qqaren-t d ameddakel n laman, yeḥnin, yesɛa taɣara n tayri: "Taɣara-s tban-d s yismawen meqqren, s usersi d liman i yesɛa i imawlan-is, d leḥnana s wacu i yettɛamal akken iklan-is". D Sinik, yiwen seg Isṭwiyen, i d-yennan ɣef useqdec-is: "I nekkini, ttwaliɣ, daɣen zemmreɣ ad t-iniɣ mgal tikti n wid-nneɣ (Isṭwiyen), d akken leɛqel n Ipikur d aḥeqqani, d aɣezfan, daɣen d afessas i win t-yeɣran akken ilaq... Qqareɣ-d d akken ḥeqren-t war ma yuklal".

Taɣuri n Ipikur tesɛa tazmert meqqren, ama s waṭas n yinelmaden-is, ama s tayri d yiḥulfan iǧehden i tesɛa: "Ccbaḥa n tɣuri-agi am tin n tserrayin". Tewweḍ ar Ṛuma d Ṭṭalyan akk, ladɣa s Lukris, win i tt-yuɣen aṭas armi i d-yura fell-as adlis n tmedyazt.

Ipikur ur d-yessutur ara deg tɣuri-s taɣuri n tbratin, tin qqaren-as taklasikt (n wakud-nni), imi ur tt-yufi ara yelha i ubrid-is. Ur yeṭṭif ara zzux n tmusni i yettaǧǧan aleqqem d tuggin n uɛiwen. Ayen yebɣa ad t-id-yessken d tilist n tmusni tazeddagt d tudmawant, d uxeddim seg iḥulfan.

Tikwal ssemcaben Ipikur d Ɛisa, qqaren d akken sin-agi d imsellken n wegdud. Daɣen, tiririyin i d-yefka Ipikur ttwaɣennunt sɣur Lukris am tisemɣiwin n yirebbi, zemrent ad d-rrent(neɣ ad t-id-tesnefli) argaz yettwaṭṭfen s yiḥulfan, tikrura, tuggdi n yirebbi, atg. Ɣef waya kra n Ifelsafen, am Niṭca( Nietzsche), ur ḥbisen ara ad walin deg tikti-agi yiwet n talɣa n tdiyant n ṣṣenf n tmasiḥit war rrebi, tikti n umhis(rédemptrice) maca war ma tesɛa tikti n ddnub yellan deg tdiyant-agi taneggarut.

Ipikur yura aṭas maca tira-s d tin n yipikuriyen am tuget n tira tagrigit truḥ.

Tira n Dyujin n Unuwanda ar taggara n lqern wis-2 d taneggarut n tikti tipikurit deg tallit taqburt, ɣef wayen i d-yenna ugellid Julyan d Sant-Ugsṭin, d akken tira n Epicurus qrib negrent deg lqern wis-4.

Qqimen-d kraḍ tebratin d-yessegzin s lebɣi-s (Tabrat i Irudut, Tabrat i Piṭuklis d Tabrat i Minisi), d kra n yinzan, 40 Yinzan igejdanen i d-yuran Dyujin Layirs d 81 Tinfaliyin tivaṭikaniyin, ffɣent-d ar taggara n lqern wis-19 deg yiwen n wamud n temkarḍit n Vaṭikan, ɣas akken ahat d tiɣuriwin n uɣerbaz. Kra n yiḥricen n Ɣef Tgama (Piri fusis) ffɣen-d daɣen deg Irkulanum deg 1752.

Tamettant

Ipikur yemmut s tuqqna n yibeccan, i d-yekkan seg wayen qqaren zik d aẓru, ahat d iẓra n yibeccan. Aṭṭan-agi, akken i d-yenna Irmark, yeṭṭef 14 n wussan. Irmip yenna-d belli yekcem ɣer yiwet n tbanyut(Tamcuceft.) n nnḥas yeḥman s waman yeḥman, yessuter ccrab ur nxelleḍ ara (am waṭas n yimasnegalzen akken i d-yenna Dyujin, tidet ur tt-nezmir ara ad tt-nesleb), yeswa-t. Seld mi yewweṣṣa imeddukkal-is ad smektayen tiktiwin-is, yemmut.

Yeǧǧa-d lewṣaya d tebrat i Ldumini n Lampsak.

Tasreḍt

Tasreḍt-is tella tettwaru deg udlis-is Tagama. Ipikur yessexdem-itt s yiman-is deg yiwen n wudem awezlan i d-yeqqimen deg Tebrat i Irudut . Adlis agejdan tura yellan deg uleqqem (d aḥric) sɣur Imnadiyen n tgemmi d imusnawen n tutlayt, ttɛawanen s tetiknulujit, leqqmen-t-id seg yiwaraqen n papirus yellan yeḥreq deg Irkulanum, d yiḥricen d tira yellan da d dihin. Yebda tasreḍt-is s KULLEC, sakin yegza-d ɣer wemdan d tasnafsit-is akken ad d-yessuffeɣ tiktiwin timatanin d yisemtaren ifiluzufiyen ara neḍfer.

Asafar n ukṛad(rebɛa):

Tasreḍt n Ipikur nezmer ad tt-nexdem d agzul s wayen qqaren yipikuriyen tetrapharmakon (ddwa n rebɛa, neɣ "ssem n rebɛa": axaṭer kullec yekka-d seg useqdec), i yura Dyujin n Unuwanda ɣef weɣrab n yiwen n uxxam, yenna-t-id akka:

1. Ur ilaq ara ad ntaggad irebbi;
2. Ur ilaq ara ad ntaggad tamettant;
3. Nezmer ad naweḍ ɣer tumert;
4. Nezmer ad nqabel urfan.

Ipikur yenna-t-id s yiman-is akka:

"Tura anwa i tettarraḍ nnig umussnaw? Iga-d deg illuten timuɣliwin yerkan; ur yesɛi ara tuggdi zdat n tmettant; yefhem d acu-t yiswi n tgama; ifaq belli lxir-a anayan yeshel ad yaweḍ yiwen u ad yaweḍ ɣer tezdeg-s, Ma yella ayen n dir maḍi, d ayen ur d-nettawi maḍi deg wakud neɣ deg wayen yerzan lǧehd d tezmert; Ur d-yecliɛ deg lmektub, kra deg-sen d bab n lumuṛ i ten-yerran d ayla-nsen."

Ad nger tamawt dakken sin n wagazen ay yettwafernen: tmusni n tgama (yeɛnan ihi aḥric afiziki n tasreḍt n Ipikur) d talwit zdat n twanza(lmektub).

Isem n "ddwa" yesskan-d iswi n tikti tipikurit: ilaq ad nsellek imdanen seg waṭṭanen i ten-iṭṭfen. Ma yella tullya n tipikurit deg umagrad-a tetbeɛ tbeṭṭit taklasikt n tfelsuft, iswi-ines aneggaru ilaq ad yeqqim deg wallaɣ. Nezmer ad d-nini d akken awal agrig pharmakos yemmal-d daɣen "ssem". Tifrat tusligt-agi n wawal tezmer ad tili am snat n tmuɣliwin n Niṭca(Nietzsche) ɣef tipikurit, yiwet d taɣuri teṣfa i yettnaɣen mgal tikrura, tayeḍ d tusmert mgal tudert i d-yesskanen aṭṭaf n urfan deg tdiyant tamasiḥit.

Tiẓri n tmussni

Amnaḍ afelsafi

Ipikur yesnulfa-d tiẓri n tmusni yebnan ɣef yiḥulfan d tidet-nsen i d-yemmalen tilawt. Yerna daɣen tiẓri n yizwiren anida i d-nettarra tikta seg wayen i nettaɛraḍ yal ass. Izwiren-agi fernen abrid i uxemmem n wemdan war ma uɣalen ɣer turda n Platun ɣef Tikta timussnin.

Asteqsi n laman n yiḥulfan yettwasqerdec aṭas sɣur ifiluzufen ihillinistiyen. Llan kraḍ n tsentaliyin: ma d lekdeb i llan akk, ma llan wid n tidet d wid n lekdeb, neɣ ma d tidet i llan akk. Ipikur yeḥseb tasentalant taskeptikt (akk d lekdeb) tettnakaḍ iman-is acku tebɣa(ilaq) ayen yugaren iḥulfan; maca taɣẓint tettabaɛ iḥulfan imi igzuyen-nneɣ kkan-d seg termit tamḥulfut. Tasentalant tis snat daɣen ur telhi ara acku ur nezmir ara ad nefru gar uḥulfu n lekdeb d uḥulfu n tidet. Ɣer Ipikur, iḥulfan ur zmiren ara ad mnakaḍen axaṭer akken ma llan mgaraden.

Ihi teqqim-d kan tasentalant i d-yeqqaren akk iḥulfan d tidet. Asteqsi-agi ad yettwasegzi deg tegnit tamezwarut n tfelsuft-is, isem-is akanun, yeqqaren ɣef yiseɣzanen n tidet, llan deg-s kuẓ n leṣnaf n ttbut.

Kuẓ(rebɛa) n yimeskanen:

Aramsu neɣ aḥulfu (pathos): tbayent n tadfi d urfan. Tadfi tessekna-yaɣ-d ssebba n tadfi, urfan yessekna-yaɣ-d ssebba n urfan. Ayen yelhan d wayen n dir d iseɣzanen n tidet mačči kan deg waddad aḥulfi, maca ula deg ssebba-s.

Aḥulfu neɣ tigzi n uḥulfu: d addad aḥulfi n uḥulfu i d-yekkan seg unali n tɣawsiwin, yesseknay-aɣ-d s lqenɛa ssebba tamassaɣt d tameskart. Addad-a, s tidet, ulac abrid ad yexdem s yiman-is neɣ ad ibeddel ayen i aɣ-ineqḍen seg berra; aḥulfu yettnerni kan ma yella ayen i t-yesnekkaren seg berra, ihi tilawt-agi ilaq ad tili. Ɣef waya, tiɣawsiwin akken i aɣ-d-ttbanen ttilin acku akk iḥulfan, ɣef useɣzan-agi, d tidet: "Ma nenna-d d akken aḥulfu d lekdeb am akken nenna-d d akken ulac ayen ara yettwalin."

Tuccḍa tettili-d s uzaraf n tɣẓint: ayen i aɣ-yesxerriqen deg yiḥulfan ur yelli ara deg wulliyen-nneɣ, maca deg wayen i sen-nernu s yizarafen-nneɣ, d usekni-nneɣ, d usmekti-nneɣ, atg. Maca, ulac abrid iwumi ara d-nessegzi lekdeb n uḥulfu war ma nella d inekcamen deg yiman-nneɣ neɣ deg tuccḍa n tegrumma. Izarafen-nneɣ ttɛeddin ɣef sin n wanawen n tɣawsiwin, tid i nezmer ad nẓer s tirmit (aselken n uzaraf yezmer ad yili), d tid ur nelli ara deg tirmit, am yilel, tin yeṭṭfen tilawt s usekni.

Azwir (prolepse): d igzuten imatuten zdaxel n yiman, ttwarnan-d s tuɣalin n tigzi n tɣawsa n uḥulfu, ttilint-d uqbel tigzi n uḥulfu deg tirmit i nezmer ad nexdem, ttwasnamken-d deg ufham i nesɛa deg wawalen i nseqdac i usuqel n yisteqsiyen. Azwir ihi yesɛa isem, talaɣt n yisem-a tgellu-d s tɣawsa i yemmalen deg wallaɣ-nneɣ. Abrid-a yettarra tabadut ur telhi ara, acku agzu yetban-d s wudem iban. Azwir ihi d tugna n tɣawsa n tidet seg wacu i d-yekka, yessadaf azaraf n tilawt. Izwiren-agi ttaǧǧan-aɣ ad nɛeddi tirmit-nneɣ tamirant axaṭer kkan-d seg tirmit-nneɣ iɛeddan; ɣef waya, ttarran izarafen-nneɣ d wayen i nettamen.

Asugen n umeyyez (phantastikè epibolè tes dianoias), neɣ "tagnit" n uxemmem: asugen-a yessafham-d amḍal s lekmal-is, iɛedda asugen n uḥulfu; d ulluy n tɣawsa n berra s uṭṭaf n tugna-s. Tbayent-a taneggarut ahat rnan-tt-id yipikuriyen ɣef tlata n tbayanin timezwura n Ipikur.

Tiẓri n tutlayt

Isem yemmalar-d azwir, ihi i Ipikur yella wassaɣ gar tiẓri n tmusni d tiẓri n tutlayt. I Ipikur, ilaq ad nuɣal ɣer unamek amezwaru n wawal, yeqqnen ɣer uzwir seg wacu i d-yekka unamek-is. Tiẓri-agi tettawi-d ad d-nessegzi talalit n tutlayt akken ad nefhem akken ilaq tamusni tamadant:

• Tuffɣa n yimesla s unṭad n yiḥulfan; d asuki agaman d umaddan;
• Tutlayt tettimɣur sakin s tnemmirt gar yimdanen i yemyerḍan ɣef wawalen yessishilen tudert n tmetti; ismawen ttbeyinen-d iḥulfan d wulliyen n yiḥulfan.
• Ɣer taggara, imdanen snulfuyen-d awalen imaynuten i tmusniwin timaynutin. Tigrawin tijerrumin d yinamken imaynuten ttwaseqdacen i useqdec n tutlayt s wudem unnig d umsengel.

Tutlayt mačči d asnulfu n wemdan: d tawennaḍt n wemdan d tmeddurt-is tafizikt yemgaraden i d taɣbalut n yiḥulfan, n wulliyen d yimesla i d-yetteffɣen seg-sen. Anamek amezwaru n wawal d anamek agaman, maca anamek-a ittwadel sakin s useqdec n yimdanen. Tuɣalin ɣer unamek amezwaru d tuɣalin ɣer yizwiren s timmad-nsen, ihi d tuɣalin ɣer tala n tmusni tamadant (mgal tamlilit). Ipikur yettaggi akken i llan tisenfaliyin d tiẓri taplitunit n yismawen igamanen.

Tazrawt n ugama

Amnaḍ(tagnit) n tfizikt d tfelsafit

Epicur yura ɣef tussna n tfizikt(imenzayen, tarrayt, talɣa n umaḍal) deg tebrat i Herodot, ma d tabrat i Pythocles tettmeslay-d ugar ɣef tezrawt n twaɣiyin n tegnawt(tajeǧǧigt, ssaɛqa...). Netta d afilusuf, maca am yal ifilsufen n zik, yella daɣen d amussnak d umektan n yitran.

Ɣur-s, tigzi igerrzen n umaɣrad tettakk abrid ɣer tudert n tumert. Yenna-d dakken "Ma yella ayen akk i nettmuqqul deg yirebbi am timkerriwin(miracles) ur aɣ-ssaggadent ara, ma nezmer ad nxemmem akken ur nettaggad ara tamettant axaṭer ur aɣ-teɛni ara; ma yella tmusni-nneɣ tewweḍ armi neẓra d acu-t yiswi aḥeqqani n wayen n dir d wayen yelhan, tazrawt n tfizikt ur aɣ-tlaq ara aṭas.".

Ipikur yettawi-aɣ-d ad nessen agama akken ur nettaf ara ssebba n usḥer neɣ n timkerriwin anda i yellan kan anagraw aderɣal ur nesɛi ara taɣara. Urfan n wallaɣ yekka-d seg wayen i nettarra i ugama lebɣi neɣ aḥulfu ilelli: mi ara ad nẓer tigawt-is d lebɣi, ad nɣil agama "yexdem-aɣ" neɣ "yebɣa-yaɣ". D aserwes n ugama d wemdan (armas n yiḥulfan d yiẓuran imaɣdalen i tgama) i Ipikur yettennaɣ. Ma yella tgama d taderɣalt ur nesɛi aḥulfu, ur ilaq ara ad as-nefk neɣ ad as-nkkes azal i tigawin-is.

Ipikur yesneflay tiẓri n turdiwin timgettin ɣef ssebba n tmeẓri tagamant. Talast n tmusni-nneɣ tettarra-aɣ ur nezmir ara ad nefru gar turdiwin yemgaraden i yessegzayen tameẓri-agi

Ɣas akken tban d talast, tafizikt-is tefra akken ara tettwaxdem weḥd-s, ur tettekki ara deg yiḥricen-nniḍen n tikti-s, ahat axaṭer ur tebni ara ɣef tikti n "wemdan deg tlemmast", daɣen tezmer ad teddu war irebbi (maca Ipikur mačči d arnaflas s tidet).

Cicéron yenna-d ɣef uḥric afiziki n tikti n Ipikur: "D acu i yellan deg tfizikt n Ipikur ur d-nekki ara seg Dimukrit? Axaṭer, ɣas yebeddel kra n tɣawsiwin, am wakken i t-nniɣ sdat ɣef waggay n yibelkimen, deg wayen-nniḍen yenna-d kif-kif."

Aḥkem-agi yekka-d seg leqrun. Maca, akken yella, d lekdeb. Tafizikt tipikurit tettqerrib ugar ɣer tikti n Yunya i yeqqaren ɣef wayen yellan d tumert d wayen iccuden ɣer tadfi, wala ɣer Taɣeznaẓrit(rationalisme) i yeɛmer imir-nni, s umedya s Usṭiyin(stoisisme). Tugget n yimaḍalen, war talast, aggi n wayen yettamen ugdud, d twanza(mektub), atg. ur seḍfaren ara aṭas tasnallunt n tɣuri-agi. Tafizikt tipikurit mgal tafizikt tusṭwit. Rnu ɣer waya, Dimukrit d amsekniwal mi ara d-yessegzi tiẓri n ubelkim, ur yettamen ara deg wayen i d-mmalen yiḥulfan. Ma d Ipikur, yella ɣef termit d Tanagit n tidet n yiḥulfan. Sin-agi ttmeslayen s yiwen n wudem, maca mačči ɣef yiwet n ssebba.

Tizrawin tigejdanin n tfizikt n Epikur

Ipikur yedda deg ubrid n ubelkimemt n Dimukrit, maca yemgarad deg kra n yigemmaḍ. Yerna-d tikti n clinamen, akken ad yeḥrez tilelli n lebɣi n wemdan i yettwagin deg tɣuri tabelkimt. Clinamen d tazmert n yibelkimen i wakken ad ffɣen seg ubrid-nsen, mi ara ɣlin deg yilem. S waya i ttmyugaren yibelkimen, ttarran-d tamaddut. Clinamen d amenzuy n tuffɣa tagensant n yibelkimen. Tikti-agi tesɛa sin yiswiyen: asegzi n ubnu n tfekwin, asekcem n tikti n ugacur(hasard) akken ad tefk llsas i tlelli n wemdan

Imenzayen

Tafelsuft tagamant n Ipikur tebna ɣef drus n aksiyumen(axiomes), anda i yeshel ad yeɛqel yiwen amenzuy n uḥraz n tesnallunt n Yunya:

• Ulac ayen i d-ilullen seg wulac
• Ur yezmir ara kullec ad d-ilal seg kullec
• Ulac ayen ara yuɣalen d ulac.

Akk tella-d s yibelkimen war talast deg yilem war talast. Deg tlisa-agi, amaḍal d agraw i yettɛeddin, ur yelli ara d yiwen, ur yelli ara d amedlal(Mdel ɣef yiman-is). Llan waṭas n yimaḍalen yemgaraden wa f wayeḍ, sɛan deg-sen imuddiren yemgaraden. Tikta-agi n Yunya mačči d tibelkimiyin kan; nezmer ad d-nessuffeɣ tilawt n ubelkim seg umenzuy n uḥraz.

Tilawt s lekmal-is i Ipikur tebna ɣef sin n yiferdisen: ibelkimen d yilem. Ibelkimen d iḥricen ur nberru ara n tmaddut. Turda n ubelkim tekka-d s wudem ilaqen seg unagmay wis-3. Ma yezmer kullec ad yuɣal d ulac, amḍal ad yeffeɣ. Ihi abelkim d tilawt ur nettruḥu ara n umḍal.

Abelkim(Atome)

• D tilawt ur nettban ara, n lebda, ur yettbeddil ara, ur yettwaxrab ara;
• D tameqqrant ur nberru ara maca nezmer ad tt-nebḍu (timeqqranin ttwabeṭṭant ɣer waddaden imecṭaḥ, abelkim yebna seg-sen).
• Yesɛa talɣa
• Yesɛa taẓayt
• Yesɛa tameqqrant

Ibelkimen mgaraden gar-asen: i wakken ad d-yebnu wemdan neɣ arebbi, ilaqen yibelkimen yemgaraden. Ibelkimen d izerriren n tɣawsiwin, mačči d iferdisen-nsent kan.

Ipikur yettqabal ilem; ibelkimen teddun deg yilem; abeddu-agi d ayen ur nettruḥu ara, axaṭer ilem d ayen ur nesɛi ugur n zbu. Agama n ubelkim d amussu-agi agensay n lebda, yetteddu i yibelkimen akk seg yiwen n ubrid, s yiwet n tɣawla, ɣef teẓẓayt, seg ufella ar wadda.

Ibelkimen zemren daɣen ad nheznuzen deg umkan-nsen, ad mmugren. Ad beddlen ihi ifekwan ugar n ukud. Maca ilaq ad d-nessegzi amek ibelkimen zemren ad ffɣen seg ubrid-nsen, axaṭer abrid-agi d yiwen i akk ibelkimen, ur zmiren ara ad mḥerken. Dagi i d-yerna Ipikur clinamen (parenklisis), d afraɣ s tuffɣa tagensant, ur nesɛi ara amkan neɣ akud, i yeǧǧan ibelkimen ad mḥerken.

Tugget n yimaḍalen

Mi yettwaqbel wayen-a, ibelkimen zemren ad dduklen: "Iferdisen-agi aṭas, seg wakud war talast, ddaw n unṭad n yimḥizan i ṭṭfen d teẓẓayt-nsen, dduklen s wugten n tarrayin yemgaraden, ttaɛraḍen akk timliliyin i zemren ad xedmen gar-asen, armi id-grupen s tegnit deg yigrawen i d-yesskaren talalit n tneqqiḍin timeqqranin, akal, ilel, igenni, d yimuddiren."

Llan ihi imaḍalen war talast, tteddun d tugget n teddukliwin tibelkimiyin: Ipikur yetteḥrab ɣef tsentalant n tugget n yimaḍalen, mgal wid yeqqaren yella kan yiwen n umaḍal tura (ur yelli d acu ara yexdem ma ssarmen neɣ ala imaḍalen izemren ad ilin, am Laybnic): "Mačči d amḍan n yibelkimen kan, d win n yimaḍalen i yellan war talast deg umḍal. Yella umḍan war talast n yimaḍalen am win-nneɣ d umḍan war talast n yimaḍalen yemgaraden. Imi ibelkimen llan s umḍan war talast, am wakken i t-nenna sdat, llan yal amkan, amussu-nsen yettawi-ten armi d imukan ibeɛden. Seg tama-nniḍen, ɣef ssebba n wemḍan war talast, amḍan n yibelkimen ilaqen i wakken ad ilin d iferdisen, neɣ d ssebba, n umaḍal, ur yezmir ara ad yeffeɣ s ubnu n yiwen n umaḍal, neɣ s win n wemḍan ifaren n yimaḍalen, ama d imaḍalen am win-nneɣ neɣ d imaḍalen yemgaraden. Ihi ulac ayen i yessewḥalen tilawt n yimaḍalen war talast."

tasnafsit(psychologie)

Taɣuri n yiman tekka-d seg tfizikt. Iman d tafekka yebnan s yibelkimen, yesɛa tiɣara i d-yekkren seg tfekwin yedduklen. D unfuf (nnefs)yeḥman yesɛan lmeɛna anda i yella wallaɣ d yiḥulfan. Assaɣ-is d tfekka yettaǧǧa aḥulfu; mi ara yettwaxreb uddukel-agi, iman ur yettḥulfu ara, yettruḥu.

Maca dagi daɣen tiẓri n Ipikur tufa uguren; tiɣara n tudert ur zmirent ara ad ilint seg unfuf yeḥman. Iman ad yili d tiddukla n yibelkimen imaẓlayen: abelkim n unfuf, abelkim n wagu, abelkim n teḥmi, d wabelkim wis-4 war isem, i d-yessegzayen amussu n uxemmem. Iman, imi d tafekka, yezmer ad yemmet. Afham-agi n yiman, am tfizikt meṛṛa, yexdem i tumert: yebɣa ad yekkes tiḥkayin i d-yettasen ttxebbilent axemmem-nneɣ ɣef wayen i aɣ-yeṭṭafaren seld tmettant. I tudert n lebda, yettembaddal d tamettant ur nettmettay ara, akud war talast anda ur nella ara.

Deg umaḍal aruman, Lukris yerna deg tfelsuft n Ipikur deg tangawt(matérialisme) s tarrayt taqburt.

Timlilɣi d tsertit

Uguren igejdanen n timlilɣi:

Timlilɣi n Ipikur tban-d ladɣa deg Tebrat i Minisi d Yinzan igejdanen. Tamuɣli tipikurit d tin yeqqaren d akken tadfi d ayen yelhan, d ssebba n tuẓult, urfan d ayen n dir (lexṣaṣ n wayen yelhan). Tamuɣli-a tettwexdem ɣef unadi n wayen yugaren lxir, d uweḍḍu ɣer urkad. Kant yewwet-d deg tmuɣli tipikurit (d tusṭwit) axaṭer tuẓult tezmer ad tili mgal tumert n yiwen.

Tiẓri n tmusni, tadfi d tumert:

Ur telli ara d tafelsuft n "win yeddren akken iwata" i yettnadin tadfi s waṭas. S tidet, d tafelsuft n umnekni(équilibre), yebnan ɣef tikti d akken yal tigawt tettawi-d igemmaḍ n tadfi (igerrzen) d yigemmaḍ n wurfan (n dir). I upikuri ilaq ad ixdem s temḥaddit, ad inadi tigawin i d-yettawin ulac n wurfan, seg wacu ara d-yekk lxir agazan n waddad-a n usteɛfu (arataksi), anda tmusni tettawi-d tadfi tuglidt. Tasarut n tumert d tamusni n tlisa n yiman; ɣef waya, ilaq ad nḥerreb ayen yeɛeddan talast acku yettawi-d urfan.

Taɣerma n wemdan:

Deg tiẓri n tmusni, Epicurus yeḥseb laṣel n tutlayt. Laṣel-a d aɣelnaw yerna d aqbur. Tettwali-d sdat-s tisuda (institutions) timdanin, ay d-yeffɣen kra seg umezruy n wemdan : « D tiɣawsiwin s timmad-nsent ay d-yesselmad yerna ttḥettiment amur ameqran seg wakud ɣef ugama n wemdan, yerna d aya ay d-yesfehmen kan sdeffir-s s taɣẓint(raison) ».

Am wakken daɣen, taɣdemt d tasudut (institution) n umdan : « Ger yiɣersiwen ur nessaweḍ ara ad xedmen imtawayen akken ur ttḍurrun ara gar-asen, ulac taɣdemt wala lbaṭel ; yerna d aya ay d-yeḍran d yiɣerfan ur nezmir neɣ ur bɣin ara ad gen imtawayen (conventions) i yiwen n yiswi"

Tameddukelt d tayri:

Ipikur yessuter asteqsi n tidet n tmeddukelt. D acu-t umeddakel n tidet? Amek ara nsegzu tameddukelt n tidet? Ma yella tadfi d iswi n wemdan kan, lebɣi n yiman d amenzuy n tikli, daɣen anadi n umeddakel ur yezmir ad yili ḥaca s lebɣi. Lebɣi-agi iban: tella tallalt i aɣ-yettak tikwal. I Ipikur, ameddakel n tidet d win yeẓran ayen i yeḥwaǧ wayeḍ, iḥerrez-it seg wuguren n yiman, yettaǧǧa-t ad yaweḍ ɣer urkad.

irebbiten

"Ur ilaq ara ad nettaggad irebbiten." S tidet, i Ipikur, irebbiten d imuddiren i yellan deg waddad n tumert n lebda. Agama-nsen tettarra-ten ur ttekcamen ara iman-nsen deg tudert n yimdanen. Ipikur yettennaɣ mgal yal ansay aqbur i yeqqaren d akken irebbiten sɛan tismin neɣ ttṭṭafaren-d deg umaḍal n yimdanen. Ihi, imi irebbiten ttnadin kan tumert-nsen, ur ilaq ara ad ten-nettaggad am akken zemren ad d-ssersen fell-aneɣ urfan-nsen neɣ aɛetteb-nsen, ilaq kan ad ten-nexdem d amedya n tumert.

Tamettant d tfelsuft:

Ɣef leḥsab n Epikur, war tuggdi lmut, d azmul n tmusni. Tuggdi n lmut tezga teqqen ɣer wayen nettamen, i tettnadi tesnafsit n rpikurit ad tekkes. Lmut ttwalin-t d angar s lekmal-is, dɣa ur ilaq ara ad tḥaz tudert-nneɣ.

Ssebba tagejdant, d lmut ur ɣ-tceɣɣeb ara : ma nedder, lmut ur tettili ara, ma tella lmut dayen. Aṭas n ifukal i d-yemmalen tikti-ya : win yemmuten ur diri-t ara ugar n win ur d-nlul, tudert tudmawant d awezɣi, ǧahennama d asenfar n walleɣ n tugdi-nneɣ n ddunit, ma d tudert-nneɣ tedder akken ilaq, d aheyyi i lmut.

Teɣzi n tudert-nneɣ ur tesεi ara azal, ma d tudert yettwaḍemnen ur d-tettlal ara akken ilaq. Lebɣi n tudert ur yelli d ṣṣwab ma yella tudert-nneɣ d taneblalt yakan. Ayen yesεan azal, d taɣara n tudert d lehna, mačči d lqewwa. Deg tegrayt, tafelsuft d armud yettawin ɣer tudert ihennan.