Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin (17 Yennayer 1706 – 17 Yebrir 1790) d yiwen n wugagg ameqqran n tallit n Tafat. D amassan, d amesnulfu, d amyaru, d agensas, yerna d yiwen gar Yimawlan Imezwura n Yiwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan. S tmusni-s lqayen d ccɣel-is, yeǧǧa-d tukkest meqqren ama deg taɣult n tussna ama deg tsertit, ayen i d-yefkan tazrirt ɣef umezruy n umaḍal.
1. Temẓi d Tnezzut n Usiẓreg
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Ilul-d Benjamin Franklin deg temdint n Boston, d mmi-s n uzeffaf, d wis mraw d sin (12) gar mraw sd sa (17) n warrac deg twacult-is. Imi ur yezmir ara ad ikemmel leqraya-s deg uɣerbaz ugar n sin yiseggasen, yebda iselmad iman-is s tɣuri n yidlisen.
- Amahil amenzu: Deg temẓi-s, yexdem d anelmad ɣer gma-s James i yellan d amsiẓreg. Dinna i yelmed taɣara n tira d usiẓreg.
- Taɣellist di Philadelphia: Mi yeffeɣ ɣer Philadelphia, yesbedd axxam n usiẓreg ines. Yessaweḍ ad yali di tnezzut n tɣamsa, yerna yura-d awitay yettwassnen aṭas: Poor Richard's Almanack (Aswitay n Richard Iɣellil), i deg d-yefka aṭas n yinzan d tmiḍranin n tmusni tamatut.
2. Tussna, Tasareɣt d Yisnulfuyen
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Franklin yefka lwelha-s s wudem uzzig ɣer tussna. Inadiyen-is fkan-d abrid i tneflit n tsengama, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tasareɣt d tẓaṛuṛt (trisiti).
- Tirmit n tmesrifegt n lkaɣeḍ: Deg useggas n 1752, yemhel tirmit-is yettwassnen s tmesrifegt n lkaɣeḍ deg wass n ugeffur, i wakken ad d-isken belli siɛqa d yiwet n talɣa n ttrisiti.
- Isnulfuyen: Ayen i d-yufa yeldi abrid i usnulfu n usellek mgal ssiɛqa, ayen i isellken aṭas n yixxamen seg tmes. Yesnulfad daɣen tismaqalin n sin yibniqin (bifocals), ageṭṭum n Franklin i usezɣel, d wallal amesnawan uẓawan. Inadiyen-is d tiẓrawin-is fkan llsas i yimusnawen i d-iḍefren i wakken ad d-snulfun allalen nniḍen am usaraw n ttrisiti.
3. Tasertit, Tagensast d Uzarug
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Tawenza (destin) n Benjamin Franklin tcudd s waṭas ɣer twenza n tmurt-is. Yurar amur ameqqran deg unaḍaḥ ɣef uzarug n Marikan mgal aheggi aṭerki n Briṭanya.
- Aswenni n Uzarug: Yettekka deg wegrraw i d-iheggan Aswenni n Uzarug n Yiwunak Yeddukklen deg useggas n 1776, yerna yella gar wid i t-yesmelsen.
- Tagensast di Fṛansa: Franklin yettwaceyyaɛ d agensas ɣer tmurt n Fṛansa (1776-1785). S tmusni-s d ṣṣwab-is, yessaweḍ ad d-yawi tallalt n Fṛansa, ayen i yellan d taḍullit i tmerna n tegrawla tamarikant.
- Tamenḍawt: Deg useggas n 1787, yettekka deg usuddes n Tmenḍawt n Yiwunak Yeddukklen.
4. Tafelsuft d Tudert n Tmetti
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]Tafelsuft n Franklin tbedd ɣef yimyerren n tuɣẓint, ayen yelhan i tmetti, d telɣa s wudem umager(tamagart) n umdan. Yefka azal ameqqran i uqader n tneggazt(initiative) d usebɣer n wiyad.
- Timetti d Usebɣer: Yesbedd-d aṭas n tuddsiwin i usebɣer n tmetti, am temkerḍit tazayezt tamezwarut di Marikan, asuddes n yimeḥbas n tmes (pompiers), d tsuddut n tussna.
- Tazrirt Tafelsufant: Yella mgal miḥyaf deg taggara n tudert-is, u yuɣal d aselway n tjemɛit mgal asekli (esclavage). Tamiḍrant-is ɣef tugdut tella s wudem amezyan d win yebnan ɣef tdukli n tɣiwanin.
5. Tukkest d Tagrayt
[ẓreg | ẓreg aɣbalu]S ugzul, Benjamin Franklin d amedya ameqqran n umdan yessawḍen ad yessuddes gar tektiwin tiẓrayanen d usnas-nsent di tilawt. Tukkest-is tella-d d isemli ameqqran i umezruy n talsa. Ur yelli ara kan d ameskar neɣ d asertay, maca d tiṭ n Marikan tatrart.