Amdan n Niyundirṭal

Amdan n Niyundirṭal (Homo neanderthalensis neɣ Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) d yiwet n telmest n yemdanen i inegren i yeddren deg Uruppa, Asya Talemmast, akked Usamar Alemmas. Tallit-nsen tebda-d wazal n 400 000 iseggasen aya, yerna ngran wazal n 40 000 iseggasen aya. Isem-a yekka-d seg rreḥba n Neanderthal deg tmurt n Lalman, anda i d-ufan iɣsan-is imezwura deg useggas n 1856.

Zik-nni, llan ttwalin-t d amdan aqbur ur nesɛi allaɣ yuẓan ɣer zdat, maca tussniwin n tallit-a tatrart sbeggrent-d belli d amdan yettaṭṭafen amkan yelhan deg tmetti, yesɛa idles, yerna yezmer ad d-yesnulfu allalen yelhan.

Aẓar d Umezruy n Temhezt

Amhaz n Umdan n Niyundirṭal icudd ɣer temhezt n tewsit Homo.

Aẓar amezday: Imusnawen n umezruy n wemdan qqaren-d belli Amdan n Niyundirṭal akked Umdan atrar (Homo sapiens) sɛan yiwen n uẓar amezday i yeddren wazal n 600 000 ar 800 000 iseggasen aya (ahat d Homo heidelbergensis).

Aẓar amezday ger Umdan n Niyundirṭal (Homo neanderthalensis) akked Umdan atrar (Homo sapiens) d yiwet n temsalt tigejdant i d-yewwin aṭas n unadi deg taɣult n umezruy akked iǧiniten. Imusnawen n umhaz n wemdan mtafaqen, s umata, belli snat-a n telmas kkant-d seg yiwen n uẓar neɣ jeddi-tsent amezday, i yeddren wazal n 600 000 ar 800 000 iseggasen aya. Tigti n yimsnulfuyen qqaren-d belli aẓar-a d amdan yettwassnen s yisem ussnan Homo heidelbergensis, neɣ ahat d talmest i s-yeqerben aṭas am Homo antecessor. Amdan-a amezwuy yedder deg tignatin yemgaraden, yerna tizemmar-is fkant-as abrid ad yenfufed seg Tfriqt ɣer Uruppa akked Asya.

Asebḍu neɣ ufraq amhazyan ger snat-a n tewsitin yella-d s wudem n usebḍu arakal. Yiwen n uḥric seg yezriyen n Homo heidelbergensis yeṭṭef abrid-is ɣer Uruppa d Asya Talemmast, anda i mlalen d tignewt tasmmaḍt aṭas n tallit n wegris. Imezdaɣ-a imezwura n Uruppa uɣalen mhezen s kra s kra akken ad d-fken Amdan n Niyundirṭal. S waya, tasnalɣa-ines d tfekka-ines bnant ɣef uḥraz n tezɣelt n daxel akked usidder mgal tignatin tiqesḥanin n usemmiḍ, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu tafekka tekwaẓ yerna teǧhed.

Ma d aḥric nniḍen n waẓar-a amezday i d-yegran deg Tfriqt, yeqqim seddaw n temzizzelt n twennaṭ nniḍen, yemgaraden ɣef tin n Uruppa. D nutni i d-yefkan, s temhezt n lqem ɣer wayeḍ, Amdan atrar (Homo sapiens) wazal n 300 000 iseggasen aya. S waya, aẓar amezday yezga-d d tasekkirt tameqqrant deg umhaz n tewsit Homo, imi d netta i d-ixelqen snat n talyiwin timxallafin n yemdanen i d-yebnan idelsan-nsen d tudert-nsen mkul yiwen deg uḥric-is n dunnit, uqbel ad d-tuɣal temlilit-nsen taɣzefnant deg Urasya igiman n iseggasen umbaɛd.

Asebḍu: Amdan n Niyundirṭal yebḍa ɣef Homo sapiens. Netta yemhez deg Uruppa(Turuft) akked Asya, ma d Amdan atrar yemhez deg Tfriqt.

Asebḍu amhazyan neɣ ufraq ger Umdan n Niyundirṭal akked Umdan amassan (Homo sapiens) d yiwet n temsalt yeṭṭfen amkan meqqren deg tezrawin n tusna n ugama aqbur d yiǧiniten. Ufraq-a ur d-yelli ara deg yiwen n wass neɣ s wudem uzzig, maca d ayen i d-yellan cwiṭ cwiṭ ɣef teɣzi n yigiman n yiseggasen. Ssebba tagejdant n usebḍu-a d ugur arakal akked umgarad n tignewt anda i bdan ttidiren lejdud-nneɣ imezwura, ayen i d-yewwin ɣer wayen umi neqqar asileɣ n telmas s usinef arakal.

Mi d-ffɣen kra seg yimedyaten n waẓar amezday — i yettwamegzen s umata d Homo heidelbergensis — seg uẓaɣar n Tfriqt, uɣen abrid-nsen ɣer Uruppa akked utaram n Asya wazal n 600 000 iseggasen aya. Deg temnaḍin-a, imezdaɣ-a imezwura mlalen d twennaṭ iqesḥen, d tignewt tasmmaḍt aṭas akked talliyin n wegris i d-yettuɣalen seg wakud ɣer wayeḍ. Akken ad idiren i usemmiḍ-nni d tignatin tiweɛranin, tafekka n yimdanen-a tebda tettbeddil s wudem asnalɣan d usnallan. Mhezen s tarrayt ara ten-yeǧǧen ad ḥerzen taẓɣelt n tfekka-nsen yerna ad sɛun ifessugan iǧehden. S temhezt-a i d-yeflali cwiṭ cwiṭ Umdan n Niyundirṭal i isebdeden iman-is d agellid n Turaft (Eurasie) i ddeqs n leqrun.

Ɣef tama nniḍen, aḥric-nni n waẓar amezday i yeqqimen deg Tfriqt, i d-yeggran seddaw n tignewt yeḥman d twennaṭ yemgaraden aṭas ɣef tin n Uruppa, ikemmel abrid-is n temhezt s wudem nniḍen. Imi tignewt n Tfriqt tebna ɣef uɣuṛaṛ d yigenwan yeldin, amhaz n ugraw-a yebna ɣef tnezzmarin-nniḍen (timariwin-nniḍen). Yewwi-d fell-asen ad selḥun allalen n tikli i ɣef teɣzi n yikilumitren, ad ssiwḍen ad sifsusen tafekka-nsen, yerna ad snernin tigzi d useqdec n wallaɣ akken ad d-afen tifrat i wuguren n twennaṭ-nsen. S deffir n lqem ɣer wayeḍ, s tsuddest n yibeddilen-a iǧinitiyen (génétiques), aẓar-a afriqi yefka-d s wudem unṣib Amdan atrar wazal n 300 000 iseggasen aya.

Anezwu: Tamhezt-is tella-d ddaw n tignewt neɣ n unezwu asemmaḍ n tallit n wegris, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu tasnalɣa (morphologie) iwulmen i usemmiḍ.

Tignewt teṭṭef amkan meqqren deg temhezt n Umdan n Niyundirṭal, imi d nettat i d-ifeṣṣlen tasnalɣa-ines d tzemmar-is n usidder (akken ad yidir) ɣef teɣzi n yigiman n yiseggasen. Mi yekcem uẓar-is ɣer Uruppa akked Asya Talemmast, yemlal d yiwet n twennaṭ taqesḥant aṭas i yemgaraden s waṭas ɣef tin n Tfriqt n wadda. Tallit-nni, i yettwassnen s yisem n tallit n wegris, tella d asurif weɛren deg umezruy n tegnewt n tegnit. Uruppa tella tdel s yiqecwalen imeqqranen n wegris i d-yessawḍen armi d wunẓul n uruppa deg tallit-nni. Asemmiḍ-a i d-yettɣamayen s lqurun yegla-d s ubeddel n tgama; tiẓegwa tuɣalent d annar n wegris d yidurar i d-yessufuɣen aḍu asammaḍ.

S ddaw n tnezzmarin-a n tegnewt, tafekka n Niyundirṭal temhez cwiṭ cwiṭ akken ad tqabel asemmiḍ. Imi amdan ur yezmir ara ad ibeddel tignewt, d netta i d-yewwi ad yeg aṣeggem asnalɣan d usnallan ɣer twennaṭ-is. Ɣef waya, Amdan n Niyundirṭal yewret-d lqedd awezzlan d iɣsan iẓayanen, yerna inesɣiman-ines (membres) am yiḍarren d yifassen uɣalen d tiwezlanin. Amatu-ya yesseḥraz taẓɣelt n daxel n tfekka yerna isenqas seg temnaḍin n teglimt i d-yettqabalen asemmiḍ n berra, s wayen yettwassnen deg tussna n inaɣizan s ulugen n Allen akked Bergmann. Ula d aqerru-ines yemhez i lmend n usemmiḍ-a: tinzert-is tuɣal d tameqqrant yerna teffeɣ-d ɣer berra akken ad tesseḥmu aḍu isemmaḍen, ad t-tessebzeg uqbel ad yekcem ɣer turin-is, ayen i t-yettḥuddun mgal waṭṭanen n trupin.

Aglam Asnalɣan d Tsekkiwt

Tafekka n Niyundirṭal temgarad ɣef tin n Umdan atrar, acku tettawi-d ɣer waddad n twennaṭ isemmaḍen:

Aqerru d Wudem: * Yesɛa aqerru meqqren (tajumma n wallaɣ-is tugar tin n Homo sapiens, tettaweḍ ar 1500-1600 cm³).
- Anyir-is yader, iɣsan sennig wallen-is d imeqqranen.
- Ur yesɛi ara tamart (menton fuyant), yerna tinzert-is d tameqqrant aṭas akken ad isseḥmu aḍu isemmaḍen uqbel ad yekcem ɣer turin.
Tafekka d Iɣsan:
- Lqedd-is d awezlan maca yekwaẓ, iɣsan-is zẓayiten yerna d imeqqranen.
- Imedrawen-is(iḥricen n tfekka-s) d iwezlanen ɣef yiri n tfekka (Ayen i d-issenɛatayen alugen n Allen d Bergmann i uḥraz n teẓɣelt n tfekka).
- Tiyita n yifassen-is d taẓayant aṭas, yesɛa ifessugan iǧehden.

Idles d Tmetti

Amdan n Niyundirṭal ur yelli ara d "aɣersiw", meɛna d amdan yesɛan idles d wansayen:

Allalen: Snulfan-d idles yettwassnen s yisem n "Idles Amustiri". Sseqdacen aẓru akken ad d-xedmen ticuftin, isafaren n wegzem, d ijenwiyen i ṣṣyada.
Ṣṣyada d Wutci: Llan d inegmaren imeɣranen. Tteṣṭaden iɣersiwen imeqqranen am yilef n wegris, amamut, d yizgaren n tagant. Lqut-nsen yebna aṭas ɣef weksum.
Timḍelt d Wansayen: D nutni i d imezwura i yeṭṭlen lmegtin-nsen. Ufan-d tisekkrin anda i d-ssan ijeǧǧigen neɣ iɣsan n yiɣersiwen akk d lmegget, ayen i d-yemmalen belli sɛan tikta ɣef laxert neɣ taneffawt.
Aselhu n Tmes d Tkuffit: Sneqdacen times s wudem inelkem, sseḥmuyen ifran, ttsewwan aksum, yerna llan ttdawin imuḍan-nsen (ufan-d iɣsan n yemdanen imɣaren neɣ igerdan i yeḥlan acku wiyyaḍ lhan-d yid-sen).

Timlilit d "Homo sapiens" d Yiǧiniten

Mi d-ffɣen Yemdanen atraren (Homo sapiens) seg Tfriqt wazal n 60 000 iseggasen aya, mlalen d Niyundirṭal deg Asya d Uruppa. Tasleḍt n "ADN" tatrart tufa-d belli:

Tella-d usregna (hybridation) ger snat-a n tewsitin.
Imezdaɣ n umaḍal n tura (ur nelli ara seg Tfriqt n wadda n Tneẓruft) sɛan ger 1% d 2% n yiǧiniten (gènes) n Niyundirṭal.
Iǧeniten-a fkan-aɣ-d tizemmar mgal kra n waṭṭanen d telqa n weglim i wemgarad n tignewt, maca glan-d daɣen s kra n waṭṭanen yerzan anagraw n leɛṣem.

Angar d Taggara

Amdan n Niyundirṭal yenger wazal n 40 000 iseggasen aya. Ussnanen ur mtafaqen ara ɣef yiwen n ssebba n ungar-is, maca bder-n-d ddeqs n tmental:

Abeddel n tignewt: Tignewt takked unezwu uɣalen d iḥmayanen aṭas, ayen i iserɣen tawennaṭ-is d wayen itett.
Amqelleɛ (Timsizzelt): Timlilit d Homo sapiens i d-yewwin allalen yugaren wid n Niyundirṭal, d tmettiyin imeqqranen yettemɛawanen ugar. Amqelleɛ ɣef tɣbula yella-d mgal Niyundirṭal.